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Vỡ băng ngang (Boxer's Knuckle)

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A knuckle injury where the tendon slips off the top of the joint — the "boxer's knuckle" — and how early splinting or surgery treats it.

Minh họa mặt sau của nắm tay chặt, với vùng đau được làm nổi bật tại khớp ngón tay nơi gân duỗi đã bị trượt.
Vỡ băng ngang ('knuckle của đấm bốc'): băng ngang trung tâm hóa gân duỗi trên đốt ngón tay bị rách, khiến gân trượt sang một bên. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Trang này được dịch bằng máy và chưa được bác sĩ kiểm tra. Bản tiếng Anh là bản chính thức.

Những gì bạn đang cảm thấy

Khớp ngón tay ở gốc một trong các ngón tay của bạn (thường gặp nhất là ngón giữa) cảm thấy đau, hơi sưng và có cảm giác một thứ gì đó không di chuyển như bình thường. Dấu hiệu kinh điển là cảm giác gân ở mặt sau khớp ngón tay bị bật hoặc nhảy sang ngang khi bạn uốn cong và duỗi thẳng ngón tay. Bạn có thể nhận thấy ngón tay lệch nhẹ về phía ngón út, và khó có thể tự duỗi thẳng ngón tay từ tư thế cong, mặc dù khi ai đó nhẹ nhàng duỗi thẳng nó cho bạn, nó có thể giữ nguyên ở vị trí đó.

Nhiều người lần đầu tiên cảm thấy triệu chứng này sau khi đấm mạnh (vào bao cát, tường hoặc trong một cuộc ẩu đả), đó là lý do chấn thương này được gọi là "khớp đấm bốc". Nhưng nó cũng có thể xảy ra với một chuyển động nhỏ hơn, như dùng lực bật thẳng một ngón tay, hoặc có thể xuất hiện dần dần ở những người bị viêm khớp dạng thấp. Có thể có tiếng kêu đau hoặc kẹt mỗi khi bạn sử dụng bàn tay.

Điều gì thực sự đang xảy ra

Ở mặt sau của mỗi khớp ngón tay, gân duỗi thẳng chạy dọc theo trung tâm của ngón tay như một sợi dây trong một rãnh. Các dải mô mỏng được gọi là dải dọc nằm ở hai bên và giữ gân đó ở vị trí trung tâm ngay trên đỉnh khớp ngón tay. Dải ở phía ngón tay cái là dải quan trọng.

Khi dải này bị rách hoặc giãn ra (do cú đấm, chuyển động mạnh đột ngột, hoặc viêm khớp kéo dài), gân không còn được giữ cố định và trượt khỏi đỉnh khớp ngón tay vào khoảng trống giữa các xương, về phía ngón út. Vì gân giờ nằm ở bên thay vì ở trên đỉnh, nó không thể kéo ngón tay duỗi thẳng hiệu quả từ vị trí cong hoàn toàn, và nó bật qua lại khi ngón tay cử động. Hiện tượng trượt, bật và suy yếu khả năng duỗi thẳng chính là toàn bộ vấn đề.

Những gì chúng tôi có thể làm về vấn đề này

Tin tốt là nếu được phát hiện sớm, tình trạng này thường sẽ lành mà không cần phẫu thuật. Chìa khóa là ngăn chặn dây chằng bị trượt trong khi đai treo tự sửa chữa.

Nẹp (không phẫu thuật). Phương pháp điều trị phổ biến nhất là một chiếc nẹp nhỏ, được chế tác riêng, giữ khớp ngón tay bị thương không bị gập quá mức trong khi vẫn để các ngón tay khác và các khớp ngón xa hơn tự do vận động bình thường. Một phiên bản khá tiện lợi, đôi khi được gọi là nẹp "chuyển động tương đối" hoặc "yoke", chỉ đơn giản là giữ ngón tay bị thương cao hơn một chút so với các ngón lân cận, điều này giúp giữ dây chằng ở vị trí trung tâm trong khi bạn vẫn tiếp tục sử dụng bàn tay. Chiếc nẹp thường được đeo trong khoảng sáu đến tám tuần. Nếu được bắt đầu trong vài tuần đầu tiên sau chấn thương, phương pháp này mang lại hiệu quả tốt cho hầu hết mọi người.

Phẫu thuật. Nếu chấn thương đã cũ khi được phát hiện, nếu việc nẹp không làm ổn định tình trạng, hoặc nếu dây chằng bị trật hoàn toàn, phẫu thuật có thể khắc phục vấn đề. Bác sĩ phẫu thuật hoặc sửa chữa trực tiếp đai treo bị rách, hoặc tái tạo nó bằng cách sử dụng một dải gân gần đó để tạo lại đai treo và đưa dây chằng trở lại vị trí trung tâm trên khớp ngón tay. Sau phẫu thuật, ngón tay được bảo vệ trong một chiếc nẹp trong một khoảng thời gian trong khi nó lành lại.

Những gì cần mong đợi

Đối với các chấn thương sớm được điều trị bằng nẹp, tiên lượng tốt: hiện tượng bật khớp sẽ giảm, ngón tay sẽ thẳng lại bình thường, và hầu hết mọi người sẽ quay trở lại sử dụng toàn bộ bàn tay. Điều này đòi hỏi sự kiên nhẫn: nẹp được đeo trong vài tuần, và việc ép bàn tay quá mạnh quá sớm có thể khiến gân bị trượt trở lại trước khi dây treo đã lành.

Đối với các chấn thương cần phẫu thuật (thường là những trường hợp cũ hoặc nghiêm trọng hơn), việc sửa chữa hoặc tái tạo thường có hiệu quả trong việc ngăn ngừa trật khớp và khôi phục chuyển động trơn tru, tiếp theo là một giai đoạn đeo nẹp và vật lý trị liệu bàn tay để tái xây dựng tầm vận động và sức mạnh. Các vận động viên đấm bốc, võ thuật và các vận động viên khác thường có thể quay trở lại môn thể thao của họ, nhưng bàn tay cần thời gian để lành hoàn toàn trước để tránh vấn đề này tái phát ngay lập tức.

Khi nào nên đi khám

  • Một khớp ngón tay bị bật, kêu lách cách hoặc mắc kẹt khi bạn gập và duỗi ngón tay, đặc biệt sau khi đấm hoặc thực hiện động tác mạnh: nên đi khám sớm, vì việc nẹp cố định sớm là yếu tố quyết định kết quả.
  • Khó duỗi thẳng một ngón tay từ vị trí gập mà không có sự hỗ trợ, hoặc ngón tay bị lệch về phía ngón út.
  • Đau và sưng kéo dài tại một khớp ngón tay không thuyên giảm, hoặc cảm giác rằng gân đang bị "trật vị trí".
  • Chấn thương khớp ngón tay ở võ sĩ đấm bốc hoặc người tập võ: những chấn thương này dễ bị bỏ qua và dễ bị xem nhẹ khi vẫn tiếp tục hoạt động, và chúng sẽ hồi phục tốt hơn nếu được điều trị sớm thay vì muộn.

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