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Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Phase-by-phase rehabilitation protocol after total shoulder replacement, with criteria to progress and the early exercise program.

Updated Jun 2026
Illustrasyon ng isang tao na may braso na nakapatong sa sling habang ang isang pisioterapeuta ay nag-aayos ng strap.
Pagbawi ng galaw at lakas pagkatapos ng buong palitan ng balikat. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Ang protocol na ito ay gabay sa iyong paggaling pagkatapos ng total shoulder arthroplasty (total shoulder replacement) kay Dr. Kieran Hirpara sa Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton. Ang bawat yugto sa ibaba ay nagsisimula sa simpleng paliwanag sa wikang Ingles tungkol sa nangyayari at sa pinakamahalagang aspeto, kasunod ng estrukturadong protocol na isinulat para sa iyong physiotherapist; dalhin ang pahinang ito o ang PDF nito sa iyong unang bisita sa physiotherapy upang manatiling koordinado ang iyong rehabilitasyon. Maaaring baguhin ng iyong physiotherapist ang plano depende sa pag-unlad ng iyong paggaling.

Kung mayroon kang anumang alalahanin tungkol sa iyong sugat pagkatapos ng operasyon, makipag-ugnayan sa mga kwarto. Karaniwang makakatulong na kumuha ng litrato ng sugat at ipadala ito sa pamamagitan ng email para sa pagsusuri.

Ano ang inaasahan

Magkakaroon ka ng pamamanhid sa iyong braso kapag gumising ka, at ang pakiramdam ay dapat simulan nang bumalik pagkatapos ng humigit-kumulang 24 na oras. Maaaring magkaroon ng kaunting pamamanhid o kahinaan hanggang sa isang linggo.

Kapag gumising ka mula sa iyong operasyon, ikaw ay nasa sling, na may malaking pad sa iyong balikat. Ang pad na ito ay tatanggalin bago ka i-discharge. Sa ilalim nito ay may waterproof dressing na sumasaklaw sa isang surgical glue strip, na maaaring iwan nang hindi ginagamit sa loob ng 2 linggo. Ang iyong mga tahi ay dissolvable at hindi na kailangang tanggalin, ngunit maaaring may mga dulo ng tahi sa bawat dulo ng sugat na maaaring putulin nang magkapantay sa balikat pagkatapos ng 2 linggo. I-book ka para makita ang aming nurse para sa wound check 1–2 linggo pagkatapos ng iyong operasyon. Kung hindi ka makapag-attend sa dressing check, maaari mong tanggalin ang iyong dressing mismo pagkatapos ng 2 linggo.

Ang paglalakbay sa isang tingin:

  • Proteksyon: linggo 0–3
  • Katamtaman: linggo 4–6
  • Katamtaman, patuloy: linggo 7–8
  • Transisyonal: linggo 9–11
  • Advanced strengthening: linggo 12–16

Higit-kumulang mga timeframe para sa pagbabalik sa mga aktibidad:

  • Pagmamaneho: 6 linggo
  • Paglangoy: breaststroke 8 linggo; freestyle 12 linggo
  • Golf: 3 buwan
  • Pagbuhat: maaaring simulan ang magaan na pagbuhat sa 6 linggo; iwasan ang pagbuhat ng mabibigat na bagay sa loob ng 6 buwan
  • Trabaho: sedentaryong trabaho 6 linggo; manual na trabaho ay gabay ng iyong surgeon

Pagsuot ng iyong sling

Ang iyong sling (shoulder immobiliser) ay sumusuporta sa balikat habang ito ay nagpapagaling. Ang mga alituntunin ay simple:

  • Suotin ito sa loob ng 6 linggo, kasama ang pagtulog.
  • Bawasan ito lamang para sa pag-shower at para sa iyong mga ehersisyo, pagkatapos ipakita sa iyo kung paano, at kapag ang sling ay naka-off, panatilihin ang iyong braso sa gilid ng iyong katawan.
  • Kapag pahinga sa bahay, maaari itong tanggalin kung ikaw ay matalino sa paggamit nito: ang braso ay sinusuportahan ng unan habang nakaupo.
  • Gumamit ng yelo kung ang balikat ay namamaga o masakit, lalo na pagkatapos ng ehersisyo.

