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Rối loạn gân mác

Updated Sep 2026
Illustration: ankle

Trang này được dịch bằng máy và chưa được bác sĩ kiểm tra. Bản tiếng Anh là bản chính thức.

Những triệu chứng bạn đang gặp phải

Gân mác gồm hai sợi chạy phía sau xương mắt cá chân bên ngoài, ngay phía trên và dưới chỗ gồ lên mà bạn có thể sờ thấy ở bên hông mắt cá chân. Khi một trong hai sợi gân này bị kích ứng hoặc rách, cơn đau sẽ xuất hiện ngay tại vùng rìa ngoài của mắt cá chân và gót chân. Cơn đau thường bắt đầu sau khi mắt cá chân bị xoay vào trong, nhưng cũng có thể phát triển dần dần theo thời gian.

Vùng này có thể bị sưng và cảm giác đau khi chạm vào. Các động tác như dùng lực để đẩy chân, đứng bằng cạnh ngoài bàn chân, hoặc xoay chân ra ngoài chống lại sức cản đều có thể làm tình trạng tệ hơn. Việc đi trên mặt đất gồ ghề, leo cầu thang, hay tham gia các môn thể thao đòi hỏi di chuyển nhanh sang hai bên cũng dễ gây đau. Một số người nhận thấy cơn đau rõ rệt nhất sau khi vận động hoặc vào sáng hôm sau khi thức dậy. Nghỉ ngơi và giảm bớt hoạt động thường giúp cải thiện tình trạng, cho đến khi cơn đau tái phát.

Nếu gân bị trượt khỏi vị trí bình thường, bạn có thể cảm nhận hoặc nhìn thấy hiện tượng gân “nhảy” hoặc “vụt” ra phía sau xương mắt cá chân, đôi khi kèm theo cơn đau dữ dội. Hiện tượng này thường xảy ra khi bạn xoay mắt cá chân hoặc di chuyển bàn chân từ tư thế hướng xuống dưới và vào trong sang tư thế hướng lên trên và ra ngoài. Một số người gặp tình trạng gân liên tục trượt khỏi vị trí, khiến việc đi bộ trên dốc hoặc leo cầu thang trở nên khó khăn và thiếu ổn định.

Nếu gân bị rách hoàn toàn, việc xoay chân ra ngoài sẽ trở nên yếu và khó khăn. Các hoạt động thường ngày đòi hỏi lực tác động lên phía ngoài mắt cá chân như đẩy chân để bước đi, leo cầu thang, hoặc đứng bằng một chân để mặc quần áo cũng trở nên khó thực hiện. Triệu chứng sưng và đau cũng tương tự như khi gân chỉ bị kích ứng, vì vậy những trường hợp rách gân thường bị nhầm lẫn với các vấn đề nhẹ hơn ở giai đoạn đầu.

Những vấn đề này không phổ biến lắm và dễ bị nhầm với chứng bong gân mắt cá chân thông thường không thuyên giảm. Nếu cơn đau ở phía ngoài mắt cá chân vẫn kéo dài dù đã nghỉ ngơi, bạn nên đi khám để được chẩn đoán chính xác.

Chuyện gì đang thực sự xảy ra

Hai gân nằm phía sau xương mắt cá chân ngoài chạy trong một rãnh nông trên xương này. Một dải mô gọi là màng giữ gân giúp giữ chúng ở đúng vị trí trong rãnh, giống như dây an toàn giữ các sợi dây cáp lại với nhau. Khi hoạt động, các gân phải uốn cong mạnh quanh đầu mút xương; vì vậy chúng luôn chịu lực căng mỗi khi bạn đẩy chân hoặc xoay bàn chân.

