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Patients › Ankle

Total ankle replacement

PDF Evidence Consent
Updated Sep 2026
Illustration: ankle

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Bakit iminungkahi ang operasyong ito

Ang ankle arthritis ay nangangahulugang ang makinis na ibabaw sa loob ng joint ay nakupas na, kaya ang buto ay kumikiskis sa buto. Madalas itong sumusunod sa isang fracture o malalang sprain ng bukung-bukong. Maaari itong maging kasing-disable ng arthritis sa balakang. Para sa karamihan ng mga tao na may ganitong matagal nang problema, nagsisimula kami sa non-operative care tulad ng pagbabago sa aktibidad, physiotherapy, at splinting, at isinasaalang-alang ang surgery kapag hindi ito nagbigay ng sapat na pagbuti.

Ang total ankle replacement ay pinapalitan ang mga kupas na ibabaw ng iyong ankle joint ng isang artificial implant. Isa ito sa dalawang operasyon para sa end-stage ankle arthritis; ang isa ay ankle fusion, kung saan ang mga buto ay itinakda upang magtubo nang magkasama. Pag-uusapan namin ang dalawang ito kasama ka. Ang kasiyahan ng pasyente sa ankle replacement ay karaniwang lumalagpas sa 90%, at layunin ng operasyon na maibsan ang sakit at maibalik ang paggalaw upang makalakad ka at manatiling aktibo nang mas komportable.

Bago ang operasyon

Kapag naplano na ang operasyon, inaayos namin ang mga kinakailangang imaging para sa paghahanda: weight-bearing X-rays ng iyong bukung-bukong, at kung minsan ay MRI o ultrasound scan upang masusing masuri ang joint, ang cartilage at ang mga soft tissue sa paligid nito. Sa araw ng iyong operasyon, kakailanganin mong itigil ang pagkain at pag-inom pitong oras bago ito. Humihingi kami ng pitong oras sa halip na mas maikling oras upang mauna ang iyong operasyon kung maagang matapos ang theatre list. Ang ilang mga gamot ay kailangang itigil bago ang operasyon; sasabihin sa iyo ng iyong surgeon kung alin sa mga ito at kung kailan dapat itigil. Magdala ng nakasulat na listahan ng lahat ng iyong iniinom, magsuot ng maluwag at komportableng damit, at mag-ayos ng taong maghahatid sa iyo pauwi pagkatapos. Kung mayroon kang iba pang kondisyong medikal, maaaring kailanganin mo ng mga blood test o review kasama ang anaesthetist.

Sa araw ng operasyon

Pupunta kayo sa surgical admissions unit ng ospital, kung saan kayo ay i-che-check in at ihahanda para sa theatre. Makikilala ninyo ang anaesthetist, na siyang mamamahala sa inyong anaesthetic. Ang operasyong ito ay ginagawa sa ilalim ng general anaesthetic. Minsan ay nagdaragdag ng regional nerve block para sa pagpapaginhawa ng sakit pagkatapos ng operasyon; tatalakayin ito ng anaesthetist sa inyo sa araw na iyon. Pagkatapos ay dadalhin kayo sa operating theatre, kung saan isasagawa ang operasyon.

Magigising kayo sa recovery area, kung saan babantayan kayo ng mga nurse habang nawawala ang bisa ng anaesthetic. Kapag stable na kayo, maaaring pumunta kayo sa ward o uuwi na, depende sa procedure at kung paano ang takbo ng inyong recovery.

Ano ang kinapapalooban ng operasyon

Pinapalitan ng total ankle replacement ang mga gasgas na surface ng iyong ankle joint ng mga artipisyal na bahagi, na karaniwang gawa sa metal at plastik. Tatanggalin ng iyong surgeon ang damaged na buto at cartilage mula sa mga dulo ng mga butong nagtatagpo sa iyong bukung-bukong, pagkatapos ay huhubugin ang mga ito upang kumasya sa mga bagong joint surface. Ang mga bagong bahagi ay ititigil sa pwesto upang makagalaw sila nang maayos laban sa isa't isa, katulad ng ginagawa ng isang malusog na bukung-bukong.