Mahalaga ang tamang pagkakabit nito, at ang maluwag na sling ay hindi wastong sumusuporta sa balikat:

  1. Ilagay ang iyong siko sa sulok ng sling, na mabuting sinusuportahan.
  2. Ang dulo ng sling ay dapat humiga sa knuckle ng iyong maliit na daliri. Kung ang iyong kamay ay lumalabas pa, hindi wasto ang suporta ng sling sa iyo.
  3. Ang sling ay may dalawang Velcro straps: isa para sa iyong leeg, isa para sa iyong baywang.
  4. Habang naka-posisyon ang iyong siko at forearms, gamitin ang hindi na-opera na braso para ibalot ang itaas na strap sa paligid ng iyong leeg at ikabit ito sa itaas na loop.
  5. Ikabit ang ibabang strap sa paligid ng iyong bayawang sa pamamagitan ng ibabang loop sa parehong paraan.

Habang naka-sling ka, bantayan ang iyong postura. Panatilihin ang iyong mga tainga, balikat, at balakang sa linya at iwasan ang pagbaba ng iyong mga balikat; ang mabuting postura ay nagpoprotekta sa iyong likod at tumutulong na maiwasan ang pagkatigas ng iyong balikat. Isang gulugod na tuwalya sa likod ng iyong baywang habang nakaupo ay isang kapaki-pakinabang paalala.

Bago ka umuwi, ang ward physiotherapist ay magkakabit ng sling sa iyo, ituturo sa iyo kung paano ito pamahalaan nang mag-isa, at sisimulan ka sa mga banayad na ehersisyo sa ibaba. Tatlong termino ang madalas na lumabas sa shoulder rehabilitation, at nakakatulong ang pagkakaalam sa pagkakaiba: active range of motion (AROM) ay ang paggalaw ng braso ng sarili, nang walang tulong o tulong; active-assisted range of motion (AAROM) ay ang paggamit ng ibang braso o bagay upang tulungan ang braso na gumalaw; at passive range of motion (PROM) ay ang braso ay nananatiling ganap na relaxed habang ang ibang braso o isang panlabas na puwersa ang gumagawa ng 100% ng trabaho. Ang iyong physiotherapist ay sasabihin sa iyo kung anong uri ng galaw ang ginagamit ng bawat ehersisyo.

Ang mga maagang alituntunin sa rehabilitation habang nasa ospital ka at sa unang linggo sa bahay:

  • Kailangan mong matulog na may sling.
  • Gumamit ng yelo para sa pagpapagaan ng sakit kung kinakailangan.
  • Kapag naka-sling ka, i-relax ang iyong balikat at hayaan ang sling na kunin ang bigat ng iyong braso.
  • Kumain ng iyong painkillers bago gawin ang iyong mga ehersisyo, at bago ang iyong mga appointment sa physiotherapy.
  • Pinapayagan kang alisin ang iyong braso mula sa sling para sa iyong mga ehersisyo at pag-shower.
  • Kailangan mong suotin ang iyong sling sa loob ng 6 linggo, lalo na kapag nasa labas ng bahay.
  • Maliban na lamang kung ikaw ay pumili na ayusin ang sarili mong physiotherapy, may appointment na inayos para sa iyo at detalyado sa iyong discharge pack.
  • Kung mayroon kang anumang problema, kontakin ang opisina o ipaalam sa iyong physiotherapist.