Nhiều vấn đề có thể phát sinh trong cấu trúc này. Nếu rãnh tự nhiên đã nông, hoặc nếu có thêm mô làm chật chội không gian, các gân sẽ lỏng lẻo và dễ bị trượt ra ngoài. Khi màng giữ gân bị rách – thường xảy ra trong lúc cổ chân bị xoay vào trong – các gân sẽ di chuyển qua lại trên mép xương. Người bệnh thường cảm nhận được tiếng “pop” hoặc tiếng “snap”, sau đó là đau và sưng. Mỗi lần trượt như vậy có thể làm gân bị sờn; hiện tượng sờn này thường xuất hiện dọc theo chiều dài gân, giống như sợi dây thừng bị tuột từng sợi ra.

Gân hay bị ảnh hưởng nhất là gân gắn vào mép ngoài bàn chân; lý do là vì nó bị ép giữa gân kia và xương phía sau mắt cá chân. Ngoài ra, ngay phía sau xương mắt cá chân còn có vùng mà các gân này vốn dĩ nhận ít máu cung cấp; vì vậy những tổn thương nhỏ ở chỗ này rất chậm lành. Một số người sinh ra đã có thêm một gân hoặc có bụng cơ nằm thấp hơn bình thường trong rãnh; điều này làm chật chội không gian và tăng thêm áp lực lên các gân.

Những vấn đề này thường đi kèm với tình trạng mất ổn định cổ chân. Nếu các dây chằng phía ngoài mắt cá chân bị giãn do chấn thương, các gân sẽ phải làm việc nhiều hơn để giữ khớp ổn định; lúc đó chúng lại nằm ở vị trí dễ bị tổn thương khi có cử động xoay đột ngột. Đó là lý do vì sao các triệu chứng đau, tiếng “snap” và cảm giác yếu mà bạn đã đọc ở trên đều xuất phát từ một nguyên nhân chung: các gân bị trượt, cọ xát hoặc sờn trong một rãnh vốn không còn đủ khả năng bảo vệ chúng nữa.

Những biện pháp chúng tôi có thể áp dụng

Các phương pháp chẩn đoán như siêu âm có thể cho thấy liệu gân có bị trượt ra khỏi vị trí bình thường khi mắt cá chân cử động hay không; còn chụp MRI có thể phát hiện các vết rách dọc theo chiều dài của gân.

Đối với tình trạng kích ứng gân tích tụ theo thời gian, chúng tôi thường bắt đầu bằng các biện pháp không phẫu thuật. Các biện pháp được áp dụng gồm thay đổi các hoạt động gây đau, đeo nẹp mắt cá chân có dây buộc, và phối hợp với nhà vật lý trị liệu để làm dịu gân và phục hồi sức mạnh. Khi tình trạng kích ứng chỉ tập trung ở một điểm viêm nhỏ, bác sĩ có thể khuyên bó bột một thời gian để gân được nghỉ ngơi hoàn toàn, kết hợp với việc dùng thuốc kháng viêm đường uống. Hãy thử áp dụng những biện pháp này trong một thời gian hợp lý trước khi kết luận rằng chúng không hiệu quả.

Nếu các biện pháp trên vẫn không giúp cải thiện tình trạng, phẫu thuật có thể là bước tiếp theo. Loại phẫu thuật sẽ phụ thuộc vào tình trạng cụ thể của gân. Gân bị sờn rách hoặc rách một phần có thể được làm sạch và khâu lại; việc điều trị sớm các vết rách dọc theo chiều dài gân sẽ giúp giảm nguy cơ gân bị rách hoàn toàn. Đối với gân đã đứt hoàn toàn hoặc bị hư hỏng nặng đến mức không thể phục hồi, bác sĩ có thể cắt bỏ gân đó và chuyển hướng gân còn lại để đảm nhận chức năng của nó. Nếu cả hai gân đều bị hư hỏng nghiêm trọng, một phương án là sử dụng mô gân từ người hiến tặng để tái tạo lại chúng. Khi các gân liên tục bị trượt ra khỏi rãnh phía sau xương mắt cá chân, phẫu thuật có thể giúp sửa chữa hoặc tái tạo màng giữ gân tại chỗ, đồng thời làm sâu thêm rãnh này để gân được giữ vững. Ca phẫu thuật này có trang thông tin riêng; chúng tôi sẽ cùng bạn thảo luận để chọn phương pháp phù hợp nhất với mắt cá chân của bạn trước khi đưa ra quyết định cuối cùng.

