Skip to content

Patients › Ankle

Rekonstruksyon ng lateral ligament

Updated Sep 2026
Illustration: ankle

Ang pahinang ito ay isinalin ng makina at hindi pa nasusuri ng isang doktor. Ang bersyong Ingles ang siyang opisyal.

Bakit iminungkahi ang operasyong ito

Ang operasyong ito ay muling binubuo ang mga ligament sa labas ng iyong bukung-bukong na pumipigil dito sa pag-give way. Karaniwan itong inaalok sa mga taong may chronic ankle instability, na nangangahulugang ang mga sintomas ay tumatagal ng hindi bababa sa 6 na buwan, kabilang ang paulit-ulit na sprains, pananakit, at pakiramdam na hindi matatag ang bukung-bukong habang nag-iisport. Karaniwan naming sinusubukan muna ang non-operative care, gaya ng pagbabago sa aktibidad at physiotherapy, at isinasaalang-alang ang surgery kapag hindi ito nagbigay ng sapat na pagbuti. Maaari ring imungkahi ang surgery kapag nagpapatuloy ang mga sintomas pagkatapos ng 3 hanggang 6 na buwan ng mga hakbang na ito. Layunin ng operasyon na bigyan ka ng matatag na bukung-bukong, na may mas kaunting sakit at mas mabuting function. Ang mga resulta ay mabuti o napakabuti sa pagitan ng 80 at 95% ng mga kaso.

Bago ang operasyon

Sa mga linggo bago ang operasyon, kinukumpirma namin ang plano gamit ang imaging. Maaaring kabilang dito ang X-ray, MRI scan (isang scan na nagpapakita ng mga soft tissue tulad ng mga ligament), o ultrasound. Ang mga larawang ito ay tumutulong sa amin na iplano ang operasyon at suriin kung may iba pang problema sa loob ng bukung-bukong, gaya ng pinsala sa cartilage.

Sa araw ng operasyon, itigil ang pagkain at pag-inom pitong oras bago ang nakatakdang oras. Humihingi kami ng pitong oras sa halip na mas maikling panahon upang maaaring isagawa nang mas maaga ang iyong operasyon kung maagang matapos ang listahan sa theatre. Sasabihin sa iyo ng iyong surgeon kung alin sa iyong mga regular na gamot ang dapat itigil at kailan. Magdala ng nakasulat na listahan ng lahat ng iyong iniinom, magsuot ng maluwag at komportableng damit, at mag-ayos ng taong maghahatid sa iyo pauwi pagkatapos. Kung mayroon kang iba pang kondisyong medikal, maaaring kailanganin mo rin ng mga blood test o pagsusuri kasama ang anaesthetist (ang espesyalista na nagpapatulog sa iyo).

Sa araw ng operasyon

Darating ka sa surgical admissions unit ng ospital, kung saan ka ire-rehistro at ihahanda para sa theatre. Pagkatapos ay makikipagkita ka sa anaesthetist, ang espesyalista na magpapatulog sa iyo. Ang operasyong ito ay ginagawa sa ilalim ng general anaesthetic. Minsan ay nagdaragdag ng regional nerve block para sa pagpapaginhawa ng sakit pagkatapos ng operasyon; tatalakayin ito ng anaesthetist sa iyo sa araw na iyon. Pagkatapos ay dadalhin ka sa operating theatre, kung saan isasagawa ang operasyon.

Kapag natapos na ang operasyon, magigising ka sa recovery area. Sasamahan ka ng mga nurse habang nawawala ang bisa ng anaesthetic at titiyaking komportable ka. Kapag stable ka na, maaaring ilipat ka sa ward o uuwi ka sa araw ring iyon, depende sa procedure at kung paano ang iyong paggaling. Ang sinumang magmamaneho para ihatid ka pauwi ay dapat handang sunduin ka kapag sinabi ng team na handa ka nang umalis.

Ano ang kinapapalooban ng operasyon

Mayroong dalawang pangunahing paraan upang muling mabuo ang mga panlabas na ligament ng iyong bukung-bukong. Kung ang sarili mong tissue ng ligament ay nasa makatwirang kondisyon pa, maaaring higpitan at muling ikabit ito ng iyong surgeon. Ginagawa ito sa pamamagitan ng isang kurbadong hiwa sa labas ng bukung-bukong, na karaniwang nakatagilig pasulong patungo sa gitna ng iyong paa. Ang napunit na ligament ay tinatahi pabalik sa maliit na buto ng panlabas na bukung-bukong (ang fibula) gamit ang maliliit na anchor o mga tahi na ipinapasa sa maliliit na tunnel sa buto. Ang kalapit na tissue ay maaaring itupi sa ibabaw ng pagkukumpuni upang patatagin ito. Ang mga maluwag na fragment ng buto o maliliit na sobrang buto na nagdudulot ng sakit ay tinatanggal kasabay nito.

