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Felon (Impeksyon sa Pulp ng Dulo ng Daliri)

Updated Sep 2026
Illustration: Felon (Impeksyon sa Pulp ng Dulo ng Daliri)

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Ang iyong nararamdaman

Ang felon ay isang impeksyon sa malambot na pad ng iyong dulo ng daliri, ang malaman na bahagi na iyong ginagamit sa pagpindot. Ang pad ay nahahati sa maliliit na compartment ng mga matitigas na fibrous wall. Kapag pinuno ng nana ng impeksyon ang mga compartment na iyon, mabilis na tumataas ang pressure sa loob. Ang pressure na iyon ang dahilan kung bakit ang sakit ay napakatindi at pumupulsong (throbbing).

Karaniwan mong mapapansin muna ang pamamaga, pamumula, at sakit sa dulo ng daliri. Ang buong pad ay maaaring makaramdam ng pagka-tight at pagiging sensitibo sa paghipo. Madalas itong nagsisimula pagkatapos ng isang maliit na pinsala, gaya ng tinik, tusok ng karayom, o finger-stick blood test. Kung ang matinding sakit ay tumagal na ng 12 oras o higit pa, karaniwang nabuo na ang isang abscess (isang bulsa ng nana).

Ang sakit ay may tendensiyang maging palagian sa halip na pabalik-balik. Ang pagpindot sa dulo ng daliri, paghawak ng panulat, pag-type, o pagpihit ng susi ay maaaring magdulot lahat ng sakit. Anumang bagay na pumipiga sa namamagang pad ay nagpapalala rito. Maraming tao ang nahihirapang pumulot ng barya, magbutones, o humawak ng tasa gamit ang kamay na iyon.

Kung ang impeksyon ay hindi magagamot, maaari itong kumalat. Maaari itong pumunta sa paligid ng nail bed o pataas patungo sa palad kasabay ng tendon sheath, ang tunnel na nagpapahintulot sa iyong daliri na mabaluktot. Maaari nitong gawing namamagang ang buong daliri at masakit igalaw.

Isang kondisyon na maaaring magmukhang katulad nito ay ang herpetic whitlow, isang viral infection sa dulo ng daliri. Nagdudulot ito ng mga masakit na paltos sa isang daliri, madalas ay ilang araw matapos ang isang maliit na pinsala. Hindi tulad ng felon, ang mga paltos ay naglalaman ng malinaw na likido sa halip na nana. Mahalaga ito, dahil ang whitlow ay hindi dapat hiwain at patuluin (drained).

Magpatingin agad sa doktor kung ang sakit ay matindi o lumalala, o kung ang dulo ng daliri ay pula, mainit, at namamaga. Ang maagang paggamot ay nagbibigay ng pinakamahusay na pagkakataon para sa ganap na paggaling.

Ano ang aktwal na nangyayari

Isipin ang pad ng iyong dulo ng daliri bilang isang espongha na hinati sa maliliit at saradong mga bulsa. May mga matitibay na fibrous wall na tumatakbo mula sa balat pababa sa buto, na naghahati sa pad sa maliliit na compartments. Walang sobrang espasyo sa loob nito. Kapag pinuno ng nana ang mga bulsang iyon dahil sa impeksyon, mabilis na tumataas ang pressure, at iyon ang dahilan kung bakit napakatindi ng sakit.

Ang impeksyon ay karaniwang pumapasok sa pamamagitan ng sugat sa balat, gaya ng tinik o tusok ng karayom. Ang mikrobyong madalas na responsable ay isang karaniwang bacterium sa balat na tinatawag na Staphylococcus aureus. Dahil selyado ang mga compartment, hindi madaling kumalat ang impeksyon nang patagilid. Sa halip, nag-iipon ito ng pressure sa loob, at ang pressure na iyon ay maaaring pumiga at pumutol sa supply ng dugo papunta sa maliit na buto sa dulo ng daliri.