Ito ang iyong mga maagang ehersisyo, nagsimula sa ospital at ipinagpatuloy sa bahay ayon sa gabay ng iyong physiotherapist:

Ang iyong unang mga araw sa ospital

Yugto I — Proteksyon (Linggo 0–3)

Ang unang tatlong linggo ay tungkol sa pagprotekta sa iyong bagong balikat habang ito ay nagse-settle. Nasa sling ka (nakaposisyon sa neutral at isinusuot sa gabi), gumagamit ng yelo at compression para sa pamamaga, habang ang iyong physiotherapist ay dahan-dahang gumagalaw sa balikat para sa iyo sa loob ng itinakdang limitasyon at ikaw ay nagpapanatili sa paggalaw ng iyong kamay, pulso, at siko. Mula linggo 2, nagsisimula ang mga banayad na ehersisyo para sa scapula at pagpi-piga ng bola. Ang mga alituntunin na pinaka-mahalaga: walang aktibong paggalaw ng balikat, walang pag-abot sa likod ng likod, walang pag-angat, at walang pagtutulak pataas sa pamamagitan ng iyong mga kamay.

Para sa iyong physiotherapist:

Mga Layunin

  • Protektahan ang surgical repair
  • Bawasan ang pamamaga, i-minimize ang sakit
  • Panatilihin ang range of motion (ROM) ng upper extremity (UE) sa siko, kamay, at pulso
  • Dahan-dahang dagdagan ang passive range of motion (PROM) ng balikat
  • I-minimize ang muscle inhibition
  • Edukasyon ng pasyente

Pamamahala

  • Sling: neutral rotation; gamitin sa gabi habang natutulog
  • Pamamahala ng pamamaga: yelo, compression
  • Range of motion / mobility:
    • PROM: external rotation (ER) ≤ 30 degrees sa scapular plane; internal rotation (IR) hanggang belt line sa scapular plane
    • Flexion/scaption hanggang sa tolerance; abduction (ABD) ≤ 90 degrees; pendulums; seated glenohumeral (GH) flexion table slide; seated horizontal table slide
    • Active-assisted range of motion (AAROM): active-assisted shoulder flexion
    • Active range of motion (AROM): siko, kamay, pulso
  • Pagpapalakas (linggo 2):
    • Periscapular: scapular retraction, prone scapular retraction, standing scapular setting, supported scapular setting, inferior glide, low row
    • Pagpi-piga ng bola

Mga Precautions

  • Walang shoulder AROM
  • Walang pag-abot sa likod ng likod, lalo na sa internal rotation
  • Walang sobrang external rotation o abduction ng balikat
  • Walang pag-angat ng mga bagay
  • Walang suporta ng bigat ng katawan sa mga kamay
  • Maglagay ng maliit na unan/towel roll sa ilalim ng siko habang nakahiga sa likod upang maiwasan ang shoulder hyperextension

Mga Kriterya para mag-progress

  • ≥ 50% shoulder PROM flexion at scaption kumpara sa contralateral na bahagi
  • ≤ 90 degrees ng shoulder ABD PROM
  • ≤ 30 degrees ng shoulder ER PROM sa scapular plane
  • ≥ 70 degrees ng IR PROM sa scapular plane
  • Palpable muscle contraction na nararamdaman sa scapular musculature
  • Sakit < 4/10
  • Walang komplikasyon sa Phase I

Yugto II — Katamtaman (Linggo 4–6)

Patuloy na pinoprotektahan ang balikat, ngunit unti-unting binubuo ang galaw. Mananatili ang sling tuwing gabi, at sa araw, unti-unting itatanggal sa loob ng dalawang linggong ito. Papalalimin ng iyong physiotherapist ang passive movement patungo sa buong range (nananatili sa itinakdang limitasyon ng external rotation at abduction), idadagdag ang assisted at pagkatapos ay active movements, at sisimulan ang banayad na activation work para sa rotator cuff at mga kalamnan ng balikat. Huwag magbitbit ng anumang bagay na mas mabigat kaysa sa tasa ng kape, at patuloy na iwasan ang mga ekstremo ng rotation at pag-abot.