Kung ang tissue ng iyong ligament ay masyadong gasgas o banat upang makahawak ng mga tahi, o kung ito ay isang pag-uulit ng operasyon, maaaring sa halip ay muling buuin ng iyong surgeon ang ligament gamit ang isang piraso ng tendon. Ang tendon graft na ito ay maaaring magmula sa iyong sariling katawan o mula sa donor tissue. Ang maliliit na tunnel ay binubutas sa mga buto ng iyong bukung-bukong at ang graft ay isinusuot at itinatali sa pwesto, na ginagaya ang landas ng orihinal na ligament.

Ang ilang mga pagkukumpuni ay ginagawa sa pamamagitan ng keyhole surgery sa halip. Ang surgeon ay gumagawa sa pamamagitan ng maliliit na hiwa gamit ang isang camera (isang arthroscope) at maaari ring suriin at gamutin ang pinsala sa loob ng joint ng bukung-bukong sa parehong oras, nang hindi binubuksan ang buong bahagi.

Anuman ang pamamaraang gamitin, ang hiwa ay isinasara gamit ang mga tahi at tinatakpan ng dressing. Maaari ring suriin ng iyong surgeon ang mga tendon na tumatakbo sa likod ng panlabas na buto ng bukung-bukong at kumpunihin ang mga ito kung ang mga ito ay may pinsala, dahil ang mga problema doon ay maaaring mangyari kasabay ng mga pinsala sa ligament.

Pagkatapos ng operasyon

Pagkagising mo, nasa recovery area ka, at sasamahan ka ng mga nurse habang nawawala ang bisa ng anaesthetic. Ang iyong bukung-bukong ay babalutin ng dressing, at pamamahalaan ng iyong team ang anumang sakit upang manatili kang komportable. Karaniwan ay maaari mo nang itukod ang iyong paa agad pagkatapos ng operasyon, bagaman maaari kang gumamit ng mga saklay sa simula upang matulungan kang kumilos nang ligtas. Dapat may kasama ka sa unang 24 oras pagkauwi mo sa bahay. Sasabihin sa iyo ng iyong team kung uuwi ka sa araw ring iyon o mananatili ng isang gabi sa ospital. Iniiwan namin ang dressing sa loob ng humigit-kumulang 10 araw; pakiusap huwag itong tatanggalin bago ang panahong iyon maliban kung sinabi namin sa iyo. Papalitan o tatanggalin namin ito kapag nakita ka na namin.

Paggaling

Sa unang ilang araw, ang iyong bukung-bukong ay magiging masakit at mamamaga. Ito ay normal at unti-unting huhupa. Ang pahinga, pagpapanatiling nakataas ng iyong paa, at ang pain relief na irereseta ng iyong team ay magpapagaan sa discomfort. Ang pamamaga ay pabalik-balik sa loob ng ilang panahon, at madalas na lumalala pagkatapos mong tumayo o lumakad.

Magsisimula kang gumalaw agad pagkatapos ng operasyon. Karamihan sa mga tao ay maaaring maglagay ng bigat (weight) sa paa nang maaga, gamit ang mga saklay sa simula upang makagalaw nang ligtas. Gagabayan ka ng iyong physiotherapist sa mga ehersisyo upang maibalik ang paggalaw at lakas, at unti-unting dadagdagan ang mga ito depende sa kakayahan ng iyong bukung-bukong. Isusuot mo ang dressing sa loob ng humigit-kumulang 10 araw, at susuriin namin ang sugat kapag nakita ka namin. Sa bahay, panatilihing tuyo ang dressing, maglakad nang maikli ayon sa payo, at iwasang mapilipit o ma-roll ang bukung-bukong.

