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Golfer's Elbow Release

Updated Sep 2026
Illustration: Golfer's Elbow Release

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Bakit iminungkahi ang operasyong ito

Si Dr Kieran Hirpara, isang upper-limb surgeon sa Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, ay nagsisimula sa mga opsyon na hindi gaanong invasive na angkop sa iyong kondisyon. Ang mga pasyente ay karaniwang nirerefer sa aming klinika ng kanilang GP; kung iminungkahi ng isang physiotherapist na magpatingin sa amin, kakailanganin mo pa rin ng referral mula sa iyong GP upang maging eligible para sa Medicare rebate. Sa iyong appointment, kumukuha kami ng history, sinusuri ang iyong siko, at nagsasaayos ng imaging kung kinakailangan upang kumpirmahin ang diagnosis.

Ang Golfer's elbow ay pagkapudpod at iritasyon kung saan ang mga tendon na nagbobend ng iyong wrist at humahawak (grip) ay nakakabit sa buto sa loob ng iyong siko. Madalas itong dahan-dahang lumalabas, at ang sakit ay maaaring manatili kahit ikaw ay nagpapahinga. Karaniwan kaming nagsisimula sa non-operative care gaya ng pagbabago sa aktibidad, physiotherapy o hand therapy, at splinting. Isinasaalang-alang ang operasyon kapag ang mga ito ay hindi nagbigay ng sapat na pagbuti sa katagalan.

Pinapalaya ng operasyon ang nasirang tendon attachment mula sa buto upang ang masakit na bahagi ay hindi na mahila sa bawat paghawak o pagbuhat. Inaalok ito sa mga taong ang sakit ay hindi humupa sa pamamagitan ng mga ibang gamot na ito. Karamihan sa mga sikong ginamot sa paraang ito ay bumubuti, na may naiulat na tagumpay sa 72% hanggang 94% ng mga kaso. Ang layunin ay ang pangmatagalang ginhawa mula sa sakit at mas mabuting paggamit ng iyong siko sa pang-araw-araw na buhay at sports.

Bago ang operasyon

Bago ang operasyon, kakailanganin mo ng ilang imaging upang maplano ang operasyon. Maaaring kabilang dito ang X-ray, ultrasound, o MRI scan, na gumagamit ng mga magnet upang ipakita ang mga soft tissue sa paligid ng iyong siko. Karamihan sa mga tao ay hindi nangangailangan ng iba pang mga pagsusuri. Kung mayroon kang iba pang mga kondisyong medikal, maaaring kailanganin mo ng mga blood test o pagsusuri kasama ang anaesthetist, ang doktor na magbibigay ng iyong anaesthetic.

Sa araw ng operasyon, itigil ang pagkain at pag-inom pitong oras bago ang oras ng iyong operasyon. Humihiling kami ng pitong oras sa halip na anim upang ang iyong operasyon ay maaaring mauna kung maagang matapos ang theatre list. Sasabihin sa iyo ng iyong surgeon kung alin sa iyong mga nakasanayang gamot ang dapat inumin at kung alin ang dapat itigil muna. Magdala ng listahan ng lahat ng iyong iniinom. Mag-ayos ng taong maghahatid sa iyo pauwi pagkatapos, at magsuot ng maluwag at komportableng damit.

Sa araw ng operasyon

Darating ka sa surgical admissions unit ng ospital, kung saan ka ire-rehistro at ihahanda para sa theatre. Pagkatapos ay makikipagkita ka sa anaesthetist, ang doktor na magbibigay ng iyong anaesthetic. Ang operasyong ito ay ginagawa sa ilalim ng general anaesthetic. Minsan ay nagdaragdag ng regional nerve block para sa pagpapaginhawa ng sakit pagkatapos ng operasyon; tatalakayin ito ng anaesthetist sa iyo sa araw na iyon. Pagkatapos ay dadalhin ka sa operating theatre, kung saan isasagawa ang operasyon.

Magigising ka sa recovery area, kung saan babantayan ka ng mga nurse habang nawawala ang bisa ng anaesthetic. Kapag stable ka na, pupunta ka sa ward o uuwi na, depende sa procedure at sa iyong paggaling. Maraming tao na sumasailalim sa operasyong ito ang nakakauwi sa mismong araw. Bago ka umalis, ipapaliwanag namin kung paano aalagaan ang iyong siko at kung kailan ang iyong follow-up appointment.