Para sa iyong physiotherapist:

Mga Layunin

  • Patuloy na protektahan ang surgical repair
  • Bawasan ang pamamaga, i-minimize ang sakit
  • Unti-unting palakihin ang shoulder PROM
  • I-minimize ang mga substitution patterns gamit ang AROM at AAROM
  • Mapabuti ang activation/kalakas ng mga kalamnan sa paligid ng scapula
  • Simulan ang activation ng rotator cuff (RTC) (mga external rotator)
  • Edukasyon sa pasyente

Pamamahala

  • Sling: gamitin tuwing gabi habang natutulog; unti-unting simulan ang pag-wean ng sling sa loob ng susunod na dalawang linggo sa araw
  • Patuloy na isagawa ang mga intervention ng Yugto I
  • Range of motion / mobility:
    • PROM: buo, maliban sa ER ≤ 30 degrees sa scapular plane at ABD ≤ 90 degrees
    • AAROM: shoulder flexion gamit ang cane, cane external rotation stretch, washcloth press, seated shoulder elevation gamit ang cane
    • AROM: supine flexion, salutes, supine punch
  • Pagpapalakas:
    • Rotator cuff: external rotation isometrics
    • Periscapular: row sa physioball, serratus punches
    • Siko: biceps curl, resistance band biceps curls at triceps
  • Motor control:
    • ER sa scaption at flexion 90–125 (rhythmic stabilisation)
  • Pagpapahaba:
    • Side-lying horizontal adduction

Mga Precautions

  • Walang sobrang external rotation o abduction ng balikat
  • Walang pagbitbit ng mga bagay na mas mabigat kaysa sa tasa ng kape
  • Walang suporta ng bigat ng katawan gamit ang mga kamay
  • Maglagay ng maliit na unan/towel roll sa ilalim ng siko habang nakahiga sa likod upang maiwasan ang hyperextension ng balikat

Mga Kriteryo para mag-progress

  • ≥ 75% shoulder PROM flexion at scaption kumpara sa contralateral na bahagi
  • ≥ 75% shoulder PROM IR sa scapular plane kumpara sa contralateral na bahagi
  • 30 degrees ng shoulder PROM ER sa scapular plane
  • 90 degrees ng shoulder PROM ABD
  • Minimal na substitution patterns sa AAROM
  • AROM na shoulder elevation hanggang 100 degrees na may minimal na substitution patterns
  • Sakit < 4/10
  • Walang mga komplikasyon sa Yugto II

Yugto III — Katamtaman, patuloy (Linggo 7–8)

Ang sling ay tapos na gamitin, at ang layunin ay ang buong galaw sa bawat direksyon, na may tulong kung kinakailangan at palaging mas nakadepende sa sarili mong lakas. Lumalakas ang pagsasanay sa pagpapalakas, na may paggamit ng resistance band para sa rotator cuff at mga kalamnan ng balikat, at maaari ka nang bumalik sa buong mga gawain pang-araw-araw. Dalawang limitasyon ang nananatili: walang mabibigat na higit sa 5 kg, at walang ginagawa na sobrang stress sa nakakabagabag na tissue sa harap ng balikat.

Para sa iyong physiotherapist:

Mga Layunin

  • Iwasan ang sobrang stress sa nakakabagabag na tissue (lalo na ang anterior capsule)
  • Bawasan ang sakit
  • Panatilihin ang PROM
  • Pagbutihin ang AROM
  • Pag-unlad ng lakas ng periscapular at RTC
  • Bumalik sa buong mga gawaing pang-fungsional
  • Edukasyon ng pasyente

Pamamahala

  • Sling: itigil
  • Patuloy na gamitin ang mga interbensyon ng Yugto I at II
  • Saklaw ng galaw / mobility:
    • Buong saklaw ng galaw sa lahat ng planes
    • AAROM: incline table slides, ball roll on wall, wall climbs, pulleys
    • AROM: seated scaption, seated flexion, supine forward elevation na may elastic resistance hanggang 90 degrees
  • Pagpapalakas:
    • Rotator cuff: internal rotation isometrics, side-lying external rotation, standing external rotation na may resistance band, standing internal rotation na may resistance band, internal rotation, external rotation
    • Periscapular: resistance band shoulder extension, resistance band seated rows, rowing, lawn mowers, robbery
  • Motor control:
    • IR/ER at flexion 90–125 (rhythmic stabilisation)
    • Quadruped alternating isometrics at ball stabilisation sa dingding
    • Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF): D1 diagonal lifts, PNF D2 diagonal lifts
  • Pag-stretch:
    • Internal rotation sa likod ng likod na may tuwalya, side-lying horizontal adduction, sleeper stretch, triceps at lats

