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Pinsala sa medial collateral ligament

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Updated Sep 2026
Illustration: knee

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Ang iyong nararamdaman

Ang medial collateral ligament ay matatagpuan sa panloob na bahagi ng iyong tuhod. Maaari itong mapinsala kapag ang iyong tuhod ay naitulak papasok, o kapag ikaw ay napilipit kahit walang tumama sa iyo. Ang mga lower-grade injury ay karaniwang nangyayari dahil sa pagpilipit. Ang mga higher-grade injury ay karaniwang kasunod ng direktang tama sa labas ng iyong hita o itaas na bahagi ng binti.

Makakaramdam ka ng sakit sa panloob na bahagi ng iyong tuhod, sa kahabaan ng ligament. Maaari ring maramdamang maluwag o hindi matatag ang tuhod, lalo na kapag nilalagyan mo ito ng bigat. Ang pamamaga na lumalabas agad ay dapat ipaalam sa iyong surgeon, dahil maaari itong magpahiwatig ng iba pang pinsala sa loob ng tuhod, gaya ng punit na cruciate ligament, bali (fracture), o kneecap na naalis sa puwesto.

Ang ilang mga gawain ay nagiging mas mahirap dahil sa pinsalang ito. Ang paglalakad sa hindi pantay na lupa ay maaaring maramdamang mabuway. Ang pagtayo mula sa mababang upuan ay naglalagay ng load sa panloob na bahagi ng tuhod. Ang pag-ikot o pag-pivot gamit ang masakit na binti, gaya ng pag-iwas sa isang tao sa hallway, ay maaaring magdulot ng sakit. Ang mga hagdan ay madalas na nangangailangan ng pag-iingat, dahil ang bawat hakbang ay humihingi sa panloob na tuhod na manatiling matatag.

Ang sakit ay may tendensiyang lumala pagkatapos ng aktibidad, kapag ang tuhod ay matagal nang ginagamit. Maaari rin itong kumirot sa gabi, lalo na sa mga unang araw pagkatapos ng pinsala. Ang pagpapahinga ng binti at pag-iwas sa mga pagpilipit na galaw ay karaniwang nakakapagpakalma nito.

Kung ang iyong tuhod ay nararamdamang maluwag kapag ito ay bahagyang nakabaluktot, tugma ito sa pagka-stretch o pagkapunit ng ligament na ito. Kung nararamdaman itong maluwag kapag ang iyong binti ay ganap na tuwid, maaaring nangangahulugan ito na ang iba pang mga ligament sa likod o gitna ng tuhod ay kasama ring naapektuhan. Susuriin ng iyong surgeon ang parehong posisyon upang malaman kung gaano kalaki ang bahagi ng tuhod na apektado.

Ang mga scan ay tumutulong upang kumpirmahin ang nangyayari. Ang MRI ay maaaring magpakita kung saan napunit ang ligament at kung ang meniscus o iba pang mga istruktura sa loob ng tuhod ay napinsala rin. Ang mga X-ray ay sinusuri para sa fracture, maliliit na fragment ng buto na nahila dahil sa pinsala, at calcification sa ligament mula sa mga lumang pinsala.

Ano ang aktwal na nangyayari

Ang medial collateral ligament ay isang matibay na banda ng tissue na bumababa sa panloob na bahagi ng iyong tuhod, mula sa buto ng iyong hita hanggang sa buto ng iyong binti. Isipin ito bilang isa sa mga guy rope na humahawak sa tent upang manatiling matatag. Kapag ang iyong tuhod ay naitulak papasok o napilipit, ang lubid na iyon ay nababanat o napupunit. Ang punit ay madalas na nangyayari kung saan nakakabit ang ligament sa buto ng hita, at ang bahaging iyon ay may magandang supply ng dugo, kaya naman ang mga pinsalang ito ay karaniwang gumagaling nang kusa.

Gino-grade ng mga doktor ang pinsala base sa kung gaano kaluwag ang pakiramdam ng tuhod. Ang grade 1 injury ay nangangahulugang ang ligament ay nabanat ngunit ginagawa pa rin ang tungkulin nito. Ang Grade 2 ay nangangahulugang ito ay bahagyang napunit at maluwag ang pakiramdam ng tuhod. Ang Grade 3 ay nangangahulugang ang ligament ay napunit nang tuluyan at ang tuhod ay pakiramdam na napaka-unstable. Karamihan sa mga grade 1 at 2 injury ay gumagaling nang walang operasyon. Ang mga higher-grade injury ay mas malamang na may kasamang iba pang mga ligament sa tuhod, lalo na ang cruciate ligament sa gitna, at ang kombinasyong iyon ang madalas na nagtutulak sa desisyon tungo sa operasyon.