Ang operasyon ay ginagawa sa pamamagitan ng isang hiwa sa harap ng iyong bukung-bukong. Ang ilang mga disenyo ay gumagamit din ng isang maikling stem na nakalagay sa loob ng pangunahing buto ng ibabang bahagi ng binti upang panatilihing matatag ang implant. Maaari ring pahabain ng iyong surgeon ang isang masikip na tendon sa likod ng iyong bukung-bukong sa panahon ng parehong operasyon kung makakatulong ito upang mas maibaluktot ang iyong bukung-bukong pagkatapos.

Kapag ang implant ay nasa pwesto na at nasuri, ang hiwa ay sasara gamit ang mga tahi at tatakpan ng dressing. Pananatilihin mo ang dressing na iyon sa loob ng humigit-kumulang 10 araw, gaya ng inilarawan sa recovery section.

Nag-iiba ang eksaktong implant na ginagamit, at ang mga disenyo ay patuloy na nag-i-improve habang mas natututunan ng mga surgeon kung aling mga hugis at materyales ang epektibo. Tatalakayin ng iyong surgeon sa iyo ang plano para sa iyong bukung-bukong bago ang operasyon, kabilang kung may mga karagdagang hakbang na kailangan batay sa ipinapakita ng iyong mga scan.

Pagkatapos ng operasyon

Magigising ka sa recovery area habang binabantayan ka ng mga nurse habang nawawala ang bisa ng anaesthetic. Kapag stable ka na, ililipat ka sa ward o uuwi na. Sasabihin sa iyo ng iyong team kung uuwi ka sa araw ring iyon o mananatili ng isang gabi sa ospital. May nakaplano nang pain relief para sa iyo bago mawala ang bisa ng anaesthetic; sabihan ang iyong nurse kung hindi humuhupa ang iyong sakit. Ang iyong bukung-bukong ay babalutin ng mga dressing, at pananatilihin namin ang dressing sa loob ng humigit-kumulang 10 araw; pakiusap na huwag itong tanggalin bago ang panahong iyon maliban kung sinabi namin sa iyo. Papalitan o tatanggalin namin ito kapag nakita ka na namin. Tutulungan kang tumayo at humakbang nang kaunti agad pagkatapos ng operasyon, gamit ang mga crutches o frame para sa suporta. Dapat may kasama ka sa unang 24 oras pagkauwi mo sa bahay.

Paggaling

Ang mga unang araw ay nakatuon sa pahinga at pamamaga. Ang iyong bukung-bukong ay magiging masakit at manas, at ang balat ay maaaring magmukhang may pasa. Ang pagpapanatiling nakataas ng iyong paa sa antas ng iyong puso, paggamit ng ice packs na nakabalot sa tuwalya, at pag-inom ng iyong pain relief ayon sa nireseta ay nakatutulong upang maibsan ito. Ang pamamaga ay karaniwang nasa pinakamataas na antas sa unang ilang araw, pagkatapos ay unti-unting huhupa. Maaari itong bumalik at mawala nang ilang panahon, lalo na pagkatapos mong tumayo o lumakad.

Tutulungan kang tumayo at humakbang ng ilang beses agad pagkatapos ng operasyon, gamit ang crutches o frame. Gagabayan ka ng iyong physiotherapist sa mga ehersisyo upang mapanatiling gumagalaw ang ibang bahagi ng iyong binti at, kapag nasisiyahan na ang iyong surgeon sa takbo ng paggaling, upang bumuo ng paggalaw at lakas sa mismong bukung-bukong. Magsuot ka ng boot o katulad na suporta habang humuhupa ang bukung-bukong, at tuturuan ka kung paano maglagay ng bigat sa paa kapag handa na ito. Sa bahay, panatilihing nakataas ang iyong paa kapag nakaupo, lumakad ng maiikling distansya ayon sa payo, at iwasan ang pagtayo nang matagal. Ang pagtulog nang nakatihaya na nakataas ang paa ay madalas na pinaka-komportable.