Mga Precaution

  • Walang pag-angat ng mabibigat na bagay (> 5 kg)

Mga Kriteryo para mag-progress

  • Minimal hanggang walang substitution patterns sa shoulder AROM
  • Sakit < 4/10

Yugong IV — Transisyonal (Linggo 9–11)

Dapat na buo at komportable na ang galaw sa ngayon; ang yugong ito ay tungkol sa paggawa nito ng matibay at matatag. Daramdaming lumalaki ang resistansya sa mga ehersisyo ng rotator cuff, lumalawak ang programa ng balikat-blade, at ang trabaho sa kontrol ay sumusubok sa balikat sa diagonal, functional na mga pattern. Nananatiling namamahala ang limitasyon sa pag-angat na 5 kg, at iwas pa rin ang mga posisyon na nagdudulot ng tensyon sa harap ng kasukasuan (pag-ikot ng braso palabas habang ito ay itinataas sa higit 80 degrees palabas sa gilid).

Para sa iyong physiotherapist:

Mga Layunin

  • Huwag sobrang stressin ang nagpapagaling na tisyu (lalo na ang anterior capsule)
  • Panatilihin ang pain-free PROM
  • Patuloy na pagbutihin ang AROM
  • Pagbutihin ang dynamic shoulder stability
  • Unahan-unahang ibalik ang lakas at endurance ng balikat

Pamamahala

  • Patuloy na gamitin ang mga intervention ng Yugong II–III
  • Range of motion / mobility:
    • Buong range of motion sa lahat ng planes
  • Pagpapalakas (Strengthening):
    • Rotator cuff: dagdagan ang resistansya ng mga ehersisyo ng rotator cuff
    • Periscapular: push-up plus sa tuhod, ehersisyong "W", resistance band Ws, dynamic hug, resistance band dynamic hug, prone shoulder extension Is, resistance band forward punch, forward punch, tripod, pointer
  • Motor control:
    • Resistance band PNF pattern; PNF D1 diagonal lifts na may resistansya; diagonal-up, diagonal-down wall slides na may resistance band

Mga Precaution

  • Walang pag-angat ng mabibigat na bagay (> 5 kg)
  • Iwasan ang mga ehersisyo na nagdudulot ng stress sa anterior shoulder capsule (i.e. shoulder ER sa higit 80 degrees ng ABD)

Mga Kriterya para mag-progress

  • Supine AROM flexion ≥ 140 degrees
  • Supine AROM ABD ≥ 120 degrees
  • Supine AROM ER sa scapular plane ≥ 60 degrees
  • Supine AROM IR sa scapular plane ≥ 70 degrees
  • AROM shoulder elevation hanggang 120 degrees na may minimal na substitution patterns
  • Nagpapatupad ng lahat ng mga ehersisyo na nagpapakita ng symmetric scapular mechanics
  • Sakit < 2/10

Yugto V — Mas mataas na pagpapalakas (Linggo 12–16)

Ang huling yugto ay nagpapahihina ng balikat para sa anumang ginagawa nito: pagbuo ng lakas at katatagan sa mas mataas na posisyon, kasama ang mga gawaing pang-rotasyon habang itinataas ang braso sa 90 degrees, at pag-unlad ng mga gawaing pang-stability sa itaas ng ulo. Ang paglalampas sa protocol (kasama ang anumang pagbabalik sa isport) ay nangyayari sa pagpapatunay ng iyong doktor kapag natupad na ang lahat ng mga milestone, at para sa mga atleta, ang desisyon ay indibidwal at hindi batay sa kalendaryo.