Kapag ang panloob na ligament ay malalang napunit, ang tuhod ay maaaring bumuka sa panloob na bahagi kapag nabigyan ng stress. Ang ibang mga istruktura, kabilang ang cruciate ligament, ay karaniwang tumutulong upang panatilihing matatag ang mga bagay-bagay, kaya ang punit sa higit sa isang lugar ay nagpaparamdam sa tuhod na mas maluwag kaysa sa punit sa isang lugar lamang. Ang ilang mga tao ay napipinsala rin ang padding sa pagitan ng mga buto, na tinatawag na meniscus, bagaman ito ay hindi gaanong karaniwan sa pinsalang ito.

Kung ang pinsala ay nangyari na noong matagal pa at hindi kailanman gumaling nang maayos, ang katawan ay maaaring maglagay ng maliliit na deposito ng calcium sa ligament malapit sa buto ng hita. Lumalabas ito sa X-ray at ito ay senyales ng isang luma at nagpapatuloy na problema sa halip na isang bagong pinsala.

Ano ang maaari naming gawin tungkol dito

Karamihan sa mga pinsala sa medial collateral ligament ay hindi nangangailangan ng operasyon. Karaniwan kaming nagsisimula sa bracing at physiotherapy. Ang isang hinged knee brace ay sumusuporta sa panloob na bahagi ng tuhod habang gumagaling ang ligament. Layunin ng physiotherapy na pagaanin ang sakit, ibalik ang paggalaw at muling buuin ang lakas na nagpapanatiling matatag sa tuhod. Maraming pinsala ang gumagaling sa loob ng ilang linggo sa halip na mga buwan, at sinusuri namin ang iyong pag-unlad habang lumilipas ang panahon.

Simple lamang ang pag-alis ng sakit. Ang mga simpleng gamot sa sakit at anti-inflammatories, na iniinom ayon sa direksyon, ay tumutulong sa iyo na manatiling komportable at patuloy na gumalaw habang gumagaling ang ligament.

Isinasaalang-alang ang operasyon kapag nananatiling hindi matatag ang tuhod sa kabila ng bracing at physiotherapy, o kapag ang ibang mga ligament sa loob ng tuhod ay napinsala rin nang sabay. Ang isang malalang punit sa ligament na humila ng isang piraso ng buto, o isang tuhod na bumibigay dahil higit sa isang ligament ang napunit, ay maaaring mangailangan ng repair o reconstruction nang maaga sa halip na maghintay. Sa mga kasong iyon, nag-oopera kami upang muling ikabit o muling buuin ang mga napunit na ligament upang maging matatag muli ang tuhod. Ang operasyon mismo ay may sariling pahina, at pag-uusapan namin ang mga detalye nito bago gumawa ng anumang desisyon.

Ano ang dapat asahan

Karamihan sa mga pinsalang ito ay gumagaling nang maayos. Ang mga lower-grade na pinsala ay karaniwang gumagaling nang walang operasyon, sa loob ng ilang linggo sa halip na mga buwan. Unang nababawasan ang sakit, pagkatapos ay bumabalik ang lakas at katatagan habang sumasailalim sa physiotherapy. Maraming tao ang nakakabalik sa normal na paglalakad at pang-araw-araw na gawain bago pa man ganap na gumaling ang ligament.

Kung ang pinsala ay mas malala, o may iba pang mga ligament sa tuhod na napunit nang sabay, ang prognosis ay nakadepende sa pagkuha ng tamang gamutan nang maaga. Kapag ang inner ligament at isang cruciate ligament ay parehong napinsala, ang gamutan na nakatuon sa dalawang ito nang magkasama ay nagbibigay ng mga resultang katulad ng paggamot sa pinsala ng cruciate ligament lamang. Ang ilang mga tao na may kombinasyong ito ay nakakabalik sa kanilang dating antas ng sports.

Kung ang tuhod na maluwag sa higit sa isang direksyon ay hindi ginamot, ang pagkaluwag ay may tendensiyang manatili. Maaaring manatiling hindi matatag ang tuhod habang umiikot o nagpi-pivot, at ang mga cartilage surface ay maaaring mapudpod nang hindi pantay sa paglipas ng panahon. Ang operasyon upang muling mabuo ang mga maluwag na ligament ay maaaring magbalik ng katatagan, at maraming tao ang nakakabalik sa mga pang-araw-araw na aktibidad at low-level na sports pagkatapos nito.

