Skip to content

Patients › Hand

Paronychia (Impeksyon sa Gilid ng Kuko)

Updated Oct 2026
Illustration: Paronychia (Impeksyon sa Gilid ng Kuko)

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Ang iyong nararamdaman

Ang paronychia ay nangangahulugang impeksyon o pamamaga sa tupi ng balat (skin fold) sa tabi ng iyong kuko. Maaari itong dumating nang mabilis o unti-unting mabuo, at magkaiba ang pakiramdam ng dalawang uring ito.

Ang mabilis na uri ay karaniwang nagsisimula pagkatapos ng hangnail, pagkagat sa kuko, o maliit na pinsala sa balat sa tabi ng kuko. Sa loob ng isa o dalawang araw, ang fold ay nagiging masakit kapag hinawakan, namamaga at mapula, at maaaring maipon ang nana sa ilalim ng fold na iyon. Ang sakit ay matalim at kumikirot, at nakapuwesto ito mismo sa gilid ng kuko sa halip na mas mataas sa daliri. Ang mga pang-araw-araw na gawain na dumidiin sa dulo ng daliri ay nagiging mahirap: pagpulot ng mga barya, pag-type, pagbubutones, o paghawak ng takure (kettle).

Ang mabagal na uri ay nabubuo sa loob ng anim na linggo o higit pa. Mas mild ang pamamaga at pamumula, ngunit nananatiling masakit at namamaga ang fold. Ang skin fold ay maaaring humiwalay mula sa kuko, at ang kuko mismo ay maaaring magkaroon ng mga ridge, groove o pagbabago ng kulay. May tendensiya itong mag-flare pagkatapos mabasa nang matagal ang iyong mga kamay, kaya ang paghuhugas ng pinggan, pagligo, o isang araw ng basang trabaho ay maaaring magpasimula nito. Ang paulit-ulit na basang trabaho, madalas na paghuhugas ng kamay, o pinsala sa cuticle mula sa pagma-manicure ay maaaring lahat magpatuloy nito. Kung hindi ito gagamutin, patuloy na bumabalik ang mga masakit na flare-up.

Kung kumakalat pataas sa iyong daliri ang pamumula, pamamaga at sakit, o kung magkaroon ka ng lagnat, pumunta sa emergency department sa mismong araw na iyon. Hindi mo kailangan ng referral.

Ano ang aktwal na nangyayari

Ang iyong kuko ay nakapuwesto sa isang masikip na bulsa ng balat. Ang tupi ng balat na nakapalibot sa kuko sa base at mga gilid nito ay gumagana na parang gasket, na nagseselyo sa kuko pababa sa daliri at pumipigil sa tubig, dumi at mga germ na makapasok sa mga layer sa ilalim nito. Ang paronychia ang nangyayari kapag nasira ang selyong iyon.

Sa mabilis na uri, nakakapasok ang bacteria sa pamamagitan ng hangnail, kagat o maliit na hiwa sa tabi ng kuko. Nagpapadala ang katawan ng fluid at mga cell na lumalaban sa impeksyon, at naiipon ang nana sa saradong bulsa. Dahil hindi gaanong nababanat ang bulsa, ang presyon ang nagbibigay sa iyo ng matalim at kumikirot na sakit na iyon mismo sa gilid ng kuko.

Iba ang mabagal na uri. Hindi ito pangunahing impeksyon. Nagsisimula ito kapag ang cuticle, ang maliit na selyo sa base ng kuko, ay nasira ng basang trabaho, madalas na paghuhugas ng kamay, pagma-manicure o isang nakakairitang substance. Kapag nawala na ang selyong iyon, ang tubig at mga irritant ay sumisipsip sa fold at namamaga ang fold. Ang namamagang fold ay hindi makadiin pabalik sa kuko, kaya nananatili itong nakaangat at nag-iipon ng moisture, at namamalagi ang mga germ sa basang puwang. Ang yeast na madalas makita roon ay mas isang pasahero kaysa sanhi. Ginagambala rin ng patuloy na iritasyon ang layer sa ilalim ng cuticle na nagpapatubo ng kuko, kaya lumilitaw ang mga ridge at groove. Bawat flare ay pumipigil sa selyo na maayos, kaya ang problema ay nagpapatuloy sa sarili nito.

Kung hahayaan ang nana, maaari itong dumaan sa ilalim ng kuko o pumalibot sa kabilang panig ng daliri.