Para sa iyong pisyoterapeuta:

Mga Layunin

  • Panatilihin ang saklaw ng galaw na walang sakit
  • Pagbutihin ang lakas at katatagan ng balikat
  • Palakasin ang functional na paggamit ng itaas na ekstremitas

Pamamahala

  • Magpatuloy sa mga interbensyon ng Yugto II–IV
  • Pagpapalakas:
    • Rotator cuff: external rotation sa 90 degrees, internal rotation sa 90 degrees, resistance band standing external rotation sa 90 degrees, resistance band standing internal rotation sa 90 degrees
    • Periscapular: T at Y, "T" exercise, push-up plus habang nakaharap ang tuhod, wall push-up
  • Motor control:
    • Pag-unlad mula sa ball stabilisation sa pader patungo sa overhead alternating isometrics / rhythmic stabilisation

Mga Pamantayan para sa pag-unlad

  • Pagpapatunay ng doktor, at NATUPAD NA ANG LAHAT NG MGA KRITERYO NG MILESTONE
  • Panatilihin ang pain-free PROM at AROM
  • Isagawa ang lahat ng mga ehersisyo na nagpapakita ng symmetric scapular mechanics
  • QuickDASH at ASES outcome scores

Pagbabalik sa isport

  • Para sa recreational o competitive athlete, ang paggawa ng desisyon para sa pagbabalik sa isport ay dapat na indibidwal at batay sa mga salik kabilang ang antas ng demand sa itaas na ekstremitas, contact vs non-contact sport, dalas ng pakikilahok, atbp. Inirerekomenda ang malapit na pag-uusap sa referring surgeon bago mag-advance sa isang rehabilitation program para sa pagbabalik sa isport.

Pagkatapos ng iyong protokol

Ang protokol na ito ay nagtatrabaho kasama ng pangkalahatang payo para sa paggaling ng klinika; tingnan ang pamamahala ng sakit pagkatapos ng operasyon at pag-aalaga sa sugat. Para sa operasyon mismo, tingnan ang total shoulder replacement. Ang ebidensya sa likod ng protokol na ito, at kung bakit ang maagang yugto ay nagpoprotekta sa subscapularis repair, ay naka-simplify sa seksyon ng ebidensya, na available bilang PDF mula sa itaas ng pahinang ito.


Evidence & references

Anatomic Total Shoulder Arthroplasty — Post-operative Rehabilitation

Topic scope: Post-operative rehabilitation after anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (aTSA) for glenohumeral arthritis. (Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty has a different rehab logic — see the reverse-shoulder-arthroplasty protocol; the early in-hospital phase of either is covered by the inpatient-shoulder-replacement protocol.)

Defining principle of this rehab — PROTECT THE SUBSCAPULARIS: to reach the joint in an anatomic TSA the surgeon usually takes down and then repairs the subscapularis (by tenotomy, peel, or a lesser-tuberosity osteotomy). That repair is the structure rehabilitation must protect. So the early plan is the mirror image of a frozen-shoulder release: external rotation is limited, and active/resisted internal rotation is delayed, to avoid pulling the subscapularis repair apart — while early passive forward elevation is encouraged so the shoulder does not stiffen. This subscapularis-protection logic is the key difference from reverse arthroplasty (which usually has no subscapularis repair to guard) and the reason aTSA rehab is more measured.


A. THE PROCEDURE (what is being protected)

Anatomic TSA resurfaces the arthritic joint with a metal humeral head and a plastic glenoid, restoring the normal ball-and-socket mechanics — which depends on an intact, balanced rotator cuff (the indication that distinguishes it from reverse arthroplasty). The subscapularis management is the rehab-defining variable:

  • Subscapularis tenotomy / peel with tendon-to-tendon or transosseous repair, or
  • Lesser-tuberosity osteotomy (LTO) — repaired bone-to-bone.

Either way, the repair governs the early external-rotation limit and the delay before active and resisted internal rotation. The specific ER ceiling and the IR-loading timeline are surgeon-set (they depend on repair quality and tissue) — the patient protocol follows the surgeon's chosen limits, and the phase table below reflects them.