Kapag hinayaan, ang nana ay naghahanap ng mapupuntahan. Maaari itong gumapang sa paligid ng nail bed, pataas patungo sa palad sa kahabaan ng tendon tunnel, o pababa sa mismong buto. Ang impeksyon sa buto ay tinatawag na osteomyelitis, at ang impeksyon sa kalapit na joint ay tinatawag na septic arthritis. Ang isang mas mababaw na koleksyon ay maaaring butasin lamang ang balat. Ito ang mga dahilan kung bakit ang isang felon ay nangangailangan ng agarang gamutan sa halip na maghintay kung ito ay gagaling nang kusa.

Ang mabuting balita ay ang pad ng dulo ng daliri ay ginawa upang maprotektahan. Ang anumang operasyon ay pinaplano upang mapanatiling buo ang sensitibong ibabaw ng dulo ng daliri at maiwasan ang mga nerve at blood vessel na tumatakbo sa bawat gilid ng daliri.

Ano ang maaari naming gawin tungkol dito

Si Dr Kieran Hirpara, isang upper-limb surgeon sa Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, ay itinutugma ang gamutan sa iyong partikular na impeksyon. Ang mga pasyente ay karaniwang nirerefer sa aming klinika ng kanilang GP; kung iminungkahi ng isang physiotherapist na magpatingin sa amin, kakailanganin mo pa rin ng referral mula sa iyong GP upang maging eligible para sa Medicare rebate. Sa pagbisitang iyon, kumukuha kami ng history, sinusuri ang daliri, at nagsasaayos ng anumang mga test na kailangan upang kumpirmahin kung ano ang nangyayari.

Ang felon ay isang impeksyon, kaya hindi ito gumagaling sa pamamagitan lamang ng pahinga, splinting, o physiotherapy. Walang hakbang sa self-management na maaari naming ialok para sa mismong impeksyon. Ang mahalaga ay ang maagang pagkilos, dahil mabilis na naiipon ang pressure sa loob ng fingertip pad at ang pagkaantala ay nagpapahirap sa drainage. Kung sa tingin mo ay mayroon kang felon, makipag-ugnayan agad sa amin o sa iyong GP sa halip na maghintay kung gagaling ito.

Ang medical treatment ay may itinakdang papel. Kapag nailabas na ang nana, ang mga antibiotic ay hindi na kailangan pagkatapos ng operasyon para sa isang uncomplicated felon sa mga taong walang risk sa mga problema sa impeksyon. Ang ilang tao ay may dagdag na risk. Ang diabetes at sakit sa bato ay parehong nagpapataas ng tsansa na ang outpatient treatment ng isang hand infection ay hindi magiging sapat, kaya tinitingnan namin ang iyong pangkalahatang kalusugan kapag nagpaplano ng pangangalaga. Maraming tao na may diabetes ang maaari pa ring mapamahalaan nang ligtas bilang mga outpatient sa mga piling kaso.

Ang surgery ang pangunahing lunas para sa isang established felon. Ang layunin ay pakawalan ang pressure sa pamamagitan ng pag-drain ng nana mula sa mga sealed compartment ng fingertip pad. Pinaplano namin ang incision upang ma-drain nang maayos ang impeksyon habang pinoprotektahan ang sensitibong surface ng iyong fingertip at ang mga nerve at vessel sa bawat gilid ng daliri. Ang ilang mga lumang incision pattern ay maayos ang drainage ngunit nag-iiwan ng masakit at furrowed na scar sa ibabaw ng pad at isang numb patch lampas dito, na nakakaabala sa mga fine task tulad ng pagpulot ng barya o pagbubutones. Pinipili namin ang approach nang isinasaalang-alang ito. Ang operasyon ay may sariling pahina kung gusto mo ng higit pang detalye.

Kung ang impeksyon ay umabot na sa buto, ang mabilis na pagkilala at maaga at masusing paglilinis ng apektadong tissue kasabay ng tamang antibiotics ang nagpapagaling dito. Ito ay isang mas seryosong sitwasyon, at ipapaliwanag namin ito sa iyo kung ipakikita ito sa iyong mga scan.