Ang paggaling pagkatapos ng operasyon ay mas matagal kaysa sa paggaling mula sa mismong pinsala. Normal lamang na makaramdam ng paninigas at pagka-tight ng tuhod sa mga unang linggo, at nangangailangan ng ilang buwan ng physiotherapy upang maibalik ang lakas. Ang ilang mga tao ay naiiwang may tuhod na hindi pakiramdam na katulad ng dati, kahit na maganda ang resulta. Ang operasyon sa ilang ligament nang sabay-sabay ay may mas mataas na panganib kaysa sa operasyon sa isa lamang, kabilang ang impeksyon, paninigas, mga problema sa sugat, at pinsala sa isang nerve sa labas ng tuhod na maaaring magdulot ng pamamanhid o panghihina sa paa.

Maging maingat sa pag-asa ng mabilis na lunas. Ang ligament ay karaniwang gumagaling nang maaasahan, ngunit ang tuhod ay maaaring tumagal ng ilang buwan bago muling maramdamang malakas at mapagkakatiwalaan. Kung ikaw ay nagkaroon na ng operasyon sa ligament ng tuhod noon, maaaring hindi na kasing-tatag ng dati ang iyong tuhod. Pag-uusapan natin ang iyong sariling prognosis sa iyong mga review appointment, kapag alam na namin nang eksakto kung aling mga structure ang napinsala at kung paano ang iyong pag-unlad.

Kailan dapat magpatingin

Magpatingin sa iyong GP kung may pananakit sa panloob na bahagi ng iyong tuhod pagkatapos ng isang pilay o pagkakauntog, at hindi ito humuhupa sa pamamagitan ng pahinga sa unang dalawang linggo. Humingi ng pagsusuri ng isang espesyalista kung ang iyong tuhod ay pakiramdam na maluwag o bumibigay kapag ikaw ay naglalakad, umiikot, o pumipivot, o kung patuloy itong namamagà pagkatapos ng aktibidad. Pumunta sa emergency department kung ang iyong tuhod ay namamagà agad pagkatapos ng pinsala, kung pakiramdam na maluwag ito kapag ang iyong binti ay nakatuwid nang husto, o kung ang iyong paa ay pakiramdam na manhid, mahina, o malamig, dahil ang mga ito ay maaaring magpahiwatig na may iba pang mga ligament na napunit, may bali, isang kneecap na naalis sa puwesto, o isang problema sa nerve na kailangang masuri agad.

Reviewed by AI synthesis (v2) — pending human review · 9 September 2026.

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Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

Bony Anatomy & Ligament Structure

  • The medial collateral ligament (MCL) originates on the medial epicondyle and inserts 7 to 10 cm below the joint line on the posterior half of the medial surface of the tibial metaphysis deep to the pes anserinus tendons [6].
  • The MCL is a long, rather narrow, well-delineated structure lying superficial to the medial capsule and capsular ligaments [6].
  • The femoral insertion site of the superficial MCL is located a mean 1.6 mm posterior and 4.9 mm proximal to the intersection between a line paralleling the posterior femoral cortex and a line drawn perpendicular to the posterior femoral cortex, where it intersects the Blumensaat line [7].
  • The medial side of the knee is described in layers: layer 1 is the deep fascia, layer 2 is the superficial MCL, and layer 3 is the joint capsule and deep MCL [2].
  • The MCL receives its blood supply from the superior medial and inferior medial geniculate arteries [2].
  • The perpendicular mean distance from the saphenous nerve to the adductor tubercle or the medial epicondyle is 5 cm or 6.1 cm, respectively [7].
  • The perpendicular mean distance of the sartorial branch of the saphenous nerve to the anterior aspect of the superficial MCL is 4.8 cm at a point 2 cm distal to the joint line, 4.1 cm at 4 cm distal to the joint line, and 3.8 cm at 6 cm distal to the joint line [7].