Ang paggaling ay nag-iiba sa bawat tao. Ang ilang tao ay mas mabilis na nakakaramdam ng katatagan sa kanilang pagtayo kaysa sa iba, at ang pamamaga ay maaaring tumagal nang higit pa sa inaasahan nang hindi nangangahulugang may mali. Ang iyong timeline ay maaaring naiiba sa iba, at gagabayan ka ng iyong surgeon at physiotherapist sa bawat yugto. Kapag humupa na ang pamamaga at mas malayang nakakagalaw ang iyong bukung-bukong, mapapansin mong ang paglalakad at mga pang-araw-araw na aktibidad ay unti-unting nagiging mas madali.

Ano ang maaaring maging problema

Karamihan sa mga pasyente ay gumagaling nang maayos, ngunit paminsan-minsan ay may mga problemang maaaring mangyari. Binabantayan kayo nang maigi ng inyong surgeon at ng team upang maagapan ang anumang isyu.

Minsan, ang buto sa paligid ng bagong joint ay dahan-dahang napupudpod. Maaari kayong makaramdam ng mapurol na kirot malapit sa implant, o maramdamang hindi gaanong matatag ang inyong bukung-bukong kaysa noon. Nakikita ito sa mga X-ray sa inyong mga review, kaya ituloy ang inyong mga follow-up appointment kahit na maayos ang pakiramdam ng inyong bukung-bukong. Kung maagang matutukoy ang pagkapudpod, madalas itong magagamot nang hindi na kailangang ulitin ang buong replacement.

Ang impeksyon sa paligid ng bagong joint ay hindi karaniwan ngunit seryoso. Bantayan ang malalim at tumitibok na sakit na hindi nawawala sa simpleng painkiller, pamumula na kumakalat mula sa sugat, o likidong lumalabas mula sa hiwa. Maaari kayong makaramdam ng lagnat at panginginig. Ipaalam agad sa amin kung mapapansin ang alinman sa mga ito, o pumunta sa emergency department kung masama ang inyong pakiramdam.

Ang blood clot ay maaaring magdulot ng biglaang pamamaga at pananakit sa calf (binti), kung minsan ay may kasamang init o mabigat na pakiramdam sa binti. Kung ang clot ay mapunta sa mga baga, maaari itong magdulot ng kahirapan sa paghinga o pananakit ng dibdib. Ang mga senyales na ito ay nangangailangan ng agarang atensyon, kaya pumunta sa emergency department o tumawag para sa tulong sa halip na maghintay.

Ang buto sa gilid ng bukung-bukong ay maaaring magkaroon ng crack habang ikinakabit ang mga bagong parte. Karaniwan itong natutuklasan habang isinasagawa ang operasyon at ginagamot agad, ngunit maaari itong mangahulugan ng mas mahabang panahon sa paggamit ng boot o cast pagkatapos. Kung makaramdam kayo ng matalas at bagong sakit sa mga bony bump sa magkabilang panig ng inyong bukung-bukong agad pagkatapos ng surgery, ipaalam ito sa amin.

Ang sugat sa harap ng inyong bukung-bukong ay maaaring mabagal gumaling. Bantayan ang mga gilid na bumubuka, tumitinding pamumula, o pagtagas ng likido. Banggitin ito sa inyong review o tumawag sa clinic, dahil ang ilang sugat ay nangangailangan ng karagdagang pangangalaga mula sa aming team.

Minsan ay may nabubuong sobrang buto malapit sa bagong joint at nagdudulot ng pakiramdam na may naiipit sa harap ng bukung-bukong, lalo na kapag itinataas ninyo ang inyong paa. Kung nananatili ang sakit, isang maliit na keyhole operation ang maaaring gumawa ng paraan upang maalis ito.

Kung ang replacement ay mapudpod o pumalya pagkalipas ng maraming taon, mayroon pa ring mga opsyon. Kabilang dito ang isa pang replacement o ang paggawa sa bukung-bukong bilang isang fusion, kung saan ang mga buto ay pinagdurugtong upang tumubo nang magkasama.

Ang complications table sa pahinang ito ay naglilista ng mga tipikal na rate kung nais ninyo ang mga espesipikong detalye.