Ang gamutan ay isang shared decision. Ipapaliwanag namin kung ano ang aming nirerekomenda, bakit, at kung ano ang mga alternatibo, at sasagutin ang iyong mga katanungan bago ang anumang hakbang.

Ano ang dapat asahan

Kapag naagapan, ang felon ay karaniwang gumagaling nang maayos. Nilalabas ang nana, bumababa ang presyon sa pad, at mabilis na nababawasan ang sakit. Karamihan sa mga tao ay napapanatili ang buong gamit ng daliri kapag gumaling na ang lahat.

Ang outlook ay nakadepende nang malaki sa timing. Ang maagang pagtukoy at paggamot sa mga impeksyon sa kamay ay mahalaga upang makuha ang pinakamagandang resulta. Kung naantala ang paggamot, ang impeksyon ay maaaring kumalat sa buto o sa tendon tunnel, at maaari itong humantong sa permanenteng paninigas o pagkawala ng function sa kamay. Sa mga malalang kaso, ang naantalang diagnosis ay maaaring magresulta sa amputasyon o kamatayan. Iyan ang dahilan kung bakit paulit-ulit naming sinasabi na huwag nang maghintay at mag-obserba pa.

Kahit may maayos na pangangalaga, ang mga impeksyon sa kamay ay may tunay na rate ng mga komplikasyon, at ang mga komplikasyong ito ay maaaring mahirap pamahalaan. Kung ang impeksyon ay umabot sa buto, kailangan nito ng parehong operasyon at antibiotics nang magkasama upang mawala ito. Sa maliit na bilang ng mga seryosong kaso, ang maagang pagtanggal ng apektadong daliri ay maaaring ang pinakaligtas na paraan upang mapigilan ang pagkalat ng sakit.

Mayroong ilang nakapagpapalakas-loob na biology na pabor sa iyo. Kapag ang pangunahing bahagi ng buto sa dulo ng daliri ay kailangang tanggalin ngunit ang base ay napreserba, ang natitirang butong iyon ay madalas na nag-re-regenerate sa isang kapansin-pansing antas. Ang dulo ng daliri ay maaaring muling mabuo nang higit pa sa iyong inaasahan.

Ang parehong urgency ay naaangkop sa mga impeksyong mukhang katulad nito. Ang impeksyon ng tendon tunnel ay nangangailangan ng maagang diagnosis at agarang paggamot upang maiwasan ang permanenteng pagkawala ng function ng kamay. Maaari rin nitong maputol ang supply ng dugo sa daliri kung hahayaan itong masyadong matagal. At kung ang iyong kondisyon ay lumabas na herpetic whitlow, ang viral infection na may malinaw na mga paltos na inilarawan namin kanina, ang paghiwa rito ay maling hakbang, dahil maaari itong mag-imbita ng bacterial infection sa ibabaw ng virus.

Ang tapat na buod ay ito. Kapag ginamot nang agaran, karamihan sa mga felon ay gumagaling at ang daliri ay gumagana nang normal. Kapag hinayaan lang, patuloy na tataas ang presyon at patuloy na kakalat ang impeksyon. Ang pagkakaiba ng dalawang landas na ito ay kung gaano kabilis kang masusuri.

Kailan dapat magpatingin

Ang felon ay isang impeksyon, kaya ang mga babalang senyales ay tungkol sa bilis, hindi tungkol sa pagpapahinga nito at paghihintay. Pumunta sa emergency department kung ang sakit ay malala at pumupulsong (throbbing), o kung ang buong daliri ay namamagâ, namumula, at masakit itukod. Maaaring mangahulugan ito na ang nana ay kumalat na sa tendon tunnel, at nangangailangan ito ng pagsusuri sa mismong araw na iyon. Humingi ng urgent review kung ang dulo ng daliri ay nananatiling masakit sa loob ng 12 oras o higit pa, dahil karaniwang may nabuo nang abscess sa panahong iyon. Magpatingin agad sa iyong GP kung ikaw ay may diabetes, o kung mahina ang iyong immune system, dahil ang mga impeksyon ay maaaring kumalat nang mas mabilis sa mga sitwasyong iyon. At kung ang dulo ng daliri ay nagpapakita ng mga paltos na may malinaw na likido sa halip na nana, sabihin ito sa sinumang titingin sa iyo, dahil ito ay nagpapahiwatig ng herpetic whitlow, na hindi dapat hiwain at patuluin.