Static & Dynamic Stabilizers

  • The superficial MCL is the primary restraint to valgus stress [2].
  • The deep MCL and posterior oblique ligaments (POL) form the secondary restraints to valgus stress [2].
  • The semimembranosus, vastus medialis, medial retinaculum, sartorius, semimembranosus, and gracilis act as dynamic stabilizers of the medial knee [2].
  • The medial capsuloligamentous complex comprises a three-layered sleeve of static and dynamic stabilizers extending from the midline anteriorly to the midline posteriorly [3].
  • Static stabilizers of the medial knee include the superficial MCL, the posterior oblique ligament, and the deep MCL (also called the deep medial ligament or middle capsular ligament) [3].
  • Dynamic stabilizers providing abduction stability under dynamic conditions include the semimembranosus complex, the pes anserinus muscle group (sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles), the vastus medialis, and the medial retinaculum [3].
  • The superficial MCL with intact femoral and distal tibial attachments has the highest load to failure and stiffness among medial knee ligaments, followed by the POL and the deep MCL [7].

Biomechanics & Injury Mechanism

  • The main function of the medial capsuloligamentous complex is to resist valgus and external rotation loads [3].
  • The superficial MCL is the primary restraint to valgus loads at 30° of flexion [3].
  • The posterior oblique ligament, the deep MCL, and the cruciate ligaments are secondary restraints to valgus stress [3].
  • The MCL is the most commonly injured ligament in the knee [2].
  • The mechanism of MCL injury is a valgus and external rotation force to the lateral knee [2].
  • The most common injury location for the MCL is the femoral insertion, which has great healing potential [2].
  • Distal ruptures of the MCL are less common and more often lead to residual valgus laxity [2].
  • In a healthy knee, the anterior bundles of both the superficial and deep MCL elongate during knee flexion, while the posterior bundles distend with knee flexion [7].
  • The elongation of the posterior bundles of the MCL peaks at midstance and the terminal extension–preswing stance phase [7].
  • Isolated grade III superficial MCL injury in a cadaver model resulted in a mean increase of 3.2 mm in medial joint line opening [7].
  • In a cadaver model, medial joint line opening increased to 8.8 mm when the deep MCL and posterior oblique ligament were injured, and to 13.8 mm when ACL injury was added [7].
  • A cutoff distance of 3.2 mm of medial joint line opening was established as the basis for suspecting an isolated grade III superficial MCL injury [7].
  • The ultimate tensile strength of the MCL is twice that of the LCL, although there is no significant difference in stiffness between the two [7].
  • The MCL was most commonly torn at the femoral insertion site in biomechanical studies [7].
  • Only a few fibers of the MCL radiate to the medial meniscus, and meniscal displacement does not significantly differ between a healthy MCL and an MCL detached from the femoral insertion [7].

Injury Classification & Pathophysiology

  • Grade I MCL injury involves minimal torn fibers with 1 to 4 mm opening on valgus stress at 30° [2].
  • Grade II MCL injury involves partial tearing of the fibers with 5 to 10 mm laxity at 30° and a firm end point [2].
  • Grade III MCL injury is a complete tear with >10 mm opening without an end point [2].
  • Grade I MCL sprain is characterized by few torn fibers with no loss of ligamentous integrity [3].
  • Grade II MCL sprain is characterized by incomplete ligament tearing with increased joint laxity, maintenance of an end point to valgus stress at 30° of flexion, and continued fiber apposition despite partial tearing [3].
  • Grade III MCL sprain is characterized by complete ligamentous disruption resulting in gross laxity without a palpable end point to valgus stress [3].
  • Concomitant ligamentous injuries occur in 20% of grade I, 52% of grade II, and 78% of grade III MCL injuries [3].
  • Concurrent meniscal injuries have been noted in up to 5% of isolated MCL injuries [3].
  • Chronic MCL injuries may present with calcification at the insertion of the MCL on the medial femoral condyle [1].
  • A Pellegrini-Stieda lesion is a calcification at the medial femoral insertion site resulting from chronic MCL deficiency [2].
  • High-grade medial instability or an MCL tear with an associated tear of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus should raise suspicion for posteromedial corner (PMC) instability [8].
  • All patients with grade III laxity of the MCL had a complete tear of the POL and meniscotibial ligament in an MRI-based retrospective study [8].
  • All patients with injury to the posterior horn of the medial meniscus had concomitant meniscotibial ligament injury, and 67% had a tear of the POL [8].
  • 81% of patients with a confirmed knee dislocation or a knee dislocatable under anesthesia had an injury to the PMC, and 63% had a superficial MCL tear alone [8].

Clinical Presentation

Mechanism of Injury

  • MCL injuries occur after a valgus stress to the knee or a noncontact rotational injury [1].
  • Lower-grade MCL injuries typically occur in a noncontact external rotational injury [1].
  • Higher-grade MCL injuries generally involve lateral contact to the thigh or upper leg [1].