Ano ang kinapapalooban ng operasyon

Target ng operasyon ang bahagi sa loob ng iyong siko kung saan nakakabit ang mga masakit na tendon sa buto. Gagawa ang iyong surgeon ng isang maliit na hiwa sa ibabaw ng bony point na iyon at luluwagan ang damaged tendon attachment, upang hindi na ito mahila sa bawat pagkumpas o pagbuhat. Ang hindi malusog at magaspang na tissue sa tendon ay lilinisin, at bibigyan ng espasyo ang malusog na tendon upang bumalik sa buto at gumaling.

Ang ilang siko ay nangangailangan ng bahagyang magkaibang approach. Kung ang nerve na dumadaan sa loob ng iyong siko ay iritado rin, maaaring palayain ito ng iyong surgeon mula sa tunnel ng tissue kung saan ito dumudulas, o ilipat ang isang maliit na piraso ng buto na umiipit dito. Kung ang joint mismo ay matigas o may mga maluwag na piraso ng tissue na nakakasagabal sa loob, ang operasyon ay maaaring gawin sa pamamagitan ng dalawa o tatlong maliliit na keyhole cuts sa halip, gamit ang isang manipis na camera upang makita ang loob ng siko.

Ang hiwa ay sasara gamit ang mga tahi at tatakpan ng dressing. Ang buong operasyon ay karaniwang tumatagal nang mas mababa sa isang oras, at karamihan sa mga tao ay nakakauwi sa mismong araw na iyon.

Pagkatapos ng operasyon

Magigising ka sa recovery area, kung saan babantayan ka ng mga nurse habang nawawala ang bisa ng anaesthetic. Ang iyong siko ay tatakpan ng dressing, at ang iyong braso ay maaaring ilagay sa isang sling para sa iyong ginhawa. Maaari ka nang gumalaw agad pagkagising, at tutulungan ka ng mga nurse sa anumang kailangan mo. May nakaplano nang pain relief bago ka umalis, at ipapaliwanag ng team kung paano pamamahalaan ang anumang pananakit sa bahay. Dapat may kasama ka sa unang 24 oras. Sasabihin sa iyo ng iyong team kung uuwi ka sa araw ring iyon o mananatili ng isang gabi sa ospital. Pananatilihin namin ang dressing sa loob ng humigit-kumulang 10 araw; pakiusap na huwag itong tanggalin bago ang panahong iyon maliban kung sinabi namin sa iyo. Papalitan o tatanggalin namin ito kapag nakita ka na namin.

Paggaling

Sa unang ilang araw, sasakit ang iyong siko at maaaring mamaga. Ang pagpapahinga, pagpapanatiling nakataas ng iyong kamay hangga't maaari, at ang pain relief na pinlano namin para sa iyo ay makakatulong upang maibsan ito. Unti-unting mawawala ang pananakit habang kumakalma ang naghihilom na tissue.

Magsisimula ka ng banayad na paggalaw nang maaga. Ang iyong hand therapist, si Ruby Doolan sa Extend Rehabilitation, ang gagabay sa iyong mga ehersisyo at gagawa ng anumang splint na kakailanganin mo. Ang layunin ng mga unang yugto ay maibalik ang ganap na pagbaluktot at pagtuwid ng iyong siko. Susunod dito ang pagpapalakas ng iyong grip at lakas ng braso, at ito ay isang malaking bahagi ng pagbabalik sa iyong mga nakasanayang aktibidad.

Sa bahay, maaari mong gamitin ang iyong braso para sa mga magagaan na gawain ayon sa iyong komportableng pakiramdam. Iwasan ang pagbubuhat ng mabibigat hanggang sa bigyan ka namin ng pahintulot, dahil ang naghihilom na tendon ay nangangailangan ng oras upang bumalik at kumapit sa buto. Kung ang isang paggalaw ay nagdudulot ng matalas na sakit, dahan-dahanang bawasan ang galaw at ipaalam ito sa iyong therapist.

Ang paggaling ay nag-iiba sa bawat tao. Maaaring magkaiba ang iyong timeline, at gagabayan ka namin kasama ang iyong therapist sa bawat review.