Higit pang detalye

Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)

Ang seksyong ito ay higit pa sa kailangan mo para sa iyong sariling mga desisyon sa paggamot. Ang felon ay karapat-dapat sa karagdagang pagbabasa dahil ang dalawang bagay na ipinapalagay ng karamihan tungkol dito ay parehong mali, batay sa ebidensya: ang antibiotic ay hindi ang nakapagpapagaling nito, at ang dahilan kung bakit ito urgent ay walang kinalaman sa kung gaano ito kalaki tingnan.

Ang operasyon ang gamot. Ang antibiotic ay hindi.

Ang instinktibong modelo ng isang impeksyon ay ang mga antibiotic ang pumapatay sa bacteria at ang anumang operasyon ay isang detalye lamang ng drainage. Sa isang uncomplicated felon, ito ay halos kabaligtaran.

Isang prospective study ng 46 na daliri na ginamot sa pamamagitan ng excision nang walang anumang post-operative antibiotics ang nakatuklas na 45 ang gumaling. Ang iisang failure ay hindi failure ng infection control, kundi incomplete excision, at ito ay itinuwid sa pamamagitan ng operasyon [1]. Iniulat ng parehong papel ang isang survey ng French Society of Hand Surgery kung saan 66% ng mga hand surgeon ay hindi na nagbibigay ng antibiotics pagkatapos i-drain ang isang uncomplicated felon, at 63% ang hindi nagbibigay pagkatapos ng isang paronychia [1].

Mahalaga ang qualifier at may tunay itong papel: ito ay naaangkop sa isang uncomplicated felon sa isang taong walang ibang risk. Kung mayroong osteitis, kumakalat na lymphangitis, involvement ng flexor sheath, diabetes o immunosuppression, ang kalkulasyon ay ganap na nagbabago.

Kung magbibigay ng mga antibiotic, ang mga karaniwang pinipili ay madalas na mali

Ang ikalawang pagpapalagay na dapat buwagin ay ang ideya na ang standard first-line antibiotic ay sasapat na.

Sa isang sampung taong pag-aaral ng 815 urban hand infections, natuklasan na bagama't bumaba ang pangkalahatang insidente ng MRSA, ito ay nananatiling pinakakaraniwang organism, habang ang resistance sa clindamycin at levofloxacin ay patuloy na tumaas sa loob ng dekada. Ang konklusyon ng mga may-akda ay hindi karaniwang prangka para sa isang papel na ganito: ang empirical therapy para sa hand infection ay dapat umiwas sa penicillin, beta-lactams, clindamycin at levofloxacin [2].

Iyan ang karamihan sa mga reflex na ginagamit. Ito rin ang dahilan kung bakit ang isang felon na "ginamot ng antibiotics" ngunit hindi gumaling ay isang karaniwang kwento sa halip na isang nakakagulat, at kung bakit ang natuklasan sa itaas, na ang isang maayos na na-drain na felon ay hindi nangangailangan ng antibiotic, ay hindi gaanong paradox kaysa sa unang pakinggan.

Bakit ang pulp ay hindi katulad ng kahit saan pang bahagi ng katawan

Ang pulp ng dulo ng daliri ay hindi isang simpleng supot ng fatty tissue. Ito ay nahahati sa isang serye ng maliliit at saradong mga compartment sa pamamagitan ng mga fibrous septa na tumatakbo mula sa balat pababa sa periosteum ng distal phalanx.