Symptoms and History

  • The location and presence of pain, instability, timing of swelling, and sensation of a “pop” or tear are important pieces of historical information [1].
  • Grade I and II MCL injuries are often more painful than complete MCL rupture [1].
  • Immediate swelling should make one suspicious for an associated cruciate ligament injury, fracture, and/or patellar dislocation [1].
  • A prior history of knee injuries or instability should always be sought when evaluating a new knee injury [1].

Physical Examination

  • Medial joint line tenderness along the course of the MCL is typical at the location of the tear [1].
  • Laxity to valgus stresses is assessed by the amount of medial joint space opening that occurs at 30 degrees of flexion [1].
  • The knee must be stressed at 30 degrees of flexion because with the knee in full extension the posterior capsule and PCL will stabilize the knee to valgus stress [1].
  • Stability to valgus stress in full extension could mislead the examiner to believe that the MCL is intact [1].
  • Zero opening is considered normal for medial joint space opening [1].
  • 1–4 mm of medial joint space opening indicates a grade I injury [1].
  • 5–9 mm of medial joint space opening indicates a grade II injury [1].
  • 10–15 mm of medial joint space opening indicates a complete or grade III injury [1].
  • Grade I and II injuries typically have a firm end point to valgus stress [1].
  • A grade III injury tends to have a soft end point to valgus stress [1].
  • Medial knee pain and instability at 30 degrees of flexion is diagnostic of MCL injury [1].
  • If opening occurs at full extension with a valgus stress, ACL or PCL injuries should be considered in addition to MCL injury [1].
  • Palpation of the patella and the medial parapatellar stabilizing ligaments should be performed in addition to patellar apprehension testing due to the frequency of coexisting patellar dislocations in MCL injuries [1].

Imaging

  • Chronic MCL injuries may have calcification at the insertion of the MCL on the medial femoral condyle [1].
  • Radiographs should be inspected for acute fracture, lateral capsular avulsion (Segond fracture), loose bodies, Pellegrini-Stieda lesion (MCL calcification), and evidence of patellar dislocation [1].
  • Stress radiographs should be obtained in patients prior to skeletal maturity to rule out an epiphyseal fracture [1].
  • MRI can be helpful in confirming diagnosis and helping to rule out concomitant meniscal injury [1].
  • MRI is useful for confirming MCL injury and identifying the site of injury [1].
  • MRI is useful to detect the presence of meniscal and other injuries to the knee [1].
  • Relative indications for an MRI include an uncertain ACL status despite multiple examinations, evaluation of a suspected meniscal tear, or preoperative evaluation for a planned MCL reconstruction or repair [1].
  • An examination under anesthesia can be valuable when physical examination is unreliable because of the patient guarding the knee [1].
  • Diagnostic arthroscopy can be used to evaluate for coexisting pathology [1].
  • Examination under anesthesia and diagnostic arthroscopy have largely been replaced by MRI [1].

