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Tiêm Cortisone và Corticosteroid

What cortisone injections do, when they help, how long the effect lasts, and the risks of repeated injections for shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand conditions.

Updated Aug 2026
Một ống tiêm đang thực hiện tiêm cortisone vào phía trước của vai.
Một mũi tiêm corticosteroid có thể làm giảm viêm trong khớp hoặc gân, giúp giảm đau và hỗ trợ quá trình phục hồi chức năng. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Trang này được dịch bằng máy và chưa được bác sĩ kiểm tra. Bản tiếng Anh là bản chính thức.

Những gì bạn đang cảm nhận

Bạn có thể nhận thấy đau ở hông, mắt cá chân, bàn tay hoặc vai. Cơn đau này thường bắt nguồn từ viêm xương khớp do hao mòn hoặc các mô bị viêm. Ví dụ, viêm xương khớp mắt cá chân có thể gây cứng và đau nhức khiến việc đi lại trở nên khó khăn. Ở bàn tay, các tình trạng như ngón tay cò hoặc vấn đề về mô mềm có thể khiến các cử động đơn giản trở nên đau đớn. Bạn có thể cảm thấy đau nhói khi uốn cong ngón cái hoặc cầm nắm vật dụng.

Cơn đau thường bùng phát vào những thời điểm cụ thể. Nhiều người nhận thấy cơn đau nặng hơn khi thức dậy, sau khi vận động hoặc vào ban đêm. Ngủ nghiêng về bên bị ảnh hưởng có thể gây khó chịu đặc biệt. Các hoạt động hàng ngày có thể trở nên thách thức. Bạn có thể gặp khó khăn khi với tay ra sau lưng để cài khuy áo ngực hoặc nhét áo vào quần. Những hành động đơn giản như nâng túi tạp hóa hoặc mở lọ cũng có thể kích hoạt sự khó chịu.

Bạn có thể tự hỏi liệu nghỉ ngơi có giúp ích hay không. Trong khi nghỉ ngơi có thể mang lại sự giảm đau tạm thời, cơn đau thường quay trở lại khi vận động. Nếu bạn đã được tiêm corticosteroid, bạn có thể nhận thấy những thay đổi về thời gian duy trì sự giảm đau. Các liều tiêm cao thường mang lại sự giảm đau lâu dài hơn so với các lựa chọn liều thấp. Một số người cần tiêm lặp lại sớm hơn những người khác. Trong một số trường hợp, chẳng hạn như viêm xương khớp ngón cái, các mũi tiêm có thể không ngăn ngừa nhu cầu phẫu thuật sau này.

Điều quan trọng là phải biết rằng không phải tất cả các phương pháp điều trị đều hoạt động giống nhau đối với mọi người. Ví dụ, việc kết hợp corticosteroid với axit hyaluronic có thể giảm đau mắt cá chân tốt hơn so với việc chỉ sử dụng steroid. Tuy nhiên, đối với ngón tay cò, việc thêm lidocaine vào steroid có thể không tạo ra sự khác biệt đáng kể về cơn đau trong quá trình thủ thuật. Tương tự, các mũi tiêm trước phẫu thuật giải phóng hội chứng ống cổ tay không làm tăng nguy cơ nhiễm trùng, nhưng chúng có thể không ngăn ngừa đau trụ sau phẫu thuật.

Bác sĩ phẫu thuật của bạn sẽ giúp bạn hiểu những gì cần mong đợi. Họ sẽ xem xét các triệu chứng cụ thể và tiền sử bệnh lý của bạn. Nếu cơn đau tiếp tục dai dẳng mặc dù đã tiêm, phẫu thuật có thể là một lựa chọn. Ví dụ, cả hai thủ thuật phẫu thuật đều được chỉ định cho viêm xương khớp bàn ngón cái ngón cái gây đau sau khi tiêm steroid. Các mũi tiêm lặp lại nhìn chung là an toàn và không ảnh hưởng đến kết quả của các phẫu thuật giải phóng sau đó.

Hãy lắng nghe cơ thể của bạn. Nếu cơn đau cản trở giấc ngủ hoặc các hoạt động hàng ngày, hãy nói chuyện với bác sĩ phẫu thuật của bạn. Họ có thể điều chỉnh kế hoạch điều trị của bạn. Bạn có thể cần các loại mũi tiêm khác nhau hoặc được giới thiệu để phẫu thuật. Mục tiêu là giảm đau và cải thiện chức năng của bạn. Bạn xứng đáng được vận động mà không khó chịu và tận hưởng cuộc sống hàng ngày của mình.