Dalawang bunga ang sumusunod. Ang nana na naiipon sa loob ng isa sa mga compartment na iyon ay walang mapupuntahang espasyo upang lumawak, kaya mabilis na tumataas ang pressure, kung kaya't ang isang felon ay masakit nang higit pa sa laki nito, at kung bakit ang sakit ay karakteristikong pumupulsong (throbbing) at lumalala sa gabi. At ang pressure na iyon ay direktang nakadidiin sa buto at sa maliliit na ugat na nagsu-supply dito, na siyang dahilan kung bakit ang isang hindi nagamot na felon ay humahantong sa osteomyelitis ng distal phalanx.

Ipinapaliwanag din nito ang pinakakaraniwang technical failure. Ang isang incision na nagbubukas sa balat ngunit hindi sadyang sinisira ang mga septa ay nag-u-drain lamang ng isang compartment at iniiwang nakasara ang iba. Ang felon ay tila nagamot ngunit pagkatapos ay hindi gumagaling. Ang kumpletong decompression, at hindi ang laki ng incision, ang nagtatakda kung ito ay gagaling.

Ang ilan sa pinsala ay mula sa iyong sariling immune system

Ang isang mas bagong pananaw ay binibigyang-kahulugan muli kung para saan ang operasyon. Ang malaking bahagi ng pagkasira ng tissue sa isang impeksyon sa kamay ay hindi direktang nagmumula sa bacteria kundi mula sa mga neutrophil na ipinapadala ng iyong sariling katawan upang labanan ang mga ito, ang mga enzyme na pumapatay sa bacteria ay tinutunaw din ang tissue sa paligid ng mga ito [3]. Dahil dito, ang drainage at irrigation ay hindi lamang nag-aalis ng nana at nagpapabawas ng pressure; binabawasan din nito ang konsentrasyon ng mga inflammatory mediator na nagdudulot ng pinsala.

Ito ay isang pagbabago sa pagbibigay-diin sa halip na pagbabago sa praktis, ngunit ito ay isang kasiya-siyang paliwanag para sa isang bagay na naoobserbahan ng mga clinician: ang ginhawa pagkatapos ng decompression ay madalas na mas mabilis at mas kumpleto kaysa sa maaaring ipaliwanag ng simpleng pag-aalis lamang ng maliit na volume ng nana.

Mga Sanggunian

[1] Pierrart J, Delgrande D, Mamane W, Tordjman D, Masmejean EH. Acute felon and paronychia: Antibiotics not necessary after surgical treatment. Prospective study of 46 patients. Hand Surg Rehabil. 2016;35(1):40-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hansur.2015.12.003

[2] Kistler JM, Thoder JJ, Ilyas AM. MRSA incidence and antibiotic trends in urban hand infections: a 10-year longitudinal study. Hand (N Y). 2018;14(4):449-454. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558944717750921

[3] McGrouther DA. Hand infection: a management approach based on a new understanding of combined bacterial and neutrophil mediated tissue damage. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2023;48(9):838-848. https://doi.org/10.1177/17531934231174819


Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

Anatomical Structure of the Digital Pulp

  • A felon is defined as an abscess located in the subcutaneous tissues of the distal pulp of a finger or thumb [2].
  • The distal digital pulp is divided into tiny compartments by strong fibrous septa that traverse from skin to bone [2].
  • A transverse fibrous curtain is present at the distal flexor finger crease [2].
  • The tight septal compartment of the pulp causes immediate pain when swelling occurs due to increased pressure within the space [2].
  • The pulp space infection is characterized as a deep infection within a tight septal compartment [14].