Kailan dapat tumawag sa amin

Karamihan sa mga problema ay lumalabas nang maaga, at ang mabilis na pagkilos ay nagpapadali sa paggamot sa mga ito. Tumawag sa amin kung ikaw ay may lagnat, tumitinding pamumula o may lumalabas na likido (discharge) mula sa sugat, o pananakit na patuloy na lumalala sa halip na humuhupa. Pumunta sa emergency kung ikaw ay may biglaang pamamaga o pananakit ng binti (calf), kahirapan sa paghinga o pananakit ng dibdib, dahil ang mga ito ay maaaring mga senyales ng blood clot. Pumunta sa emergency kung mawalan ka ng pakiramdam sa iyong paa o hindi mo ito maigalaw. Kung hindi ka sigurado kung normal ang isang bagay, tumawag sa klinika at tutulungan ka naming magpasya.

Reviewed by AI synthesis (v2) — pending human review · 9 September 2026.

Want the clinical detail? Read the clinician version.

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Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

Bony Anatomy

  • The ankle mortise is formed by the tibial plafond, medial malleolus, and lateral malleolus [5].
  • The ankle mortise articulates with the dome of the talar body [5].
  • The talar dome is wider anteriorly and narrower posteriorly [5].
  • The ankle mortise widens 1 to 1.5 mm during motion from plantar flexion to dorsiflexion [5].
  • Medial and superior clear spaces appear wider with the foot in plantar flexion [5].
  • A simplified model of the ankle joint has a horizontal axis from anteromedial to posterolateral [5].
  • A simplified model of the ankle joint has a coronal axis from superomedial directed distally and laterally to the tip of the fibula [5].
  • The distal fibula has a convex medial surface [5].
  • The incisura fibularis is the concave surface of the distal lateral tibia [5].
  • The fibula rotates approximately 2 degrees within the incisura during ankle motion and ambulation [5].
  • Ankle dorsiflexion results in external rotation and proximal translation of the fibula [5].

Ligamentous Anatomy

  • Lateral ankle ligaments function as restraints to varus and inversion forces at the ankle [5].
  • The anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) originates from the anteroinferior aspect of the lateral malleolus, 1 cm proximal to its tip [5].
  • The anterior talofibular ligament extends to the lateral aspect of the talar neck [5].
  • The calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) extends from the tip of the lateral malleolus to the lateral aspect of the calcaneus [5].
  • The posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL) extends from the posterior lateral malleolus to the posterolateral talus [5].
  • The ATFL is the weakest ankle ligament [5].
  • The PTFL is the strongest ankle ligament [5].
  • The distal tibiofibular joint and fibula provide stability against lateral talar translation [5].
  • The deltoid ligament complex is the primary ankle stabilizer during stance [5].
  • The deep deltoid ligament extends from the apex of the medial malleolus to the medial talar body [5].
  • The deep deltoid ligament functions primarily to resist lateral talar translation and external rotation [5].
  • The posterior deep deltoid is the most important component of the deep deltoid ligament [5].
  • The superficial deltoid ligament extends from the distal medial malleolus to the navicular bone, sustentaculum tali of calcaneus, medial talus, and spring ligament [5].
  • The superficial deltoid ligament functions primarily to resist valgus and eversion ankle forces [5].
  • The deltoid ligament consists of superficial and deep layers, with at most six bands [11].
  • Only three bands of the deltoid ligament are constant: the tibionavicular ligament, tibiospring ligament, and deep posterior tibiotalar ligament [11].
  • The superficial layer of the deltoid ligament originates from the anterior malleolus and inserts into the navicular, neck of the talus, sustentaculum tali, and posteromedial talar tubercle [11].
  • The tibiocalcaneal portion of the superficial deltoid ligament is the strongest component and resists eversion of the calcaneus [11].
  • The deep portion of the deltoid ligament is the primary medial stabilizer of the ankle joint [11].
  • The deep deltoid ligament is organized into two short, thick, discrete bands: the anterior and posterior deep tibiotalar ligaments [11].
  • The anterior and posterior deep tibiotalar ligaments are intra-articular but extrasynovial [11].
  • The deep posterior band comprises the largest band of the deltoid complex [11].
  • The anterior deep tibiotalar ligament arises from the anterior malleolus and attaches to the medial aspect of the talus [11].
  • The posterior deep tibiotalar ligament originates from the posterior malleolus and inserts on the medial body of the talus [11].
  • The deltoid ligament has a rich vascular supply from three extraosseous sources: the medial tarsal artery, posterior tibial artery, and tibialis anterior artery [11].
  • The deltoid ligament also has intraosseous vascular supply from either the talus or the medial malleolus [11].
  • The deep deltoid ligament has the highest load to failure at 713.8 N ± 69.3 compared with the lateral collateral ligaments [11].
  • The dominant mode of failure for the deep deltoid ligament is an intrasubstance rupture near its talar insertion [11].
  • The failure of the superficial deltoid ligament is most commonly at its insertion on the anterior malleolus [11].