Ano ang maaaring maging problema

Karamihan sa mga pasyente ay gumagaling nang maayos, ngunit paminsan-minsan ay maaaring magkaroon ng mga problema. Binabantayan kayo nang maigi ng inyong surgeon at ng team upang maagang matukoy ang anumang isyu.

Ang nerve na dumadaan sa loob ng inyong siko ay malapit sa site ng operasyon. Kung ito ay mairita pagkatapos ng surgery, maaari kayong makaramdam ng tingling, pins and needles, o pamamanhid sa inyong kalingkingan (little finger) at ring finger. Sabihin sa amin sa inyong susunod na review kung mangyayari ito, o tumawag sa clinic nang mas maaga kung ito ay malala.

Ang ilang siko ay nagiging stiff (naninigas) pagkatapos ng surgery. Maaaring mahirapan kayong i-straight nang husto ang inyong braso, o maaaring maramdamang tight ang siko kapag ibinabaluktot ito. Karaniwang nakatutulong ang mga gentle exercises kasama ang inyong hand therapist. Kung mananatiling stiff ang siko, maaari nating talakayin ang iba pang mga paraan upang maibalik ang paggalaw sa isang review.

Ang mga tendon na nagpapabaluktot sa inyong wrist at ginagamit sa pag-grip ay nakakabit malapit sa parehong spot. Hindi karaniwan ang panghihina sa pag-grip o pagbuhat, ngunit kung mapansin ninyong iba ang pakiramdam ng inyong grip, banggitin ito sa inyong susunod na appointment.

Ang impeksyon ay isang risk sa anumang operasyon. Bantayan ang malalim at tumitibok na sakit (throbbing pain) na hindi nawawala sa simpleng painkillers, pamumula na kumakalat mula sa sugat, o likidong tumatagas mula sa dressing. Kung makakita ng alinman sa mga ito, tumawag agad sa clinic sa halip na maghintay para sa inyong review.

Bihira ang blood clot sa vein malapit sa siko ngunit nangangailangan ito ng mabilis na gamutan. Ang biglaang pamamaga at tenderness sa braso, o sa binti (calf), ay dapat masuri nang urgent. Pumunta sa emergency department kung mangyayari ito.

Bihira, ang siko ay maaaring ma-dislocate muli, o maaaring mabuo ang mga matitigas na kumpol ng buto (hard lumps of bone) sa loob ng joint pagkatapos ng isang injury. Ang pakiramdam na may clicking o grinding, o ang biglaang pagkawala ng paggalaw, ay dapat iulat sa amin.

Ang ilang tao ay nakakaramdam pa rin ng mild pain sa site ng operasyon pagkalipas ng ilang buwan. Kung ang inyong sakit ay hindi humuhupa sa paraang inilarawan namin, banggitin ito sa inyong review upang masuri namin ito.

Ang complications table sa pahinang ito ay naglilista ng mga typical rates kung nais ninyo ang mga detalye.

Kailan dapat tumawag sa amin

Tumawag agad sa klinika kung ikaw ay may lagnat, o kung ang sugat ay lalong namumula, namamaga, o may lumalabas na likido. Pumunta sa emergency department kung mayroon kang biglaang matinding sakit, biglaang pamamaga o pananakit kapag hinahawakan ang iyong braso o binti, o kahirapan sa paghinga. Maaari itong mga palatandaan ng blood clot. Pumunta rin sa emergency kung hindi mo maramdaman ang iyong kamay, o hindi mo na maigalaw ang iyong braso. Para sa banayad na pangingilig o pamamanhid sa iyong kalingkingan at ring finger, tumawag sa amin o banggitin ito sa iyong susunod na review.


Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

Bony Anatomy

  • The elbow is a trocho-ginglymoid joint consisting of medial and lateral articulations that provide bony stability [3].
  • The medial articulation involves the trochlea and the ulna within the greater sigmoid notch, forming the ulnohumeral hinged portion [3].
  • The ulnohumeral joint exhibits highly congruent anatomy through almost 180° of articular contact, with the exception of a bare area on the greater sigmoid notch devoid of cartilage [3].
  • The coronoid process possesses medial and lateral facets that buttress the trochlea anteriorly [3].
  • The sublime tubercle is located just distal and medial to the coronoid and serves as the attachment site for the anterior bundle of the medial ulnar collateral ligament [3].
  • The medial epicondyle serves as the attachment site for the origins of the flexor pronator mass and is larger and more posteriorly oriented than the lateral epicondyle [3].
  • The lateral articulation involves the capitellum and radial head, forming the radiocapitellar joint [3].
  • The radius is held in close approximation to the ulna at the proximal radioulnar joint by the annular ligament [3].
  • The area of the ulna that articulates with the margin of the radial head at the proximal radioulnar joint is known as the lesser sigmoid notch [3].
  • The radial head is a concave elliptical structure covered with articular cartilage along the radiocapitellar joint and approximately 270° of the articular margin [3].
  • The radial head articulates with both the capitellum and the lesser sigmoid notch [3].
  • The lateral epicondyle is the origin of the lateral extensor musculature [3].
  • The origin of the lateral ulnar collateral ligamentous complex is located just distal to the lateral epicondyle at the geometric center of the radiocapitellar articulation [3].
  • The distal humeral articulation is angled 30° from the longitudinal axis [3].
  • The anterior humeral line should pass through the center of the axis of rotation [3].
  • The axis of rotation is angulated 5° to 7° in the coronal plane relative to the epicondylar axis, with the medial side more distal than the lateral side [3].
  • The angulation of the distal humeral articulation accounts for the change from a valgus carrying angle to a more varus position as the elbow is flexed [3].
  • There is a high correlation between the size of the radius and capitellum on the left and right sides within the same individual [3].
  • The olecranon provides a broad attachment site for the triceps [3].
  • The ulna bends approximately 8° medially at 8 cm from the tip of the olecranon [3].
  • The articulation to the tip of the coronoid is approximately 30° from the long axis of the ulna in the sagittal plane [3].

Ligaments & Stability

  • Elbow stability is determined by primary and secondary stabilizers [1].
  • The three primary stabilizers of the elbow are the ulnohumeral articulation, the medial ulnar collateral ligament, and the lateral ulnar collateral ligament complex [1].
  • Secondary stabilizers include the radiocapitellar articulation, the common flexor tendon, the common extensor tendon, and the joint capsule [1].
  • The medial ulnar collateral ligament is the primary valgus stabilizer of the elbow [4].
  • The anterior bundle of the medial ulnar collateral ligament is the most important component for stability [4].
  • The posterior bundle of the medial ulnar collateral ligament exhibits the greatest change in length and becomes taut at flexion beyond 120 degrees [4].
  • The lateral ulnar collateral ligament acts as a posterolateral stabilizer [4].
  • Osborne’s ligament stabilizes the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel [4].
  • The ligament of Struthers is a variant anatomy arising from the supracondylar process to attach to the medial epicondyle and is a potential site of median nerve compression [4].
  • Tensile forces are present at the medial elbow, while compressive forces are present at the lateral elbow [4].
  • The joint capsule allows maximum distension at approximately 70 to 80 degrees of flexion [4].
  • The anterior capsule attaches at a point approximately 6 mm distal to the tip of the coronoid [4].
  • The coronoid tip is an intraarticular structure that is visualized during elbow arthroscopy [4].

Muscles & Tendons

  • The brachialis is the strongest elbow flexor and attaches to the coronoid 11 mm distal to the tip [4].
  • The biceps brachii inserts at the ulnar margin of the radial tuberosity, with the long head inserting proximally and the short head distally [4].
  • The biceps brachii is a powerful supinator of the forearm [4].
  • The triceps is the primary elbow extensor and inserts on the olecranon process [4].
  • The mobile wad consists of the brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, and extensor carpi radialis brevis [4].
  • The flexor-pronator mass consists of the pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, and flexor digitorum superficialis [4].
  • The common origin of the extensor muscles is attached to the lateral condylar fragment [6].
  • The common origin of the extensor muscles can be separated from the lateral epicondyle with a thin flake of bone or divided just distal to the lateral epicondyle [6].

Biomechanics & Motion

  • The normal elbow has a range of motion from 0° to 140° from extension to flexion [1].
  • The normal elbow has a range of motion of 75° in pronation and 85° in supination [1].
  • A functional arc for the elbow is 100° for flexion and extension [1].
  • A functional arc for the elbow is 100° for forearm rotation [1].