Những gì thực sự đang xảy ra

Viêm là phản ứng tự nhiên của cơ thể đối với chấn thương hoặc sự hao mòn. Cơ thể gửi các hóa chất đến khu vực bị ảnh hưởng để bắt đầu quá trình chữa lành, nhưng các hóa chất này cũng có thể gây kích thích các dây thần kinh lân cận. Sự kích thích này gây ra đau, sưng và cứng khớp. Khi quá trình này xảy ra trong khớp hoặc xung quanh gân, nó sẽ làm gián đoạn chuyển động bình thường.

Corticosteroid là loại thuốc chống viêm mạnh. Khi được tiêm vào khu vực bị ảnh hưởng, chúng làm dịu phản ứng miễn dịch quá mức. Chúng không chữa lành tổn thương cấu trúc cơ bản, chẳng hạn như sụn bị mòn hoặc mô bị rách. Thay vào đó, chúng làm giảm sưng và kích thích hóa học – nguyên nhân gây ra cơn đau của bạn. Sự giảm đau này cho phép bạn di chuyển thoải mái hơn và tham gia vào liệu pháp vật lý trị liệu.

Trong một số trường hợp, như viêm xương khớp cổ chân, việc kết hợp corticosteroid với axit hyaluronic mang lại giảm đau tốt hơn so với việc chỉ sử dụng steroid. Axit hyaluronic hoạt động như một chất bôi trơn, giúp các bề mặt khớp trượt mượt mà. Đối với các tình trạng như ngón tay cò, mũi tiêm có thể bao gồm lidocaine để gây tê khu vực trong quá trình thực hiện, mặc dù lợi ích chính đến từ việc steroid làm giảm viêm theo thời gian.

Bác sĩ phẫu thuật của bạn cũng có thể sử dụng các mũi tiêm này để kiểm soát đau trước hoặc sau phẫu thuật. Ví dụ, các mũi tiêm trước khi phẫu thuật giải phóng ống cổ tay không làm tăng nguy cơ nhiễm trùng. Sau phẫu thuật, các mũi tiêm ở trụ (pillar) không hiệu quả trong việc ngăn ngừa đau ở gốc ngón cái. Tuy nhiên, đối với các tình trạng ở tay, các mũi tiêm triamcinolone liều cao thường mang lại hiệu quả giảm đau lâu dài hơn và giảm nhu cầu tiêm lặp lại hoặc phẫu thuật so với các lựa chọn liều thấp.

Việc tiêm lặp lại nói chung là an toàn và không làm trầm trọng thêm tình trạng bệnh hoặc gây phức tạp cho các phẫu thuật trong tương lai. Dù bạn có vấn đề về hông, rách vai hoặc viêm khớp ngón cái, mục tiêu vẫn giống nhau: giảm viêm để cải thiện chất lượng cuộc sống. Cách tiếp cận này giúp bạn duy trì chức năng trong khi cơ thể giải quyết nguyên nhân gốc rễ của vấn đề.

Những điều cần biết

Các triệu chứng của bạn có thể xuất hiện rồi biến mất thay vì duy trì ở mức độ ổn định. Sự giảm đau do tiêm corticosteroid chỉ mang tính tạm thời. Nó giúp kiểm soát cơn đau trong khi bạn đang hồi phục hoặc chờ đợi các phương pháp điều trị khác phát huy tác dụng. Tiêm corticosteroid không chữa khỏi nguyên nhân gốc rễ của vấn đề. Hầu hết mọi người nhận thấy rằng cơn đau sẽ giảm trong một khoảng thời gian, nhưng nó có thể quay trở lại.

Thời gian giảm đau kéo dài phụ thuộc vào vị trí tiêm và tình trạng bệnh lý của bạn. Trong một số trường hợp, chẳng hạn như các vấn đề về mô mềm ở bàn tay, liều lượng steroid cao hơn sẽ mang lại hiệu quả giảm đau lâu dài hơn và có thể làm chậm nhu cầu phẫu thuật. Ở các vùng khác, như hông hoặc vai, việc tiêm không làm thay đổi triển vọng dài hạn của bạn. Dù có tiêm hay không, kết quả cuối cùng sau phẫu thuật hoặc quá trình tự lành thương thường tương tự nhau sau mười năm.