Biomechanics & Motion

  • The primary functions of the foot and ankle are to provide weight-bearing support and forward ambulation [5].
  • The ankle is responsible for most sagittal plane motion of the foot and ankle [5].
  • Ankle plantar flexion ranges from 23 to 48 degrees [5].
  • Ankle dorsiflexion ranges from 10 to 23 degrees [5].
  • The ankle contributes to inversion, eversion, and rotation [5].

Neurovascular Anatomy

  • The superficial peroneal nerve penetrates the deep fascia and lies subcutaneously 8 to 10 cm proximal to the tip of the lateral malleolus [9].
  • The anterior tibial artery can be palpated beneath the superior extensor retinaculum 4 to 5 cm proximal to the distal articular surface of the tibia [9].
  • The deep peroneal nerve accompanies the anterior tibial artery and lies between the tendons of the anterior tibial and extensor digitorum longus [9].
  • The deep peroneal nerve lies just lateral to the anterior tibial artery [9].
  • The saphenous nerve is located just medial or posterior to the saphenous vein in a slightly deeper plane 3 to 5 cm proximal to the tip of the medial malleolus [9].

Pathophysiology of Injury

  • More than 75% of ankle ligament injuries involve the lateral ligament complex, particularly the ATFL and CFL [12].
  • Medial ligament injuries are usually seen in association with a fracture or joint injury [12].
  • In an ATFL sprain, tenderness is maximal just distal and slightly anterior to the lateral malleolus [12].
  • The deltoid ligament primarily prohibits eversion and abduction [11].
  • The deep deltoid ligament resists external rotation when the foot is dorsiflexed [11].
  • The deep deltoid ligament is responsible for the greatest restraint against lateral translation [11].
  • Valgus tilting of the talus within the mortise requires complete rupture of both the superficial and deep deltoid ligaments [11].
  • Isolated rupture of the deltoid ligament without lateral ligamentous or fibular injury is rare [11].
  • Syndesmotic injury, lateral ligamentous injury, and fibular fractures are common associations with deltoid injury [11].
  • The criteria for diagnosis of medial instability include a feeling of giving way, medial ankle joint pain, and a correctable valgus or pronation deformity [11].
  • Medial instability is reinforced by excess motion in external rotation, eversion, valgus, and/or posterior translation [11].
  • With complete deltoid injury, a valgus AP stress radiograph shows talar tilt and/or lateral translation of the talus [11].
  • Most incomplete deltoid injuries are normal on standard radiographic imaging [11].
  • MRI is the imaging modality of choice for defining injury to the deltoid ligaments and associated structures [11].
  • Ankle arthroscopy allows direct assessment of the deltoid ligament with lateral stress applied to the talus [11].