B. POST-OPERATIVE PHASED TIMELINE (subscapularis-protective)

Consistent with the protocol's phases (Protection → Intermediate → Transitional → Advanced). Sling supports the arm; passive elevation early; ER capped and active/resisted IR withheld until the subscapularis has healed.

Phase Window Sling ROM Strengthening Notes
I — Protection Week 0–3 Full-time (off for hygiene + exercises) Passive elevation + gentle ER to the surgeon's limit only; pendulums; hand/elbow free None Protect subscapularis repair; no active shoulder motion; no behind-the-back / forced ER
II — Intermediate Week 4–6 Weaning Progress passive → active-assisted elevation; ER advanced within limit Scapular setting / isometrics as allowed Subscapularis still protected — no resisted internal rotation
III — Intermediate continued Week 7–8 Off Active ROM all planes progressing toward full Begin gentle cuff (incl. graded IR) + scapular work Subscapularis repair healing — IR loading introduced cautiously
IV — Transitional Week 9–11 Off Full active ROM goal Progressive resistance, low load → higher
V — Advanced strengthening Week 12–16 Off Full, incl. rotation at 90° abduction Advanced strength/endurance; overhead stability Return to sport/heavy use on surgeon clearance, individualised

C. KEY CONTROVERSIES / EVIDENCE QUALITY

  1. Subscapularis management — tenotomy vs peel vs lesser-tuberosity osteotomy. Healing and functional-IR recovery drive the ER-restriction and IR-loading timeline; biomechanical and clinical data inform but do not settle the choice. Moderate (biomechanical + cohort).
  2. Early vs delayed / immobilisation — a single-blind RCT comparing early rehabilitation versus immobilisation after shoulder arthroplasty found broadly comparable outcomes, supporting a measured but not ultra-conservative early plan; subscapularis protection remains the governing constraint. Moderate (RCT).
  3. The phase timeline itself is consensus/expert (institutional protocols — MGH, BWH — and surgeon practice), not a defining rehab RCT. Phase weeks are typical, surgeon-adjustable. Weak/consensus.

D. EVIDENCE STRENGTH FLAGS (summary)

  • MODERATE (RCT / biomechanical / cohort): early-rehab-vs-immobilisation after shoulder arthroplasty (RCT); subscapularis repair-technique biomechanics; durability/outcome of aTSA.
  • WEAK / CONSENSUS: the specific subscapularis-protective phase structure and ER/IR restriction timings (institutional protocols + surgeon preference; no defining rehab RCT).
  • CONTEXT: the protocol's measured early phase is appropriately keyed to subscapularis healing rather than the calendar.

CITATIONS

RAG corpus (180,000+ Orthopaedic articles)

  • A randomized single-blinded trial of early rehabilitation versus immobilization after shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2019.10.005
  • A biomechanical evaluation of three surgical techniques for subscapularis repair. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2007.04.016
  • Deltoid fatigue part 2: a longitudinal assessment of anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2021.07.019

Published rehab protocols (basis for the phase structure)

  • Massachusetts General Brigham Sports Medicine. Rehabilitation Protocol for Total Shoulder Arthroplasty and Hemiarthroplasty (rev. Dec 2018). https://www.massgeneral.org/assets/MGH/pdf/orthopaedics/sports-medicine/physical-therapy/rehabilitation-protocol-for-total-shoulder-arthroplasty-and-hemi.pdf
  • Brigham and Women's Hospital. Total Shoulder Arthroplasty / Hemiarthroplasty Protocol. https://www.brighamandwomens.org/assets/bwh/patients-and-families/pdfs/shoulder---total-shoulder-arthroplasty-protocol.pdf

Note on the rehab evidence: there is no single defining RCT for the anatomic-TSA rehab protocol. The phase structure is the originating-institution / surgeon consensus, and the external-rotation ceiling and internal-rotation loading timeline are deliberately keyed to subscapularis repair healing — a surgeon-set, tissue-dependent decision. Treat phase weeks as typical, surgeon-adjustable defaults.

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Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees


Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


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