Ano ang maaari naming gawin tungkol dito

Si Dr Kieran Hirpara, isang upper-limb surgeon sa Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, ay nagsisimula sa mga opsyon na hindi gaanong invasive na angkop sa iyong kondisyon. Ang mga pasyente ay karaniwang nirerefer sa aming klinika ng kanilang GP; kung iminungkahi ng isang physiotherapist na magpatingin sa amin, kakailanganin mo pa rin ng referral mula sa iyong GP upang maging eligible para sa Medicare rebate. Sinusuri namin ang iyong kamay, tinitingnan ang nail fold, at nag-aayos ng imaging kung kailangan lamang ito.

Para sa mabagal na uri, inuuna ang pangangalaga sa sarili. Mas mahalaga ang pagprotekta sa mga nail fold kaysa sa anumang cream: panatilihing tuyo ang iyong mga kamay, magsuot ng guwantes para sa basang trabaho, at itigil ang pagkutkot o paggupit sa cuticle. Maaari kaming magreseta ng steroid cream o ointment na ipinapahid mo sa fold, na nagpapakalma sa pamamaga. Mas mabisa ang mga cream na ipinapahid sa fold kaysa sa mga tableta para sa uring ito. Bigyan ito ng ilang linggo, at ipagpatuloy ang gawi ng pagpapanatiling tuyo at protektado kahit kumalma na ang balat, dahil kailangan ng selyo ng panahon upang maayos.

Para sa mabilis na uri na may nana, maaari kaming magreseta ng antibiotic na tableta, kung minsan kasabay ng pagbababad sa maligamgam na tubig na may asin sa bahay. Ang init ay maaaring makatulong sa isang maliit na naipong nana na kusang lumabas. Kung naipon na ang nana sa ilalim ng fold, karaniwan itong kailangang palabasin sa halip na iasa lamang sa antibiotics. Ang maagang gamutan ay maaaring magpakalma nito sa loob ng ilang araw nang walang tinatanggal na kuko.

Kung hindi kumalma ang mabagal na uri pagkatapos ng sapat na pagsubok sa mga hakbang na ito, isinasaalang-alang ang operasyon. Tinatanggal ng operasyon ang isang hugis-gasuklay (crescent) na bahagi ng makapal at namamagang skin fold sa base ng kuko, na nagbibigay-daan sa fold na gumaling pababa sa kuko at muling magselyo. Kung ang kuko mismo ay nagkaroon na ng mga ridge o naging iregular, ang pagtanggal sa nail plate nang sabay ay nagpapabuti sa resulta. Pag-uusapan natin kung angkop ang operasyon para sa iyong daliri at magpapasya tayo nang magkasama.

Ano ang dapat asahan

Ang mabilis na uri ay karaniwang gumagaling nang maayos kapag ginamot nang maaga. Maraming tao ang gumagaling nang hindi na kinakailangang tanggalin ang anumang kuko. Kapag nailabas na ang nana at nakakagaling na ang skin fold, humuhupa ang sakit at bumabalik sa normal ang daliri sa loob ng ilang araw hanggang ilang linggo.

Mas matagal ang mabagal na uri. Ito ay isang kondisyon na dumarating at nawawala, nagfa-flare pagkatapos ng basang trabaho at kumakalma kapag protektado ang fold. Sa tuloy-tuloy na pangangalaga, kung saan mas mahalaga ang pagpapanatiling tuyo ng mga kamay at buo ang cuticle kaysa sa anumang cream, ang puwang sa pagitan ng skin fold at ng kuko ay napupuno sa loob ng 6 hanggang 8 linggo at kusang naaayos ang selyo. Ang ilang tao ay nangangailangan ng ilang buwan ng gawing ito bago tuluyang kumalma ang fold. Kung pababayaan ito, patuloy na bumabalik ang mga masakit na flare-up, at ang kuko ay maaaring kumapal at magkaroon ng pangmatagalang ridge o groove.

Tinatanggal ng operasyon para sa mabagal na uri ang makapal na fold upang ito ay gumaling pababa sa kuko. Ang mga daliring nanatiling makinis ang kuko ay karaniwang gumagaling sa operasyon sa fold lamang. Kung ang kuko ay may mga ridge na o iregular, ang pagtanggal sa nail plate nang sabay ay nagbibigay ng mas magandang pagkakataon na hindi na bumalik ang problema. Karaniwang hindi na kailangan ang antibiotics pagkatapos ng operasyon para sa kondisyong ito sa mga taong walang ibang problema sa kalusugan.