Những điều có thể mong đợi

Các vấn đề này thường kéo dài thay vì tự khỏi. Nghỉ ngơi và giảm bớt hoạt động có thể làm dịu các cơn đau, nhưng cơn đau thường tái phát khi bạn quay lại tập thể thao hoặc di chuyển trên địa hình gồ ghề. Nếu gân liên tục bị trượt ra khỏi vị trí, hiện tượng “lách cách” này sẽ tiếp diễn cho đến khi được điều trị. Nếu không được xử lý, tình trạng viêm và tổn thương gân có thể ngày càng nặng hơn; vì vậy việc chẩn đoán đúng ngay từ đầu là rất quan trọng.

Với phương pháp điều trị thích hợp, hầu hết bệnh nhân đều có tiến triển tích cực. Đối với các trường hợp viêm thuyên giảm nhờ đeo nẹp và vật lý trị liệu, bạn có thể sớm trở lại việc đi bộ và thực hiện các hoạt động hàng ngày; sau đó mới dần luyện tập thể thao khi gân đã khỏe trở lại. Đối với các trường hợp gân bị “lách cách”, phẫu thuật sửa chữa hoặc tái tạo màng giữ gân ở đúng vị trí có tỷ lệ tái phát thấp; những người đã phẫu thuật nhiều năm trước vẫn có mắt cá chân ổn định và không đau. Phẫu thuật nội soi sử dụng camera nhỏ đặt vào màng bao gân ít xâm lấn hơn và giúp bệnh nhân sớm trở lại chơi thể thao, dù thời gian phẫu thuật lâu hơn và đòi hỏi kỹ năng cao từ bác sĩ phẫu thuật.

Cũng cần nói rõ những giới hạn của việc điều trị. Khoảng 1/4 số người điều trị chứng mất ổn định mắt cá chân về sau vẫn bị bong gân thêm. Gần một nửa không thể quay lại mức độ chơi thể thao như trước; điều này thấy nhiều nhất ở các vận động viên và những người cũng bị tổn thương dây chằng phía ngoài mắt cá chân. Việc hiểu rõ những điều này trước khi điều trị sẽ giúp bạn đặt ra các mục tiêu thực tế về công việc và thể thao; bác sĩ phẫu thuật cũng có thể đưa ra dự đoán cụ thể về tiến trình hồi phục sau khi xem các kết quả chụp chiếu.

Nếu vết rách gân không được điều trị, tình trạng này có xu hướng ngày càng nặng hơn; hầu hết bệnh nhân bị rách gân cũng có tổn thương bên trong khớp mắt cá chân cần được xử lý riêng. Thông điệp rất đơn giản: cơn đau vùng ngoài mắt cá chân không thuyên giảm cần được khám kỹ lưỡng; vì càng phát hiện nguyên nhân sớm, bạn càng có nhiều phương án điều trị.

Khi nào nên đi khám bác sĩ

Hãy đến gặp bác sĩ đa khoa nếu cơn đau dọc theo phía ngoài mắt cá chân vẫn tái diễn dù đã nghỉ ngơi, hoặc nếu cơn đau vẫn kéo dài sau khi bị bong gân mắt cá chân mà không hề thuyên giảm. Bạn nên yêu cầu được chuyên gia thăm khám nếu cơn đau ở phía ngoài mắt cá chân không đỡ; bởi tình trạng rách gân ở vùng này rất dễ bị bỏ sót và thường bị nhầm lẫn với chứng bong gân thông thường. Hãy đi khám sớm hơn nếu khi bạn xoay bàn chân ra ngoài chống lại lực cản mà gân bật hoặc trượt ra khỏi vị trí, hoặc nếu khả năng xoay chân ra ngoài trở nên yếu đi. Những dấu hiệu này cho thấy gân đang bị trượt, sờn rách hoặc đứt hoàn toàn; việc xác định nguyên nhân càng sớm thì bạn càng có nhiều phương án điều trị.


Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

Bony and Soft Tissue Anatomy

  • The peroneus longus (PL) and peroneus brevis (PB) tendons are innervated by the superficial peroneal nerve (S1) [4].
  • The peroneus longus and peroneus brevis originate from the fibula and interosseous membrane [4].
  • The peroneal tendons run in a sulcus called the peroneal groove formed posteriorly in the fibula [4].
  • The peroneal groove is further stabilized by a fibrocartilaginous rim and the superior peroneal retinaculum (SPR) [4].
  • Within the peroneal groove, the PB tendon is anterior and medial to the PL tendon [4].
  • Both peroneal tendons curve anteriorly around the tip of the fibula [4].
  • The peroneal tubercle separates the PL and PB tendons at the level of the calcaneus [4].
  • The PB tendon runs distally to insert onto the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal [4].
  • The PL tendon makes a 90° turn medially at the cuboid groove before inserting into the base of the first metatarsal and medial cuneiform [4].
  • The peroneus brevis originates from the distal half of the lateral fibula [14].
  • The peroneus longus originates more proximally on the lateral fibula [14].
  • The peroneus longus inserts into the medial cuneiform and the first metatarsal base [14].
  • The SPR runs from the posterolateral ridge of the fibula to the lateral calcaneus [14].
  • The SPR functions as the primary restraint to peroneal tendon subluxation within the retromalleolar sulcus [14].
  • The retromalleolar sulcus is deepened by a fibrocartilaginous rim which provides moderate inherent stability to the tendons [14].
  • Within the retromalleolar sulcus, the peroneus longus is found posterior to the peroneus brevis [14].
  • The low-lying muscle belly of the peroneus brevis typically terminates approximately 3 cm from the tip of the fibula [14].

Vascular Supply and Watershed Zones

  • A vascular watershed region just posterior to the fibula is the most common area of peroneal tendon injury [4].
  • Compression from the PL on the PB is implicated in the vascular watershed region posterior to the fibula [4].

Anatomic Variations

  • A low-lying PB muscle belly is an anatomic variation implicated in tendon tears and instability [4].
  • The presence of a peroneus quartus muscle is an anatomic variation implicated in tendon tears and instability [4].
  • The peroneus quartus muscle is present in 13% to 22% of individuals [4].
  • The peroneus quartus muscle may be seen in the fibular groove and contributes to crowding of the fibro-osseous tunnel [4].