Bạn có thể cảm thấy một chút đau trong hoặc ngay sau khi tiêm. Nếu bác sĩ phẫu thuật sử dụng thuốc gây tê cục bộ như lidocaine cùng với steroid, bạn có thể cảm thấy ít đau hơn trong quá trình thực hiện. Sự thoải mái này là có thật, nhưng nó có thể không làm thay đổi cảm giác của bạn trong những tuần tiếp theo. Ở một số khớp, như mắt cá chân, việc kết hợp steroid với một chất lỏng khác gọi là axit hyaluronic có thể giảm đau tốt hơn so với việc chỉ sử dụng steroid đơn thuần.

Việc tiêm lặp lại ở một số khu vực nhất định, chẳng hạn như cổ tay cho hội chứng ống cổ tay, là an toàn. Các liệu trình tiêm lặp lại này không làm tăng nguy cơ nhiễm trùng hoặc khiến việc phẫu thuật trong tương lai trở nên khó khăn hơn. Tuy nhiên, một mũi tiêm được thực hiện ngay trước khi phẫu thuật không giúp đẩy nhanh quá trình hồi phục hoặc cải thiện sức mạnh và tầm vận động sau cuộc mổ. Thời điểm tiêm trong năm trước khi phẫu thuật không làm thay đổi tỷ lệ thành công.

Nếu bạn bị viêm khớp ở ngón cái hoặc mắt cá chân, việc tiêm có thể giúp bạn kiểm soát cơn đau trong một thời gian. Nếu cơn đau trở nên quá mức, phẫu thuật vẫn là một lựa chọn tốt vào sau này. Bạn nên hiểu rằng mũi tiêm chỉ là một công cụ trong bộ công cụ điều trị của bạn. Nó giúp bạn vượt qua những ngày khó khăn, nhưng nó không thay thế nhu cầu quản lý bệnh dài hạn hoặc phẫu thuật cuối cùng nếu tình trạng mòn khớp tiến triển.


Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • Response to intra-articular corticosteroid injection was not associated with differences in 10-year patient-reported outcomes, achievement of clinically significant outcomes, or reoperation rates for patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome [1].
  • The combination of corticosteroid and hyaluronic acid injection is more effective than corticosteroid alone in relieving pain in ankle osteoarthritis [2].
  • Preoperative corticosteroid injection at all studied timepoints was not associated with an increased risk of postoperative deep infection after carpal tunnel release [3].
  • There is a statistically significant difference in pain during and shortly after injection when using a steroid with lidocaine versus steroid alone for trigger finger, but that difference may not be clinically relevant [4].
  • Intraoperative corticosteroid pillar injection is not an effective option for preventing pillar pain symptoms after carpal tunnel release surgery [5].
  • High-dose triamcinolone injections outperformed low-dose injections across most metrics including estimated time of relief, rate of repeat injection, and rate of surgery for soft tissue pathology of the hand [6].
  • Timing of a single preoperative corticosteroid injection within 1 year of rotator cuff repair did not significantly affect failure rates, patient-reported outcomes, range of motion, or strength [7].
  • Both surgical procedures are indicated for painful thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis after steroid injections [8].
  • Repeated corticosteroid injections were found to be safe in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome and did not affect the morbidity of subsequent release [9].

How It Works

  • Response to intra-articular corticosteroid injection is not associated with differences in 10-year patient-reported outcomes, achievement of clinically significant outcomes, or reoperation rates in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome [1].
  • Combination of corticosteroid and hyaluronic acid injection is more effective than corticosteroid alone in relieving pain in ankle osteoarthritis [2].
  • Preoperative corticosteroid injection at all studied timepoints is not associated with an increased risk of postoperative deep infection after carpal tunnel release [3].
  • There is a statistically significant difference in pain during and shortly after injection when using a steroid with lidocaine versus steroid alone, but that difference may not be clinically relevant [4].
  • Repeated corticosteroid injections are safe in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome and do not affect the morbidity of subsequent release [9].
  • Risks of intra-articular hip corticosteroid injections include rapidly progressive osteoarthritis, osteonecrosis, femoral head collapse, insufficiency fracture, and worsening osteoarthritis [11].
  • Both corticosteroid injections and conservative treatments are effective in treating heel spurs, with corticosteroid injections recommended as the preferred option due to higher patient satisfaction [12].
  • Patients who experienced temporary improvement after local corticosteroid injection had better clinical outcomes following endoscopic plantar fascia release [15].
  • Posterior approach, women, and history of preoperative corticosteroid injection are identified as the strongest risk factors for postoperative greater trochanter bursitis injection or postoperative soft tissue injection in total hip arthroplasty [18].
  • A dose-dependent relationship exists between pre-operative corticosteroid injections and post-operative complications following total shoulder arthroplasty, with increasing numbers of injections correlated with higher risks of prosthetic loosening, stiffness, revision surgery, and new rotator cuff disease [19].