Ilang bagay ang makabubuting malaman habang nagpapatuloy ka. Ang mga impeksyon sa kamay ay maaaring humantong sa mga komplikasyong mahirap pamahalaan, kaya makabubuting huwag balewalain ang isang daliring hindi bumubuti. Kung hindi humuhupa ang iyong mga sintomas, lumalala sa loob ng ilang linggo, ginigising ka sa gabi, o pinipigilan kang magtrabaho o gamitin ang iyong kamay, magpatingin sa iyong GP o humingi ng review mula sa isang espesyalista.

Kailan dapat magpatingin

Karamihan sa mga impeksyon sa nail fold ay gumagaling sa maagang pangangalaga, ngunit may ilang palatandaan na nangangahulugang hindi ka dapat maghintay. Pumunta sa isang emergency department sa mismong araw na iyon kung ang iyong daliri ay naging mainit, mapula, namamaga at masakit, lalo na kung may lagnat, o kung kumakalat pataas sa daliri ang nana. Hindi mo kailangan ng referral. Ang mga impeksyon sa kamay ay maaaring humantong sa mga komplikasyong mahirap pamahalaan kapag lumala na ang mga ito, kaya mahalaga ang pangangalaga sa mismong araw.

Magpatingin sa iyong GP kung ang sakit at pamamaga ay tumagal na nang anim na linggo o higit pa, o kung patuloy na nagfa-flare ang fold pagkatapos ng basang trabaho kahit pinapanatili mo itong tuyo at protektado. Humingi ng review mula sa isang espesyalista kung ang skin fold ay nananatiling nakaangat at namamaga, ang kuko ay nagkakaroon ng mga ridge o groove, o ang isang problema sa kuko ay hindi tumutugon sa mga cream. Ang nail fold na hindi kumakalma pagkatapos ng wastong gamutan ay nangangailangan ng mas masusing pagsusuri, dahil ang ibang mga sanhi ay kung minsan napagkakamalang ito ang kondisyon.

Higit pang detalye

Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)

Ang seksyong ito ay mas malalim kaysa sa kailangan mo para sa iyong sariling mga desisyon sa paggamot. Ang Paronychia ay karapat-dapat sa karagdagang pagbabasa dahil ang isang salita ay sumasaklaw sa dalawang kondisyon na magkaiba ang gawi, tumutugon sa magkasalungat na mga paggamot, at madalas na napagkakamalan, at dahil ang surgical na solusyon para sa chronic na anyo ay mas luma, mas simple, at mas suportado kaysa sa inaasahan ng karamihan.

Dalawang kondisyon, isang pangalan

Ang Acute paronychia ay isang bacterial infection ng nail fold, kadalasan ay Staphylococcus aureus, na nabubuo sa loob ng 24 hanggang 48 oras matapos masira ang seal sa pagitan ng kuko at balat [1]. Ito ay mapula, mainit, banat, at hindi proporsyonal ang sakit, at ito ay nagbubuo ng nana.

Ang Chronic paronychia, na ayon sa kumbensyon ay tumatagal nang higit sa anim na linggo, ay hindi pangunahing isang impeksyon. Ito ay isang inflammatory dermatitis ng nail fold na dulot ng paulit-ulit na pagkakalantad sa basa at mga irritant, kung saan ang pagkawala ng cuticle seal ay nagbibigay-daan sa higit pang pagpasok ng irritant, na lumilikha ng isang cycle na nagpapanatili sa sarili nito [2]. Ang Candida ay madalas na nakukuha sa culture mula sa mga fold na ito, na siyang dahilan kung bakit ang kondisyong ito ay matagal na ginamot bilang isang fungal infection, ngunit ang presensya nito ay mas nauunawaan bilang colonisation ng isang nail fold na dati nang damaged kaysa bilang sanhi nito.

Ang pagsubok na nagbigay ng bagong perspektibo sa kronikong anyo

Ang ebidensyang nagpapatunay nito ay isang randomised, double-blind, double-dummy trial na naghahambing ng isang topical steroid (methylprednisolone aceponate) laban sa dalawang systemic antifungals. Sa 48 kuko na ginamot gamit ang topical steroid, 41 ang bumuti o gumaling, kumpara sa 30 sa 57 sa terbinafine at 29 sa 64 sa itraconazole, isang statistically significant na kalamangan para sa steroid [3].