Pathophysiology of Injury

  • Peroneal tendon injuries occur when there is rapid dorsiflexion of the inverted foot [14].
  • Anatomic studies demonstrate that peroneal tendons are perched along the distal fibula at 15° to 25° of plantar flexion, making them susceptible to inversion injury at this position [14].
  • Rapid dorsiflexion of the inverted foot causes reflexive contraction of the peroneus brevis and longus [14].
  • Reflexive contraction of the peroneal tendons can lead to frank tendon injury or injury to the superior peroneal retinaculum [14].
  • Chronic symptoms develop when peroneal tendons are not anatomically located in their retromalleolar position and subsequently subluxate abnormally with ankle motion [14].
  • Disruption of the SPR leads to repeated subluxation of the peroneal tendons [14].
  • Repeated subluxation often leads to longitudinal tears, most frequently in the peroneus brevis where it runs within the fibular groove [14].
  • Acute tendinitis may result from overuse, predisposition from a varus hindfoot, or stenosis within the peroneal tunnel [4].
  • Stenosis within the peroneal tunnel can be caused by a peroneus quartus muscle or a low-lying PB muscle belly [4].
  • Tendon tears may result from inversion injuries or injury causing tendon subluxation or dislocation [4].
  • Most peroneal tendon tears occur in the PB tendon at the level of the fibular groove [4].
  • Tears of the PL tendon are less common and usually occur at the peroneal tubercle [4].
  • PB and PL tendon tears are often longitudinal and typically seen in chronic situations [4].
  • Compression of the PB between the PL tendon and the posterior fibula is an etiologic factor for tendon tears [4].
  • Subluxation or dislocation of the tendons is an etiologic factor for tendon tears [4].
  • Diminished blood supply in the watershed region is an etiologic factor for tendon tears [4].
  • An acute change in direction around the fibula is an etiologic factor for tendon tears [4].
  • Ankle instability or varus heel is an etiologic factor for tendon tears [4].
  • A shallow peroneal groove and overcrowding of the fibular groove are predisposing factors for dislocation or subluxation [4].
  • Dislocation or subluxation occurs during an inversion injury to a dorsiflexed ankle with rapid reflexive contraction of the PL and PB tendons [4].
  • Dislocation or subluxation results in a disruption of the SPR or fibrocartilage ridge [4].
  • Acute longitudinal tendon tears may occur in the setting of dislocation or subluxation [4].
  • Patients with dislocation or subluxation describe a “pop” or snapping sensation, followed by pain and swelling [4].
  • Peroneal tendon injuries at the level of the ankle should be differentiated from Iselin disease, which is a traction apophysitis seen in the pediatric population [14].
  • Iselin disease results from repetitive traction of the peroneus brevis at its attachment at the base of the fifth metatarsal [14].
  • Symptomatic os vesalianum is a rare accessory bone adjacent to the fifth metatarsal in the substance of the peroneus brevis tendon that is included in the differential diagnosis of lateral fifth metatarsal pain in the pediatric population [14].

SPR Injury Classification

  • Grade I SPR injuries are characterized by partial avulsion of the SPR from the distal fibula, allowing subluxation of the tendons [14].
  • Grade II SPR injuries involve separation of the SPR from the distal fibrocartilaginous rim, causing the tendons to pass between the SPR and the rim [14].
  • Grade III SPR injuries are characterized by a frank cortical avulsion of the SPR from the distal fibula, forming a classic rim fracture [14].
  • Grade IV SPR injuries are characterized by SPR failure at the calcaneus instead of the fibula [14].

Classification

  • Peroneal tendon abnormalities are identified on routine magnetic resonance imaging of the foot and ankle [1].
  • A low-lying peroneus brevis muscle belly is a potential source of tendon subluxation in patients with peroneal tendon pathologic features [1].
  • Peroneus longus tears are associated with pathology of the os peroneum [1].
  • Peroneal tendon dislocation can coexist with medial and lateral ligamentous laxity in the ankle joint [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be concomitant, involving both the peroneus longus and brevis tendons [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be classified as mid-substance defects [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be classified as irreparable [1].
  • Peroneal tendon instability can be managed via repair of the superior peroneal retinaculum [1].
  • Recurrent dislocation of the peroneal tendons is a distinct clinical presentation from primary dislocation [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with debridement and primary repair [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with allograft reconstruction [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with tenodesis [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with flexor tendon transfer [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with sliding fibular graft repair [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with staged reconstruction using a Hunter rod [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with tendoscopic repair [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with peroneal tendoscopy [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with retinaculum repair with or without fibular groove deepening [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with augmentation using an acellular dermal matrix allograft [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with lateral transfer of the flexor hallucis longus or flexor digitorum longus [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with single-stage flexor tendon transfer [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with allograft reconstruction versus tenodesis in a cadaveric model [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with mid-substance defect augmentation [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with sliding fibular graft repair for recurrent subluxation [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with treatment of coexisting medial and lateral ligamentous laxity [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with long-term results of debridement and primary repair [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with outcome after retinaculum repair with and without fibular groove deepening [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with comparison of outcome after retinaculum repair with and without fibular groove deepening [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with long-term results of debridement and primary repair of peroneal tendon tears [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with single-stage flexor tendon transfer for severe concomitant peroneus longus and brevis tendon tears [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with prevalence and role of a low-lying peroneus brevis muscle belly [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with tendoscopic repair of the superior peroneal retinaculum via 2 portals [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with allograft reconstruction of peroneal tendons: operative technique and clinical outcomes [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with peroneal tendon abnormalities on routine magnetic resonance imaging [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with effectiveness of allograft reconstruction vs tenodesis for irreparable peroneus brevis tears [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with use of a Hunter rod for staged reconstruction of peroneal tendons [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with mid-substance peroneal tendon defects augmented with an acellular dermal matrix allograft [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with results of treatment of posterior ankle impingement syndrome and flexor hallucis longus tendinopathy in dancers [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with outcome of lateral transfer of FHL or FDL for concomitant peroneal tendon tears [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with patient-reported outcomes and return to activity after peroneus brevis repair [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with peroneus longus tears associated with pathology of the os peroneum [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with endoscopic repair of posterior ankle impingement syndrome due to os trigonum in soccer players [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with ankle injuries in dancers [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with sliding fibular graft repair for the treatment of recurrent peroneal subluxation [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears can be treated with treatment of peroneal tendon dislocation and coexisting medial and lateral ligamentous laxity in the ankle joint [1].