Investigations

Osteochondral Lesions

  • Osteochondral lesions of the ankle are seen in up to 70% of ankle sprains and 75% of ankle fractures [15, 16].
  • The most common location for osteochondral lesions is the medial talar dome [15, 16].
  • Modern data indicate that the most common location for medial talar dome lesions is central, contradicting historical beliefs that the posterior location was more common [15, 16].
  • Medial talar dome lesions are larger and deeper than lateral lesions [15, 16].
  • Lateral talar dome lesions are less common than medial lesions [15, 16].
  • Lateral talar dome lesions are more often unstable, displaced, or symptomatic than medial lesions [15, 16].
  • Lateral talar dome lesions are often refractory to conservative measures [15, 16].
  • Physical examination for osteochondral lesions demonstrates deep pain over the ankle joint line [15, 16].
  • Palpation often does not reproduce the symptoms described by patients with osteochondral lesions [15, 16].
  • Ankle effusion is common in patients with osteochondral lesions [15, 16].
  • AP, mortise, and lateral weight-bearing ankle x-rays may not demonstrate subtle osteochondral lesions [15, 16].
  • CT scan is helpful for determining the integrity of subchondral bone and identifying cysts in osteochondral lesions [15, 16].
  • MRI is sensitive for all osteochondral lesions [15, 16].
  • The edema pattern on MRI frequently overestimates the severity of osteochondral injury [15, 16].
  • Linear fluid signal deep to subchondral bone on MRI indicates an unstable osteochondral injury [15, 16].
  • MRI has a sensitivity of 92% for predicting stable versus unstable osteochondral lesions [15, 16].

General Imaging and Diagnosis

  • Advanced imaging is often helpful in the diagnosis of foot and ankle injuries when combined with a thorough clinical examination [18].
  • MRI is used for the evaluation of tibiofibular syndesmotic ligaments [3].
  • MRI is used for the evaluation of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction [3].
  • MRI is used for the evaluation of anterolateral soft tissue impingement of the ankle [3, 20].
  • MRI is used for the evaluation of osteochondral lesions of the talus [3].
  • MRI is used for the diagnosis of ligamentous and chondral pathology in the ankle [3].
  • MRI and stress radiography are used in the evaluation of chronic lateral ankle instability [3].
  • MRI is used in the pre-operative evaluation of the anterior talofibular ligament in chronic ankle instability [3].
  • MRI is used for the diagnosis of ruptures of the tibialis posterior tendon [3].
  • MRI is used for the imaging evaluation of traumatic ligamentous injuries of the ankle and foot [3].
  • MRI is used for the diagnosis of plantar plate injury [3].
  • MRI findings are associated with symptoms in patients with chronic ankle sprain [3].
  • MRI is used for the evaluation of chronic Achilles tendon ruptures [3].
  • MRI is used for the evaluation of peroneal tendon abnormalities [17].
  • MR imaging is used for the evaluation of entrapment neuropathies of the lower extremity, including the ankle and foot [21].
  • Ultrasonography is used for the examination of the deltoid ligament in bimalleolar equivalent fractures [19].
  • Point-of-care ultrasonography is used in the diagnosis and management of superficial peroneal nerve entrapment [21].
  • MRI lacks additional diagnostic value for stability assessment of the ankle mortise in supination-external rotation-type ankle fractures [19].
  • Preoperative computed tomography scans are used in operative planning for malleolar ankle fractures [19].
  • Axial CT imaging is used to evaluate normal tibiofibular relationships at the syndesmosis [19].
  • Radiographic evaluation of the normal distal tibiofibular syndesmosis is a standard diagnostic consideration [19].
  • Fluoroscopy is used to assess if the syndesmosis is reduced [19].
  • The ankle fracture spur sign is pathognomonic for a variant ankle fracture [19].
  • Evaluation of posterior malleolar fractures and the posterior pilon variant is performed in operatively treated ankle fractures [19].
  • Stability criteria for nonoperative ankle fracture management are established via radiographic assessment [19].
  • Gravity stress radiographs are used to assess deltoid ligament integrity and medial clear space measurements [4].
  • Radiographic identification of primary lateral ankle structures is possible [4].
  • Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging to physical examination is performed for syndesmotic injury after lateral ankle sprain [4].