Pathophysiology and Complications

  • Infection in the pulp is commonly caused by penetrating injuries from foreign bodies or medical finger sticks [2].
  • Staphylococcus aureus is the organism most commonly isolated from fingertip infections [2, 14].
  • Initial clinical signs of pulp infection include swelling, redness, and pain typical of cellulitis [2].
  • Abscess formation may follow rapidly after the initial signs of cellulitis [2].
  • A pulp abscess can extend into the periosteum around the nail bed, causing paronychia [2].
  • A pulp abscess can extend proximally through the fibrous curtain into the flexor sheath, leading to flexor tenosynovitis [2].
  • Deep abscesses that are untreated can penetrate the periosteum and cause osteomyelitis or septic joint [2].
  • More superficial abscesses can cause skin necrosis [2].
  • Abscesses may occasionally form in the middle and proximal digital pulps [2].
  • If a felon lesion is relatively superficial, the purulence may point palmarly, a condition known as an apical abscess [14].
  • Complications of a felon include loss of pulp tissue, osteomyelitis, epiphyseal damage, and septic arthritis [14].

Clinical Presentation

  • A felon is an abscess in the subcutaneous tissues of the distal pulp of a finger or thumb [2].
  • The distal digital pulp is divided into tiny compartments by strong fibrous septa that traverse it from skin to bone [2].
  • Swelling causes immediate pain due to increased pressure within the pulp [2].
  • Infection can be caused by a penetrating injury from a foreign body [2].
  • Infection can be caused by "finger sticks" for medical reasons, such as hematocrit and blood glucose determinations [2].
  • S. aureus is the organism most commonly isolated from fingertip infections [2].
  • Swelling, redness, and pain typical of cellulitis are present initially [2].
  • Abscess formation may follow rapidly after initial cellulitis symptoms [2].
  • The pulp abscess can extend into the periosteum around the nail bed causing paronychia [2].
  • The pulp abscess can extend proximally through the fibrous curtain into the flexor sheath, leading to flexor tenosynovitis [2].
  • Abscesses beginning deep, especially if untreated, penetrate the periosteum and cause osteomyelitis or septic joint [2].
  • More superficial abscesses cause skin necrosis [2].
  • Abscesses may form occasionally in the middle and proximal digital pulps [2].
  • The diagnosis of an abscess in this area is sometimes difficult [2].
  • An abscess is usually present if severe pain has lasted for 12 hours or longer [2].

Clinical Examination

  • A careful physical examination is essential to direct care and future testing if indicated [1].
  • Diagnostic tests such as imaging and serum laboratory studies can be expensive, time consuming, and often nonspecific [1].
  • Patients often have difficulty accurately describing their symptoms and may incorrectly attribute pathology to a perceived deficit [1].
  • The task of the clinician is to combine patient history with a careful physical examination to pinpoint or narrow the scope of possible pathologic processes [1].

Imaging

  • An 8-MHz Doppler tone assessment may be used to identify superficially displaced neurovascular bundles when Dupuytren cords lie beneath soft fleshy prominences [12].
  • False-negatives are possible with 8-MHz Doppler tone assessment [12].
  • Doppler imaging is a promising improvement for identifying structures, but higher resolution imaging technology is needed [12].
  • MR assessment of Dupuytren’s is hindered by the resolution of current equipment, orientation issues due to multiplanar deformities of the fingers, and lack of intraoperative availability [12].
  • MRI is probably most useful in identifying additional pathology such as flexor tendon bowstringing [12].
  • MRI may be helpful in providing a quantitative noninvasive measure of cellularity of affected areas, which is an index of biologic activity [12].
  • The potential of MRI as a staging tool based on cellularity has not been investigated yet on a large scale [12].

References

[1] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 13 Ebook Without Multimedia. Anatomy, Evaluation, Clinical Examination, and Imaging > Evaluation and Clinical Examination: Current Concepts.

[2] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. TUMORS AND TUMOROUS CONDITIONS OF THE HAND > FELON.

[12] Dupuytren S Disease And Related Hyperproliferative Disorders. 54. The Future of Dupuytren’s Research and Treatment > 54.4 Mechanical Measurements and Procedures > 54.4.4 Imaging.

[14] Tachdjian S Pediatric Orthopaedics From The Texas Scottish Rite Hospital For Children E Book. Felon.

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Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


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