Clinical Presentation

Acute Tendinitis

  • Patients with acute peroneal tendinitis report swelling and pain in the lateral hindfoot or ankle [4].
  • Physical examination for acute peroneal tendinitis reveals swelling and pain with palpation [4].
  • Physical examination for acute peroneal tendinitis may reveal reduced strength [4].
  • MRI evaluation of acute peroneal tendinitis reveals fluid within the peroneal tendon sheath [4].

Tendon Tears or Ruptures

  • Symptoms of peroneal tendon tears are similar to those of acute tendinitis [4].
  • Physical examination results for peroneal tendon tears are similar to those of acute tendinitis [4].
  • Subluxation or dislocation associated with peroneal tendon tears may be provoked during physical examination with eversion against resistance [4].
  • MRI evaluation of peroneal tendon tears reveals longitudinal tears in the tendon [4].
  • MRI findings of longitudinal peroneal tendon tears can be confused with a peroneus quartus muscle [4].
  • Patients with complete peroneal tendon rupture present with severe limitation of eversion strength [4].

Dislocation or Subluxation

  • Patients with peroneal tendon dislocation or subluxation describe a “pop” or snapping sensation [4].
  • Patients with peroneal tendon dislocation or subluxation experience pain and swelling following the initial sensation [4].
  • Physical examination for peroneal tendon dislocation reveals variable pain and swelling depending on the acuteness of the injury [4].
  • Dislocation or subluxation of the peroneal tendons may be elicited during physical examination with ankle rotation [4].
  • Dislocation or subluxation of the peroneal tendons may be elicited during physical examination by forcing the foot from a position of inversion and plantar flexion to a position of eversion and dorsiflexion [4].
  • Radiographs for peroneal tendon dislocation may reveal an avulsion fracture of the distal fibula at the insertion of the superior peroneal retinaculum [4].