Treatment

Complications and Revision

  • Revision of failed total ankle arthroplasty can be performed as a hindfoot fusion [1].
  • Infection in total ankle arthroplasty requires specific diagnostic and treatment protocols [1].
  • Patient-related risk factors for periprosthetic joint infection have been analyzed in a cohort of 6977 total ankle arthroplasties [1].
  • Risk factors for symptomatic deep-vein thrombosis exist in patients after total ankle replacement who received routine chemical thromboprophylaxis [1].
  • Perioperative outcomes of total ankle arthroplasty differ when performed at an orthopaedic specialty hospital versus an academic teaching hospital [1].
  • Salvage of failed total ankle arthroplasty can be achieved with fusion using structural allograft and internal fixation [1].
  • Bone lysis of the AES total ankle replacement is subject to clinical evaluation and radiographic assessment [1].
  • Heterotopic ossification can occur after total ankle arthroplasty [1].
  • Risks associated with total ankle arthroplasty have been evaluated in the literature [1].
  • Short-term complications are associated with procedures performed through separate incisions during total ankle replacement [1].
  • The ankle arthritis score is associated with the need for revision surgery [1].
  • Patient risk factors do not impact 90-day readmission and emergency department visitation after total ankle arthroplasty [1].
  • Supramalleolar osteotomy is a treatment for tibial component malposition in total ankle replacement [1].
  • Hindfoot arthritis progression and arthrodesis risk occur after total ankle replacement [1].
  • Arthroscopic debridement is a management option after total ankle arthroplasty [1].
  • Failures of total ankle replacement can be managed with the Agility total ankle arthroplasty [1].
  • Blood transfusion during total ankle arthroplasty is associated with increased in-hospital complications and cost [1].
  • A three-grade classification of complications has been assessed for total ankle replacement [1].
  • Soft tissue reconstruction is performed after total ankle arthroplasty [1].
  • Operative wound complications occur following total ankle arthroplasty [1].
  • Bone grafting of bone cysts is an outcome management strategy after total ankle arthroplasty [1].
  • Secondary arthrodesis is performed after total ankle arthroplasty [1].
  • Short-term perioperative complications and mortality occur after total ankle arthroplasty in the United States [1].
  • The incidence of symptomatic thromboembolic events is low after total ankle arthroplasty without routine use of chemoprophylaxis [1].
  • Evaluation and management strategies exist for the painful total ankle arthroplasty [1].
  • Anterior heterotopic ossification at the talar neck can occur after total ankle arthroplasty [1].
  • Salvage arthrodesis is performed for failed total ankle replacement [1].
  • Platelet-rich plasma has been evaluated for its efficacy in incision healing after total ankle replacement using the Agility system [1].
  • Computed tomography has been evaluated for its added information on radiographic analysis in detecting periprosthetic osteolysis after total ankle arthroplasty [1].
  • The impact of complications in total ankle replacement and ankle arthrodesis has been analyzed with a validated outcome measurement [1].
  • Revision rates after total ankle arthroplasty have been reported in sample-based clinical studies and national registries [1].
  • Acute hematogenous periprosthetic joint infection in total ankle arthroplasty can be treated with irrigation, debridement, and polyethylene exchange [1].
  • Cigarette use is associated with complication rates and outcomes following total ankle arthroplasty [1].
  • Heterotopic ossification occurs after primary total ankle arthroplasty [1].
  • Delayed onset medial malleolar pain following total ankle arthroplasty has a defined etiology and treatment [1].
  • Periprosthetic fractures occur in total ankle replacement [1].
  • Postoperative range of motion trends have been documented following total ankle arthroplasty [2].
  • Total ankle arthroplasty outcomes have been compared for post-traumatic and primary osteoarthritis [2].
  • Total ankle arthroplasty has been reported in France [2].
  • Results of total ankle arthroplasty have been published [2].
  • The success of current ankle replacements has been evaluated in a systematic review of the literature [2].
  • The 10-year survival of total ankle arthroplasties was reported on 780 cases from the Swedish ankle register [2].
  • Outcomes after total ankle arthroplasty have been reported from worldwide arthroplasty registers [2].
  • Trends in total ankle arthroplasty and revisions have been analyzed in the Medicare database [2].
  • Inconsistency in the reporting of adverse events in total ankle arthroplasty has been identified in a systematic review [2].
  • Trends in the use of total ankle replacement and ankle arthrodesis have been analyzed in the United States Medicare population [2].
  • Changes in pain, function, and gait mechanics two years following total ankle arthroplasty performed with two modern fixed-bearing prostheses have been documented [2].
  • Trends in treatment of advanced ankle arthropathy by total ankle replacement or ankle fusion have been analyzed [2].
  • The utilization of total ankle replacement in the United States has been assessed [2].
  • Total ankle replacement was studied in a population-based study of 515 cases from the Finnish arthroplasty registry [2].
  • Practice patterns in total ankle replacement and ankle fusion in the United States have been compared [2].
  • Patient and practice trends in total ankle replacement and ankle arthrodesis in the United States from 2007 to 2013 have been analyzed [2].
  • The evolution of the technology and future applications of total ankle replacement have been discussed [2].