What the Evidence Shows

Preoperative Injections and Surgical Outcomes

  • Response to preoperative intra-articular corticosteroid injection for hip arthroscopy in femoroacetabular impingement syndrome was not associated with differences in 10-year patient-reported outcomes, achievement of clinically significant outcomes, or reoperation rates [1].
  • Timing of a single preoperative corticosteroid injection within 1 year prior to rotator cuff repair was not associated with increased risk of repair failure, nor did it significantly affect patient-reported outcomes, range of motion, or strength [7].
  • Patients who experienced temporary improvement after local corticosteroid injection had better clinical outcomes following endoscopic plantar fascia release for chronic plantar fasciopathy [15].

Comparative Efficacy and Treatment Alternatives

  • Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has superior midterm efficacy compared to corticosteroids for improving pain and functional impairment in tendinopathy [20].
  • In patients with adhesive capsulitis, suprascapular nerve blocks provide greater pain relief at 3-4, 6-7, and 12 weeks, greater improvements in shoulder function at 12 weeks, and greater active abduction at 12 weeks compared to intra-articular corticosteroid injections [21].
  • Corticosteroid injections are recommended as the preferred option over conservative treatments for heel spurs due to higher patient satisfaction, although both are effective [12].

Injection Technique and Safety

  • Repeated corticosteroid injections for carpal tunnel syndrome are safe and do not affect the morbidity of subsequent release [9].
  • Postoperative corticosteroid injection is a viable treatment for postoperative stiffness after rotator cuff repair and may serve as a safer alternative to arthroscopic capsular release, particularly in high-risk patients such as those with osteoporosis or at risk of axillary nerve injury [16].

Risks and Adverse Events

  • Risks of intra-articular hip corticosteroid injections include rapidly progressive osteoarthritis, osteonecrosis, femoral head collapse, insufficiency fracture, and worsening osteoarthritis, although the incidence rates of these outcomes vary notably [11].

Health Disparities

  • Minority demographics have lower odds of receiving corticosteroid injections for the treatment of hand osteoarthritis [13].
  • Minority demographics were less likely to receive a corticosteroid injection or undergo surgical repair for rotator cuff disease despite matching on medical comorbidities and smoking status [14].

Methodological Notes

  • Methodological concerns regarding a trial comparing platelet-rich plasma to corticosteroid injections include the lack of ultrasound examination to assess inflammation and degeneration, the absence of Kellgren-Lawrence grade distribution data, and the potential confounding effect of lidocaine in corticosteroid preparations [10].

Practical Considerations

  • Response to preoperative intra-articular corticosteroid injection is not associated with differences in 10-year patient-reported outcomes, achievement of clinically significant outcomes, or reoperation rates in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome [1].
  • Dual intra-articular injections of corticosteroid and hyaluronic acid are more effective than single corticosteroid injection alone in relieving pain in ankle osteoarthritis [2].
  • High-dose triamcinolone injections outperform low-dose injections across most metrics, including estimated time of relief, rate of repeat injection, and rate of surgery, for soft tissue pathology of the hand [6].
  • Timing of a single preoperative corticosteroid injection within 1 year of rotator cuff repair does not significantly affect failure rates, patient-reported outcomes, range of motion, or strength [7].
  • Both corticosteroid injections and conservative treatments are effective in treating heel spurs, but corticosteroid injections are recommended as the preferred option due to higher patient satisfaction [12].
  • Minority demographics are less likely to receive a corticosteroid injection or undergo surgical repair for rotator cuff disease despite matching on medical comorbidities and smoking status [14].
  • Platelet-rich plasma injections are inferior to corticosteroid injections for short-term pain relief, suggesting that expectations regarding the clinical utility of PRP should be tempered [17].