Investigations

Imaging

  • Plain radiographs may demonstrate a rim fracture of the lateral aspect of the distal fibula [9].
  • Plain radiographs may demonstrate a retraction or fracture of the os peroneum in cases of acute rupture of the peroneus longus tendon [9].
  • MRI may demonstrate displacement of peroneal tendons anterolateral to the retrofibular region [9].
  • MRI reveals fluid within the peroneal tendon sheath in acute tendinitis [4].
  • MRI reveals longitudinal tears in the tendon, but these can be confused with a peroneus quartus muscle [4].
  • False-positive results showing longitudinal tears are common with MRI [9].
  • Radiographs are usually negative for peroneal tendon subluxation, though a "fleck" of bone may be seen off the posterior distal fibula with a grade 3 injury [11].
  • MRI can be used to identify injury to the superior peroneal retinaculum [11].
  • MRI can be used to identify anomalous structures such as the peroneus quartus or a low-lying peroneal brevis muscle belly [11].
  • Kinematic MRI of the ankle moving from dorsiflexion to plantar flexion has been suggested to be superior to static imaging because the pathologic process is position dependent [11].
  • Ultrasonography has been reported to be effective for dynamically evaluating peroneal tendon subluxation [11].
  • Ultrasound is useful as a dynamic tool to evaluate subluxation/dislocation [9].
  • Dynamic ultrasound imaging has been used for intrasheath instability of peroneal tendons [3].
  • Computed tomography assessment has been used for peroneal tendon displacement and posteromedial structure entrapment in pilon fractures [3].
  • CT analysis has been used for peroneal tendon injuries [2].
  • Ultrasound diagnosis of peroneal tendon tears has been correlated with surgical findings [2].
  • Cadaver correlation of peroneal tendon changes with magnetic resonance imaging has been performed [2].

Physical Examination

  • Physical examination reveals swelling and pain with palpation in acute tendinitis [4].
  • Physical examination may reveal reduced strength in acute tendinitis [4].
  • Subluxation or dislocation may be provoked during examination with eversion against resistance [4].
  • Dislocation or subluxation may be elicited with ankle rotation or with forcing the foot from a position of inversion and plantar flexion to a position of eversion and dorsiflexion [4].
  • Patients may have evidence of apprehension with resistant eversion, which may be relieved with manual stabilization of the peroneal tendons [9].
  • Assessment for intratendinous subluxation is needed during physical examination [9].
  • Tenderness in peroneal tendon subluxation is proximal to the tip of the fibula, whereas in lateral ankle ligament sprain it is distal to the tip of the fibula [11].
  • Swelling in peroneal tendon subluxation is posterolateral, whereas in lateral ankle ligament sprain it is anteroinferior [11].
  • The history for peroneal tendon subluxation includes snapping, whereas for lateral ankle ligament sprain it includes giving way [11].
  • Peroneal tendon subluxation is worse with circumduction, whereas lateral ankle ligament sprain is not [11].
  • Peroneal tendon subluxation is not worse on flexion-inversion, whereas lateral ankle ligament sprain is [11].

Treatment

Non-Operative

  • Chronic peroneal tendinosis or tenosynovitis is initially treated with activity modification, NSAIDs, a lace-up ankle brace, and physical therapy [9].
  • Prolonged immobilization in a cast and oral anti-inflammatory medication are recommended for localized inflammation and tendinitis at the peroneus longus tendon associated with the os peroneum [16].
  • Ultrasound is useful as a dynamic tool to evaluate peroneal tendon subluxation or dislocation [9].

Operative: Tendon Repair and Debridement

  • Tenosynovectomy, débridement, and repair of degenerative tears are indicated for peroneal tendon pathology, usually involving the peroneus brevis [9].
  • Early treatment of longitudinal splits reduces the risk of progression to a full tear [9].
  • Excision and tenodesis are required when there is a complete rupture or a severely degenerative tendon (>50%) that prohibits repair [9].
  • Debridement of the peroneus longus tendon, removal of the os peroneum, and tenodesis of the peroneus longus to the peroneus brevis are indicated for chronic reproducible tenderness in the plantar-lateral aspect of the lateral midfoot despite conservative treatment [16].
  • If the cuboid tunnel is constricted during os peroneum removal, it may be enlarged with a small osteotome and rasp [16].
  • Postoperative care for os peroneum removal involves a non-weight-bearing cast for 4 weeks, followed by protected weight bearing in a walking boot [16].
  • Formal physical therapy is started at 8 weeks after surgery for os peroneum removal [16].