Complications

  • Revision of failed total ankle arthroplasty to a hindfoot fusion is a documented salvage procedure [1].
  • Perioperative outcomes for total ankle arthroplasty differ when performed at an orthopaedic specialty hospital versus an academic teaching hospital [1].
  • Salvage of failed total ankle arthroplasty can be performed with fusion using structural allograft and internal fixation [1].
  • Heterotopic ossification is a recognized complication after total ankle arthroplasty [1].
  • The risks associated with total ankle arthroplasty have been specifically evaluated [1].
  • Supramalleolar osteotomy is used to treat tibial component malposition in total ankle replacement [1].
  • A three-grade classification of complications in total ankle replacement has been assessed [1].
  • Anterior heterotopic ossification at the talar neck occurs after total ankle arthroplasty [1].
  • Computed tomography has been evaluated for its ability to add information on radiographic analysis in detecting periprosthetic osteolysis after total ankle arthroplasty [1].
  • The impact of complications in total ankle replacement and ankle arthrodesis has been analyzed using a validated outcome measurement [1].
  • Inconsistency exists in the reporting of adverse events in total ankle arthroplasty [2].

References

[1] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. Reported Outcomes of Ankle Arthroplasty Compared With Ankle Arthrodesis > COMPLICATIONS AND REVISION.

[2] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. Reported Outcomes of Ankle Arthroplasty Compared With Ankle Arthrodesis > REFERENCES.

[3] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. REFERENCES > FOOT AND ANKLE.

[4] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. REPAIR OF ACUTE RUPTURE OF LATERAL LIGAMENTS > ACUTE ANKLE LIGAMENT INJURIES, CHRONIC ANKLE INSTABILITY.

[5] Miller S Review Of Orthopaedics. SECTION 16 PATELLAR TRACKING IN TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY > BIOMECHANICS OF THE FOOT AND ANKLE.

[9] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. MULTIPLE Z-PLASTY RELEASE OF A CONGENITAL RING > ANKLE BLOCK.

[11] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update Sports Medicine 6. Ankle and Foot Injuries and Other Disorders > Ankle Sprains > Medial Ankle Injury.

[12] Apley And Solomon S Concise System Of Orthopaedics And Trauma. INJURIES OF THE ANKLE.

[15] Miller S Review Of Orthopaedics. SECTION 16 PATELLAR TRACKING IN TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY > OSTEOCHONDRAL LESIONS.

[16] Miller S Review Of Orthopaedics. OSTEOCHONDRAL LESIONS.

[17] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. MULTIPLE Z-PLASTY RELEASE OF A CONGENITAL RING > PERONEAL TENDONS.

[18] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update Sports Medicine 6. Ankle and Foot Injuries and Other Disorders > Summary.

[19] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update Trauma. Ankle Fractures > Annotated References.

[20] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. ARTHROSCOPIC EXAMINATION AND DEBRIDEMENT OF THE ANKLE JOINT > IMPINGEMENT.

[21] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. COMBINED HAMMER TOE AND MALLET TOE DEFORMITY WITH ASSOCIATED DOUBLE CORNS > REFERENCES > TARSAL TUNNEL SYNDROME.

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