Habang humuhupa ang pamamaga at bumabalik ang paggalaw, magiging mas madali ang mga pang-araw-araw na gawain. Magpoprogreso ka mula sa paggamit ng saklay patungo sa paglalakad sa sarili mong oras. Ang pagmamaneho ay maghihintay hanggang bigyan ka ng clearance ng iyong sariling surgeon: bawal magmaneho habang may cast, boot o brace sa inoperahang bukung-bukong, o habang hindi pa pinapatungan ng bigat ang paa, at kailangang hindi ka na umiinom ng matatapang na gamot sa sakit at kaya mo nang ilipat ang iyong paa sa pagitan ng mga pedal at magpreno nang malakas nang walang pag-aatubili. Ang boot ay hindi exemption, at ang pagtanggal ng cast o boot ay hindi nangangahulugan nang mag-isa na maaari ka nang magmaneho. Mahalaga kung aling bukung-bukong ang inoperahan, at gayundin kung automatic o manual ang sasakyan: sa automatic, ang kanang paa ang nagpepreno, habang sa manual, ang kaliwang paa ang gumagamit ng clutch. Ang pagbabalik sa sports ay dadaan sa mga yugto, magsisimula sa mga aktibidad na diretso ang lakad at unti-unting tutungo sa pagpilipit at pag-ikot na dating ginagawa ng iyong bukung-bukong. Sasabihin sa iyo ng iyong physiotherapist kung kailan ligtas ang bawat yugto.

Ang bawat tao ay gumagaling sa magkakaibang bilis, kaya ang iyong timeline ay maaaring naiiba sa iba. Gagabayan ka ng iyong surgeon at physiotherapist sa bawat pagbisita at ia-adjust ang plano habang ikaw ay nagpoprogreso.

Ano ang maaaring maging problema

Karamihan sa mga pasyente ay gumagaling nang maayos, ngunit paminsan-minsan ay maaaring magkaroon ng mga problema. Binabantayan kayo nang maigi ng inyong surgeon at ng team upang maagang matukoy ang anumang isyu.

Ang mga nerve malapit sa labas ng bukung-bukong (ankle) ay maaaring mairita habang nag-oopera. Kung mangyari ito, maaari kayong makaramdam ng pamamanhid, pangingilig, paghapdi, o isang matalas at tila kuryenteng pakiramdam sa itaas o sa outer edge ng inyong paa. Karamihan sa mga nerve irritation ay nawawala nang kusa sa loob ng ilang linggo hanggang buwan. Sabihan kami sa inyong susunod na review kung mapapansin ninyo ang alinman sa mga pakiramdam na ito.

Ang sugat ay maaari ring magdulot ng problema. Bantayan ang pamumula na kumakalat mula sa hiwa, pagtagas ng likido o nana mula rito, o balat na mukhang madilim o nasisira. Maaari kayong makaramdam ng malalim at tumitibok na sakit na hindi nawawala sa mga simpleng painkiller, o mapansin ang lagnat. Kung makakita kayo ng alinman sa mga senyales na ito, tumawag agad sa klinika. Ang ilang impeksyon sa sugat ay nangangailangan ng antibiotics o isang maliit na procedure upang ma-drain ang mga ito, kaya mahalaga ang maagang review.

Ang mga tahi o maliliit na anchor na ginamit upang hawakan ang repair ay maaaring paminsan-minsang kumiskis o pumuwersa sa ilalim ng balat. Pakiramdam nito ay isang sensitibong bahagi, isang bukol, o isang clicking sensation malapit sa isa sa mga maliliit na peklat. Karaniwan itong mild, ngunit kung ito ay nakakaabala sa inyo, banggitin ito sa inyong susunod na review. Isang simpleng procedure sa ilalim ng local anaesthetic ang maaaring magtanggal sa bahaging naiirita.

Ang na-repair na ligament ay bihirang mapunit muli o mabanat. Mapapansin ninyo na ang bukung-bukong ay muling nagiging hindi matatag, na may paulit-ulit na pag-roll o pagkapilay, pamamaga, at sakit sa harap ng bukung-bukong. Kung ang inyong bukung-bukong ay muling nagsisimulang bumigay pagkatapos ng isang panahon ng katatagan, makipag-ugnayan sa klinika upang masuri namin ito.

Ang ilang tao ay nakapapansin ng paninigas pagkatapos ng operasyon. Pakiramdam nito ay pagka-tight kapag itinitiklop ninyo ang inyong bukung-bukong paitaas o iniikot ang inyong paa papasok, at maaari nitong limitahan kung gaano kalayo ang galaw ng bukung-bukong. Karaniwang nakakatulong ang physiotherapy. Banggitin ito sa inyong review kung hindi bumubuti ang paggalaw.

Ang complications table sa pahinang ito ay naglilista ng mga tipikal na rate kung nais ninyo ang mga detalye.