Investigations

Physical Examination

  • Medial knee pain and instability at 30 degrees of flexion is diagnostic for MCL injury [1].
  • Opening at full extension with a valgus stress suggests concomitant ACL or PCL injuries in addition to MCL injury [1].
  • Laxity to valgus stress is assessed by the amount of medial joint space opening at 30 degrees of flexion [1].
  • The knee is stressed at 30 degrees of flexion because the posterior capsule and PCL stabilize the knee to valgus stress in full extension, which could mislead the examiner into believing the MCL is intact [1].
  • Zero opening to valgus stress is considered normal [1].
  • Medial joint space opening of 1–4 mm indicates a grade I MCL injury [1].
  • Medial joint space opening of 5–9 mm indicates a grade II MCL injury [1].
  • Medial joint space opening of 10–15 mm indicates a complete or grade III MCL injury [1].
  • Grade I and II MCL injuries typically have a firm end point to valgus stress [1].
  • Grade III MCL injuries tend to have a soft end point to valgus stress [1].
  • Valgus stress should be applied at both 0° and 30° of flexion [2].
  • Opening at 0° of flexion indicates a posteromedial capsular or associated cruciate (ACL/PCL) injury [2].
  • An effusion may indicate associated intra-articular pathology [2].
  • Abduction stress testing should be performed with the knee at 0° and 30° of flexion [3].
  • The superficial MCL is isolated with a valgus stress at 30° of flexion [3].
  • Pathologic laxity is indicated by the amount of increased medial joint space separation compared with the opposite, normal knee [3].
  • Grade I MCL injury is characterized by 1 to 4 mm of laxity [3].
  • Grade II MCL injury is characterized by 5 to 9 mm of laxity [3].
  • Grade III MCL injury is characterized by ≥10 mm of laxity [3].
  • Valgus laxity with the knee at or near full extension implies concurrent injury to the posteromedial capsule and/or cruciate ligaments [3].
  • Isolated laxity at 30° and stability in 0° of extension indicates either a grade I or II injury [3].
  • Combined laxity at 0° and 30° indicates a grade III injury with concurrent injury to the posteromedial capsule, and ACL or PCL combined injury should be considered [3].
  • The Lachman and anterior drawer tests should be performed to rule out an ACL injury [3].
  • The pivot shift test often has false-negative results in the presence of a grade III MCL sprain [3].
  • A PCL injury is assessed by palpation of the tibial-condylar step-off and by the posterior drawer test (both performed at 90° of flexion), the quadriceps-active test, and observation of posterior tibial sag [3].
  • Patellar apprehension and tenderness over the patella and medial retinaculum indicate possible patellar dislocation or subluxation [3].
  • Diagnosis of an isolated medial meniscal injury is suggested by medial joint line tenderness, the absence of pain to valgus stress, and increased pain on flexion-rotation testing (McMurray test) [3].

Imaging

  • Plain radiographs should be performed to rule out fracture [2].
  • A Pellegrini-Stieda lesion can be seen on radiographs, which is a calcification at the medial femoral insertion site resulting from chronic MCL deficiency [2].
  • MRI is not routinely necessary unless concomitant injuries are suspected [2].
  • Plain radiographs are typically normal but should be inspected for fractures, lateral capsular avulsions (Segond fracture associated with an ACL tear), and Pellegrini-Stieda lesions (indicative of prior MCL injury) [3].
  • Stress radiographs may be indicated in skeletally immature patients to rule out a physeal injury [3].
  • MRI has become the imaging modality of choice to evaluate the injured MCL [3].
  • MRI advantages include identifying the location and extent of injury and ruling out associated meniscal, chondral, and cruciate ligament injuries [3].
  • MRI disadvantages include being expensive, reader-dependent, and potentially overestimating the degree of injury [3].

Treatment

Non-Operative Management

  • Nonoperative treatment using a hinged knee brace is highly successful in alleviating isolated MCL injuries [4].
  • Clinical work has shown the advantage of nonoperative treatment (bracing) for an associated MCL injury in patients undergoing an ACL reconstruction [4].
  • Prophylactic bracing may be helpful for football players, especially interior linemen [4].
  • Pellegrini-Stieda syndrome, which can occur with chronic MCL injury, usually responds to a brief period of immobilization followed by progressive motion [4].

Operative Management

  • Advancement and reinforcement of the ligament are rarely necessary for chronic injuries that do not respond to conservative treatment [4].
  • Distal (tibia-side) injuries have less healing potential than proximal (femur-side) injuries [4].
  • The management algorithm for isolated grade III MCL injury or MCL with associated injuries includes MRI, rehabilitation, and physical therapy to regain motion [4].
  • The management algorithm for femoral avulsion involves MCL repair or reconstruction [4].
  • The management algorithm for tibial avulsion involves MCL repair or reconstruction [4].
  • The management algorithm for ACL/MCL injuries involves ACL reconstruction and rehabilitation to regain full range of motion [4].

References

[1] A Lange Medical Book Current Diagnosis Treatment In Orthopedics Fifth Edition. 3Sports Medicine > 1. Medial Collateral Ligament Injuries.

[2] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 13 Ebook Without Multimedia. Soft-­Tissue Injuries About the Knee > Medial Collateral Ligament.

[3] Aaos Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 3. Ligamentous Injuries of the Knee > III. Medial Collateral Ligament and Posteromedial Corner Injuries.

[4] Miller S Review Of Orthopaedics. SECTION 16 PATELLAR TRACKING IN TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY > 3. MCL injury.

[6] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. MEDIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT.

[7] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update Sports Medicine 6. Collateral Ligament Injuries > The Medial Collateral Ligament > Anatomy and Biomechanics.

[8] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update Sports Medicine 6. Collateral Ligament Injuries > The Medial Collateral Ligament > PMC and Other Combined Injuries.

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Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.