Ang parehong pagsubok ay naglalaman ng mas mapagpasyang obserbasyon. Ang presensya ng Candida ay hindi mahigpit na nauugnay sa aktibidad ng sakit, at ang pagpuksa sa Candida ay nauugnay sa clinical cure sa 2 lamang sa 18 pasyenteng mayroon nito sa baseline [3].

Mahirap itong itugma sa isang fungal aetiology at madaling itugma sa isang inflammatory na sanhi: ang yeast ay isang passenger sa isang damaged fold, hindi ang driver. Binibigyang-kahulugan nito ang kondisyon bilang isang problema sa barrier: ang cuticle ang seal, sinisira ito ng wet work, namamaga ang fold, ang namamagang fold ay hindi na muling makapag-seal, at ang mga organismo ay naninirahan sa puwang. Ang paggamot sa mga colonisers ay nag-iiwan sa mekanismo na hindi nababago.

Ang praktikal na corollary ay hindi kaakit-akit at ito ang bahaging madalas laktawan ng mga pasyente: ang pinaka- epektibong interbensyon ay ang pagpapanatiling tuyo ng mga kamay at pag-iwas sa mga irritants. Mas epektibo ang mga guwantes kaysa sa mga reseta rito.

Acute paronychia: drainage, at kung gaano dapat pakialaman

Kapag nabuo na ang nana, hindi ito mawawala sa pamamagitan lamang ng mga antibiotic, kailangang ilabas ang naipong nana [1]. Ang tradisyonal na pamamaraan ay itinataas ang nail fold mula sa nail plate upang ma-decompress ang abscess, at tinatanggal ang bahagi ng kuko kung saan kumalat ang nana sa ilalim nito.

Isang alternatibong nagpapanatili sa kuko ay ang Swiss roll technique, kung saan ang nail fold ay itinataas at ibinabaluktot pabalik sa ibabaw ng isang suture sa halip na hiwain o excise, pinapanatili ito sa loob ng ilang araw at pagkatapos ay ibinabalik sa dati [4]. Ang bentahe nito ay nailalabas nito ang naipong nana na kumalat sa fold nang hindi isinasakripisyo ang nail plate o nail fold, na mahalaga kung ang alternatibo ay isang malawak na incision.

Ang pangkalahatang prinsipyo sa dalawang pamamaraan ay dapat i-decompress ng incision ang fold sa halip na pumasok sa pulp ng daliri, dahil ang pulp ay isang hiwalay na compartment at ang pagbubukas nito ay ginagawang mas komplikadong sugat ang isang simpleng paronychia.

Eponychial marsupialisation

Para sa chronic paronychia na hindi gumaling, ang operasyon ay ang inilarawan noong 1976 at esensyal na hindi nagbago simula noon.

Ang procedure nina Keyser at Eaton ay nag-aalis ng isang crescent ng makapal na proximal nail fold, kinukuha ang namamagang tissue habang hindi inaabot ang germinal matrix, at hinahayaang bukas ang defect upang gumaling sa pamamagitan ng contraction, na humihila sa fold pabalik pababa sa nail plate at ibinabalik ang seal na sinira ng sakit [5].

Ang anatomy ang dahilan kung bakit kritikal ang margin. Sa ilalim ng cuticle ay mayroong two-to-three-millimetre cul-de-sac ng germinal matrix na gumagawa ng nail plate, at ang subcutaneous layer sa ibabaw nito ang kumokontrol sa surface ng kuko. Kapag naabala ang layer na iyon, dahil sa impeksyon, pressure o trauma, ang produksyon ng kuko ay nagiging abnormal nang proporsyonal: ang mga maikling episode ay nagbibigay ng transverse ridges, ang matagal na sakit ay nagbibigay ng longitudinal grooving at pagkapal na katangian ng chronic paronychia [5].

Kaya ang pag-iwas sa germinal matrix ang pumipigil sa permanenteng nail deformity, at ang pag-iiwan sa sugat na bukas ang gumagawa ng contraction na muling nagsasara sa fold; ang pagtahi nito ay magpapawalang-bisa sa layunin.