Operative: Subluxation and Dislocation

  • Acute peroneal subluxation or dislocation requires repair or reconstruction of the superior peroneal retinaculum (SPR) [9].
  • Chronic peroneal subluxation or dislocation requires repair or reconstruction of the SPR and fibular groove deepening [9].
  • Fibular groove deepening is indicated if there is a shallow fibular groove [9].
  • Peroneal retinacular repair is indicated if there is evidence of tendon subluxation [9].
  • Assessment for intratendinous subluxation is needed during evaluation for peroneal tendon disorders [9].
  • Patients may exhibit apprehension with resistant eversion, which may be relieved with manual stabilization of the peroneal tendons [9].

Operative: Reconstruction and Transfer

  • More than 50% degeneration of both the peroneus longus and brevis requires excision of both tendons [9].
  • Good results are reported with lateral transfer of the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) or flexor digitorum longus (FDL) for concomitant peroneal tendon tears [9].
  • Allograft reconstruction may be used if peroneal muscles demonstrate adequate excursion at the time of surgery with minimal atrophic change to the muscle [9].
  • In younger, more active patient populations, allograft reconstruction can be considered for peroneal tendon disorders [9].
  • If there is no viability of the proximal musculature, a tendon transfer of the FHL is a salvage operation that can restore some active function without expectation of normal function [9].
  • Tendon transfer is typically directed to the fifth metatarsal [9].

Operative: Adjunctive Procedures

  • A Dwyer osteotomy (lateral closed-wedge osteotomy of the calcaneus) is used for hindfoot varus to limit the risk of recurrent tears and continued pain [9].

Complications

  • Recurrent dislocation of the peroneal tendons is a recognized complication treated with retinaculum repair, with or without fibular groove deepening [1].
  • Peroneal tendon tears may require debridement and primary repair [1].
  • Severe concomitant peroneus longus and brevis tendon tears may be treated with single-stage flexor tendon transfer [1].
  • Peroneal tendon instability can be treated with tendoscopic repair of the superior peroneal retinaculum via 2 portals [1].
  • Allograft reconstruction is an operative option for peroneal tendons [1].
  • Allograft reconstruction and tenodesis are compared as treatments for irreparable peroneus brevis tears [1].
  • Staged reconstruction of peroneal tendons can utilize a Hunter rod [1].
  • Mid-substance peroneal tendon defects can be augmented with an acellular dermal matrix allograft [1].
  • Lateral transfer of FHL or FDL is an option for concomitant peroneal tendon tears [1].
  • Sliding fibular graft repair is a treatment for recurrent peroneal subluxation [1].

References

[1] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. MULTIPLE Z-PLASTY RELEASE OF A CONGENITAL RING > PERONEAL TENDONS.

[2] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. MULTIPLE Z-PLASTY RELEASE OF A CONGENITAL RING > DISORDERS OF TENDONS > PERONEAL TENDONS.

[3] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. ACHILLES TENDON AUGMENTATION OF SUPERIOR PERONEAL RETINACULUM REPAIR > DISPLACEMENT OF PERONEAL TENDONS.

[4] Aaos Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 3. Tendon Disorders of the Foot and Ankle > III. Disorders of the Peroneal Tendons.

[9] Miller S Review Of Orthopaedics. PERONEAL TENDONS.

[11] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. SUTURE ANCHOR REPAIR OF PATELLAR TENDON RUPTURE > REPAIR OF THE SUPERIOR PERONEAL RETINACULUM > FIBULAR GROOVE DEEPENING WITH TISSUE TRANSFER (PERIOSTEAL FLAP) FOR RECURRENT PERONEAL TENDON DISLOCATION.

[14] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update. Ankle Injuries* > Peroneal Tendon Injuries.

[16] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. MULTIPLE Z-PLASTY RELEASE OF A CONGENITAL RING > DISTAL PERONEAL LONGUS TENDINITIS ASSOCIATED WITH OS PERONEUM: THE PAINFUL OS PERONEUM SYNDROME.

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