Investigations

History and Physical Examination

  • The physical examination of the elbow is directed by the history and the location of the patient's pain in the anterior, posterior, medial, or lateral aspect of the elbow [1].
  • The normal elbow has a range of motion of 75° and 85° in pronation and supination, respectively [1].
  • A functional arc for the elbow is 100° for flexion and extension and forearm rotation [1].
  • Elbow stability is determined by primary stabilizers, which include the ulnohumeral articulation, the medial ulnar collateral ligament (MUCL), and the lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL) complex [1].
  • Secondary stabilizers of the elbow include the radiocapitellar articulation, the common flexor tendon, the common extensor tendon, and the joint capsule [1].
  • The ulnar nerve is of utmost importance in the physical examination due to its anatomic proximity to the elbow [9].
  • The posterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) forms the floor of the cubital tunnel along the course of the ulnar nerve [9].
  • Electromyography and nerve conduction velocity studies should be performed if there is any question about neurologic dysfunction [9].
  • An assessment for ulnar nerve subluxation should be performed during the physical examination [9].
  • Subluxation of the ulnar nerve is a relative contraindication for an arthroscopic procedure secondary to possible iatrogenic nerve injury [9].
  • If the elbow has less than 90° to 100° of flexion, the posterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) is contracted and must be released to restore flexion [9].
  • Pain during the mid-arc of range of motion is more common with intrinsic disease and may not improve with contracture release alone [9].

Imaging

  • Plain radiographs remain the hallmark and the best screening test for elbow evaluation [1].
  • Standard radiographic views for the elbow include AP, lateral, and oblique views [9].
  • Serial radiography is used as follow-up when heterotopic ossification is present [9].
  • Primary bony landmarks identified on radiographs include the ulnohumeral joint, coronoid process, radial head, capitellum, radiocapitellar joint, olecranon tip, coronoid/olecranon fossae, and trochlear ridge [9].
  • CT is helpful when assessing for malunion architecture and the location and pattern of osteophytes and/or loose bodies [9].
  • Three-dimensional CT is used to check for heterotopic ossification [9].
  • CT is not necessary when the stiffness is entirely soft-tissue related [9].
  • CT is beneficial if any joint incongruity or abnormal bony anatomy is present [9].
  • MRI can be used to evaluate ligaments and tendons, but it is rarely indicated for elbow stiffness [9].
  • AP, lateral, oblique, and axillary views of the elbow may reveal posteromedial olecranon osteophytes and/or loose bodies in valgus extension overload syndrome [11].
  • CT with two-dimensional reconstruction and three-dimensional surface rendering best visualizes the pathology of valgus extension overload syndrome [11].
  • MRI may be most helpful in evaluating associated injuries including partial or complete tears of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) in valgus extension overload syndrome [11].
  • Radiographic evaluations are essential when diagnosing an osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesion of the elbow [12].
  • Important aspects of OCD lesions may be better seen with MRI [12].
  • Standard AP and lateral radiographs should be obtained for the evaluation of elbow osteoarthritis [13].
  • Radiographs for elbow osteoarthritis typically show osteophyte formation at the coronoid process, coronoid fossa, radial fossa, radial head, olecranon tip, and olecranon fossa [13].
  • Joint spaces at the ulnohumeral joint are usually preserved in elbow osteoarthritis [13].
  • Joint spaces at the radiocapitellar joint are mildly narrowed in elbow osteoarthritis [13].
  • Loose bodies may be evident on radiographs, which typically underestimate the number present [13].
  • CT may be useful for surgical planning of elbow osteoarthritis, allowing a detailed assessment of osteophytes and the presence of loose bodies [13].

References

[1] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 13 Ebook Without Multimedia. Anatomy, Biomechanics, Physical Examination, and Imaging of the Elbow > Summary and Conclusions.

[3] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 13 Ebook Without Multimedia. Anatomy, Biomechanics, Physical Examination, and Imaging of the Elbow > Anatomy > Bony Anatomy.

[4] Miller S Review Of Orthopaedics. SECTION 16 PATELLAR TRACKING IN TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY > TABLE 2.3 Shoulder Spaces.

[6] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. LATERAL APPROACHES.

[9] Aaos Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 3. Elbow Stiffness* > IV. Evaluation.

[11] Aaos Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 3. Elbow Injuries in the Athlete* > III. Valgus Extension Overload Syndrome and Posterior Impingement.

[12] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update. Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee and Elbow* > Summary.

[13] Aaos Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 3. Arthritis and Arthroplasty of the Elbow > I. Osteoarthritis.

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6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

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