Kailan dapat tumawag sa amin

Tumawag agad sa amin kung kayo ay may lagnat, o kung ang balat sa paligid ng inyong sugat ay lalong namumula, namamaga, o nagsisimulang maglabas ng likido. Pumunta sa emergency kung kayo ay may biglaang matinding sakit, pamamaga sa inyong binti (calf), o kahirapan sa paghinga. Ang mga ito ay maaaring mga palatandaan ng blood clot. Pumunta rin sa emergency kung mawalan kayo ng pakiramdam sa inyong paa o hindi ito maigalaw. Para sa pamamanhid, pangingilig, o paghapdi na unti-unting lumalabas, tumawag sa klinika upang masuri namin kayo.


Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

Ligament Anatomy and Biomechanics

  • The anterior talofibular ligament and calcaneofibular ligament are the primary lateral ankle structures identified radiographically [1].
  • Sectioning of the deltoid ligament results in a 43% increase in tibiotalar contact area [7].
  • Sectioning of the deltoid ligament results in a 30% increase in peak pressures [7].
  • Sectioning of the deltoid ligament alone results in valgus tilt of the talus [7].
  • Chronic instability resulting from deltoid ligament sectioning may lead to tibiotalar arthrosis [7].
  • The deep deltoid ligament consists of short fibers [7].
  • The Chrisman-Snook reconstruction resulted in a significantly more stable ankle joint complex than ankles with cut anterior talofibular ligaments [2].
  • The Chrisman-Snook reconstruction resulted in ankles with significantly less motion than intact ankles [2].
  • Transection and imbrication of the lateral ligaments results in improved mechanical stability in approximately 80% of patients [2].

Pathophysiology of Instability

  • Chronic instability of the ankle from an earlier rupture of a ligament should first be treated conservatively if it is symptomatic [2].
  • Mechanical instability is characterized by stress radiographs showing 8 to 10 degrees of increased tilt of the talus in the ankle mortise compared with the normal ankle [2].
  • Functional instability is defined as the subjective feeling of ankle instability or recurrent ankle sprain caused by neuromuscular or proprioceptive deficits [2].
  • Recurrent sprains are associated with a risk of associated injuries to other structures, such as osteochondral lesions [2].
  • An acute lateral ankle sprain significantly decreases physical activity across the lifespan [1].
  • Chronic medial instability often does not cause severe disability that cannot be treated conservatively [7].
  • Patients with chronic medial ankle instability may give a history of a pronation-type injury but more often report having had multiple ankle sprains without clearly remembering the mechanism [7].
  • The combination of posterior tibial insufficiency and deltoid incompetence is categorized by Myerson as a stage IV adult-acquired flatfoot [7].
  • This combination of posterior tibial insufficiency and deltoid incompetence is most commonly seen in the older population [7].
  • A symptomatic anterolateral exostosis at the insertion of the anterior talofibular ligament, described as an excentric lesion, is found by CT scan in patients with chronic ankle pain after an inversion injury [2].
  • Physical examination and oblique radiographs were suggestive of the excentric lesion in most cases [2].
  • Unsatisfactory results for lateral ligament shortening procedures may occur in patients with generalized joint hypermobility or long-standing ligamentous laxity [2].
  • Unsatisfactory results for lateral ligament shortening procedures are frequent in patients with prior ankle surgery [2].
  • Better functional results may be obtained with reconstruction of both lateral ligaments than with reconstruction of the anterior talofibular ligament alone, although the literature is inconclusive [2].
  • Karlsson et al. recommended combined reconstruction if there is any doubt regarding the involvement of both ligaments [2].
  • Primary repair of a chronic deltoid tear, either end-to-end, “vest-over-pants,” or advancement to bone, does not usually work [7].
  • Anatomic primary repair of the chronically deficient deltoid ligament is less satisfactory than repair of the lateral ankle ligament due to the short fibers of the deep deltoid and increased tension placed on the medial aspect of the ankle [7].
  • Medial ankle ligament reconstruction is indicated after failed conservative treatment in patients with chronic symptomatic mechanical instability [7].
  • It is important to assess for incompetence of the medial tendons of the ankle, especially the posterior tibial tendon, in patients with chronic medial instability [7].