Ang pagpapahusay na nag-alis ng mga pag-uulit

Ang pinakamahalagang bahagi ng outcome data ay isang maliit na serye na may malinaw na internal comparison. Gaya ng iniulat, ang mga daliri na may mga iregularidad sa kuko na ginamot sa pamamagitan ng marsupialisation lamang ay nagkaroon ng pag-uulit sa maliit na bilang ng mga kaso, habang ang sumunod na grupo ng mga daliri na may mga iregularidad sa kuko na ginamot sa pamamagitan ng marsupialisation kasama ang pagtanggal ng nail plate ay hindi nagkaroon nito; ang mga daliri na walang mga iregularidad sa kuko ay gumaling sa pamamagitan ng marsupialisation lamang [6].

Ang serye ay maliit at sequential sa halip na randomised, kaya ito ay isang signal sa halip na isang patunay — at ang buong teksto ay hindi available sa amin, kaya ang mga pigura sa itaas ay gaya ng ibinuod sa secondary literature sa halip na binasa mula sa papel. Ngunit nagbibigay ito ng isang konkretong intraoperative rule: ang isang iregular o may mga ridge na kuko ay ebidensya na ang sakit ay nakakaapekto na sa matrix sa ilalim, at sa daliring iyon, dapat ding tanggalin ang nail plate. Ang kuko na mukhang normal ay maaaring iwanan.

Ito ay isang hindi pangkaraniwang actionable finding para sa isang kondisyong ganito karaniwan, at ito ang dahilan kung bakit ang estado ng nail plate, hindi lamang ang fold, ay mahalagang suriin bago magdesisyon sa operasyon.

Mga Sanggunian

[1] Ritting AW, O'Malley MP, Rodner CM. Acute paronychia. J Hand Surg Am. 2012;37(5):1068-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.11.021

[2] Shafritz AB, Coppage JM. Acute and chronic paronychia of the hand. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2014;22(3):165-74. https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-22-03-165

[3] Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Ghetti E, Colombo MD. Topical steroids versus systemic antifungals in the treatment of chronic paronychia: an open, randomized double-blind and double dummy study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47(1):73-6. https://doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2002.122191

[4] Pabari A, Iyer S, Khoo CTK. Swiss roll technique for treatment of paronychia. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2011;15(2):75-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/BTH.0b013e3181ec089e

[5] Keyser JJ, Eaton RG. Surgical cure of chronic paronychia by eponychial marsupialization. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1976;58(1):66-70. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-197607000-00011

[6] Bednar MS, Lane LB. Eponychial marsupialization and nail removal for surgical treatment of chronic paronychia. J Hand Surg Am. 1991;16(2):314-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363-5023(10)80118-2


Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • In chronic paronychia, C. albicans involvement was found in the outer epidermis with mycelium, but without involvement of the dermis [1].
  • Candida albicans was recovered in approximately 15% of paronychia cases [3].
  • Untreated paronychial infection can cross the eponychium to the contralateral paronychial fold, course anteriorly into the pulp tissue, and decompress into the periosteum and distal tuft, causing osteomyelitis and necrosis [5].

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

Microbiology & Histopathology

  • In chronic paronychia, C. albicans involvement is present in the outer epidermis with mycelium, but there is no involvement of the dermis [1].

Surgical Anatomy & Pathology

  • In recalcitrant cases of chronic paronychia, surgical treatment may include en bloc excision of the proximal nail fold or eponychial marsupialization, with or without nail plate removal [2].

Clinical Presentation

  • Candida albicans was recovered in about 15% of paronychia cases [3].
  • In a patient with habitual nail biting, an untreated paronychial infection crossed the eponychium to the contralateral paronychial fold, coursed anteriorly into the pulp tissue, and decompressed into the periosteum and distal tuft, causing osteomyelitis and necrosis [5].

Investigations

  • In chronic paronychia, C. albicans involvement was found in the outer epidermis with mycelium, but no involvement of the dermis was observed [1].
  • A careful physical examination is essential to direct care and future testing, as diagnostic tests such as imaging and serum laboratory studies can be expensive, time-consuming, and often nonspecific [27].

Treatment

Operative

  • In recalcitrant cases of chronic paronychia, surgical treatment may include en bloc excision of the proximal nail fold [2].
  • In recalcitrant cases of chronic paronychia, surgical treatment may include eponychial marsupialization [2].
  • Surgical treatment for recalcitrant chronic paronychia may be performed with or without nail plate removal [2].
  • The eponychial folding flap demonstrated statistically superior outcomes in terms of apparent nail-plate exposure compared to rectangle recession after fingertip amputation [15].
  • The mean difference in apparent nail-plate exposure between the eponychial folding flap and rectangle recession was 0.61 mm (95% CI, 0.35—0.87 mm; P < .001) [15].
  • The eponychial folding flap demonstrated statistically superior aesthetic satisfaction compared to rectangle recession after fingertip amputation [15].
  • The eponychial folding flap demonstrated statistically superior postoperative pain outcomes compared to rectangle recession after fingertip amputation [15].
  • The application of the eponychial flap allowed a nail lengthening ranging from 28.5 to 80% of the exposed nail body [9].