Investigations

  • With mechanical instability, stress radiographs show 8 to 10 degrees of increased tilt of the talus in the ankle mortise compared with the normal ankle [2].
  • If stress radiographs do not show increased talar tilt, other causes for the disability, such as a stress fracture, should be sought [2].
  • A symptomatic anterolateral exostosis at the insertion of the anterior talofibular ligament, described as an excentric lesion, can be found by CT scan in patients with chronic ankle pain after an inversion injury [2].
  • Bone scans reveal increased uptake in the middle third of the fibula, indicating a stress fracture in patients with chronic, recurrent pain over the distal third of the leg and ankle [2].
  • MRI is used for ankle injuries [3].
  • Stress views of the ankle mortise are utilized in evaluation [3].

Treatment

  • The arthroscopic Broström technique is a described method for lateral ligament repair [1].
  • Anatomic ligament repairs are performed for syndesmotic injuries [1].
  • Medial ankle instability involves the deltoid ligament [1].
  • An evidence-based approach exists for the treatment of acute traumatic syndesmosis (high ankle) sprains [1].
  • Gravity stress radiographs are used to assess deltoid ligament integrity and medial clear space measurements [1].
  • Subtalar instability is a condition with specific diagnosis and treatment protocols [1].
  • Ankle fracture syndesmosis fixation and management is a current practice among orthopedic surgeons [1].
  • The Broström procedure has been evaluated for long-term results in chronic lateral ankle instability [1].
  • Combined medial and lateral anatomic ligament reconstruction is used for chronic rotational instability of the ankle [1].
  • Outcome scales are used to assess lateral ankle ligament reconstruction [1].
  • Predictors of peroneal pathology have been identified in Broström-Gould ankle ligament reconstruction for lateral ankle instability [1].
  • Acute and chronic lateral ankle instability are conditions affecting athletes [1].
  • Lateral ligament augmentation using suture-tape affects functional instability [1].
  • A randomized comparison exists between lateral ligaments augmentation using suture-tape and modified Broström repair in young female patients with chronic ankle instability [1].
  • A modified Broström procedure can be combined with arthroscopic debridement of medial gutter osteoarthritis in patients with chronic ankle instability [1].
  • Ossicle resection is performed during lateral ligament repair for the treatment of chronic lateral ankle instability [1].
  • Qualitative and quantitative anatomic investigations of the lateral ankle ligaments inform surgical reconstruction procedures [1].
  • Deltoid ligament abnormalities are present in cases of chronic lateral ankle instability [1].
  • Magnetic resonance imaging is compared to physical examination for diagnosing syndesmotic injury after lateral ankle sprain [1].
  • Interventions for treating chronic ankle instability have been systematically reviewed [1].
  • Open mosaicplasty is used for osteochondral lesions of the talus [1].
  • Operative management of ankle instability includes reconstruction with open and percutaneous methods [1].
  • Radiographic identification is used to identify primary lateral ankle structures [1].
  • Acute superficial deltoid complex avulsion is repaired during ankle fracture fixation in National Football League players [1].
  • Calcaneofibular ligament injury plays a role in ankle instability with implications for surgical management [1].
  • Deltoid ligament repair is compared to syndesmotic fixation in bimalleolar equivalent ankle fractures [1].
  • Anatomic reconstruction of the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments can be performed using a semitendinosus tendon allograft and interference screws [1].
  • Repair of only the anterior talofibular ligament resulted in similar outcomes to repair of both the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments [1].
  • Simultaneous ossicle resection and lateral ligament repair provide excellent clinical results with an early return to physical activity in pediatric and adolescent patients with chronic lateral ankle instability and os subfibulare [1].
  • Morphological characteristics of os subfibulare are related to the failure of conservative treatment of chronic lateral ankle instability [1].
  • The modified Broström procedure in patients with chronic ankle instability is superior to conservative treatment in terms of muscle endurance and postural stability [1].

References

[1] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. REPAIR OF ACUTE RUPTURE OF LATERAL LIGAMENTS > ACUTE ANKLE LIGAMENT INJURIES, CHRONIC ANKLE INSTABILITY.

[2] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. REPAIR OF ACUTE RUPTURE OF LATERAL LIGAMENTS > CHRONIC INSTABILITY AFTER INJURY.

[3] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. REPAIR OF ACUTE RUPTURE OF LATERAL LIGAMENTS > Anesthesia (Continued).

[7] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. REPAIR OF ACUTE RUPTURE OF LATERAL LIGAMENTS > MEDIAL REPAIR OF CHRONIC INSTABILITY.

Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0

CC Creative Commons licence
BY Attribution — you must credit the source
NC NonCommercial — not for commercial use

Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International


Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.

Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees


Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.