Non-Operative

  • In chronic paronychia, C. albicans involvement is present in the outer epidermis with mycelium [1].
  • In chronic paronychia, C. albicans involvement does not extend to the dermis [1].
  • The nail should be retained whenever possible because it can be used as a splint and simultaneous waterproof dressing in many finger tip injuries [12].
  • Retaining the nail eliminates most of the pain attributable to exposure of the nail bed in many cases [12].

Complications

  • In recalcitrant cases of chronic paronychia, surgical treatment may include en bloc excision of the proximal nail fold or an eponychial marsupialization, with or without nail plate removal [2].

Recovery

  • The eponychial folding flap demonstrated statistically superior outcomes in terms of apparent nail-plate exposure compared to rectangle recession, with a mean difference of 0.61 mm (95% CI, 0.35—0.87 mm; P < .001) [15].
  • The eponychial folding flap demonstrated statistically superior outcomes in terms of aesthetic satisfaction compared to rectangle recession [15].
  • The eponychial folding flap demonstrated statistically superior outcomes in terms of postoperative pain compared to rectangle recession [15].

Key Evidence

  • [L4] Each lesion studied had C. albicans involvement with mycelium in the outer epidermis but no involvement of the dermis. [1] (10.1001/archderm.1962.01590090066015)
  • [L4] In recalcitrant cases, surgical treatment may be resorted to, which includes en bloc excision of the proximal nail fold or an eponychial marsupialization, with or without nail plate removal. [2] (10.4103/0019-5154.123482)
  • [L4] Candida albicans was recovered in about 15% of the cases. [3] (10.1016/0266-7681(93)90063-l)
  • [L5] This patient with habitual nail biting developed a paronychial infection, which untreated, crossed the eponychium to the contralateral paronychial fold, coursed anteriorly into the pulp tissue, and finally decompressed into the periosteum and distal tuft, causing osteomyelitis and necrosis. [5] (10.1016/s0363-5023(05)80062-0)
  • [L4] The application of the eponychial flap allowed a nail lengthening ranging from 28.5 to 80% of the exposed nail body. [9] (10.1016/s0363-5023(03)80451-3)
  • [L5] The nail should be retained whenever possible because it can be used as a splint and simultaneous waterproof dressing in many finger tip injuries, and in many cases eliminates most of the pain attributable to exposure of the nail bed. [12] (10.1016/s0266-7681(84)80030-3)
  • [L4] The eponychial folding flap demonstrated statistically superior outcomes in terms of apparent nail-plate exposure (mean difference 0.61 mm; 95% CI, 0.35—0.87 mm; P < .001), aesthetic satisfaction, and postoperative pain, without compromising scar quality or functional recovery. [15] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.101101)

References

[1] Chronic Paronychia. Archives of Dermatology. 1962. DOI: 10.1001/archderm.1962.01590090066015

[2] Management of chronic paronychia. Indian Journal of Dermatology. 2014. DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.123482

[3] Paronychia: a Mixed Infection. Journal of Hand Surgery. 1993. DOI: 10.1016/0266-7681(93)90063-l

[5] Eikenella osteomyelitis in a chronic nail biter: A case report. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1995. DOI: 10.1016/s0363-5023(05)80062-0

[9] The eponychial flap: A new technique to restore the length of a short nail. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2003. DOI: 10.1016/s0363-5023(03)80451-3

[12] The Best Dressing for a Nail Bed is the Nail Itself. Journal of Hand Surgery. 1984. DOI: 10.1016/s0266-7681(84)80030-3

[15] Comparative Outcomes of Rectangle Recession Versus Eponychial Folding Flaps for Nail-Plate Length After Fingertip Amputation. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.101101

[27] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 13 Ebook Without Multimedia. Anatomy, Evaluation, Clinical Examination, and Imaging > Evaluation and Clinical Examination: Current Concepts.

Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0

CC Creative Commons licence
BY Attribution — you must credit the source
NC NonCommercial — not for commercial use

Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International


Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.

Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees


Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.