Key Evidence

  • [L2] Response to intra-articular corticosteroid injection was not associated with differences in 10-year patient-reported outcomes, achievement of clinically significant outcomes, or reoperation rates. [1] (10.1016/j.arthro.2025.07.013)
  • [L1] The combination of corticosteroid and HA injection is more effective than corticosteroid alone in relieving pain in ankle OA. [2] (10.1186/s12891-025-08488-0)
  • [L3] Preoperative corticosteroid injection at all studied timepoints was not associated with an increased risk of postoperative deep infection, a divergence from existing literature. [3] (10.5435/jaaos-d-25-00317)
  • [L2] There is a statistically significant difference in pain during and shortly after injection when using a steroid with lidocaine versus steroid alone, but that difference may not be clinically relevant. [4] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.05.016)
  • [L1] Intraoperative corticosteroid pillar injection is not an effective option for preventing pillar pain symptoms. [5] (10.1186/s12891-025-09393-2)
  • [L4] High-dose triamcinolone injections outperformed low-dose injections across most metrics including estimated time of relief, rate of repeat injection, and rate of surgery. [6] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.09.014)
  • [L2] Timing of a single preoperative corticosteroid injection within 1 year of rotator cuff repair did not significantly affect failure rates, patient-reported outcomes, range of motion, or strength, suggesting that one injection before repair does not strongly influence outcomes. [7] (10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101632)
  • [L4] Both procedures are indicated for painful thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis after steroid injections. [8] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.01.024)
  • [L3] Repeated injections were found to be safe in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome and did not affect the morbidity of subsequent release. [9] (10.1177/17531934251396629)
  • [L5] The letter highlights methodological concerns regarding the original trial, specifically the lack of ultrasound examination to assess inflammation and degeneration, the absence of Kellgren-Lawrence grade distribution data, and the potential confounding effect of lidocaine in corticosteroid preparations. [10] (10.1016/j.arth.2025.05.006)
  • [L5] Risks of intra-articular hip corticosteroid injections include rapidly progressive osteoarthritis, osteonecrosis, femoral head collapse, insufficiency fracture, and worsening osteoarthritis, although the incidence rates of these outcomes vary notably. [11] (10.1016/j.asmr.2025.101169)
  • [L3] Both corticosteroid injections and conservative treatments were effective in treating heel spurs; however, corticosteroid injections are recommended as the preferred option due to higher patient satisfaction. [12] (10.1186/s12891-025-08648-2)
  • [L3] Minority demographics have lower odds of receiving corticosteroid injections for the treatment of hand osteoarthritis. [13] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2025.100837)
  • [L3] Minority demographics were less likely to receive a corticosteroid injection or undergo surgical repair for rotator cuff disease despite matching on medical comorbidities and smoking status. [14] (10.1016/j.jse.2026.01.015)
  • [L3] Patients who experienced temporary improvement after local corticosteroid injection had better clinical outcomes following endoscopic plantar fascia release. [15] (10.1186/s12891-025-08816-4)
  • [L5] Current findings suggest that corticosteroid injections may serve as a safer alternative to arthroscopic capsular release, particularly in high-risk patients such as those with osteoporosis or at risk of axillary nerve injury. [16] (10.1016/j.arthro.2025.04.021)
  • [L1] Based on these findings, expectations regarding the clinical utility of PRP should be tempered. [17] (10.1016/j.arth.2025.03.013)
  • [L3] Posterior approach, women, and history of preoperative corticosteroid injection were identified as the strongest risk factors for postoperative greater trochanter bursitis injection or postoperative soft tissue injection. [18] (10.1016/j.arth.2025.03.045)
  • [L2] A dose-dependent relationship exists between pre-operative corticosteroid injections and post-operative complications following total shoulder arthroplasty, with increasing numbers of injections correlated with higher risks of prosthetic loosening, stiffness, revision surgery, and new rotator cuff disease. [19] (10.1016/j.jse.2026.01.024)
  • [L1] PRP can effectively improve pain and functional impairment in patients with tendinopathy, and its midterm efficacy is superior to that of corticosteroids. [20] (10.1186/s12891-025-08566-3)
  • [L1] In patients with adhesive capsulitis, suprascapular nerve blocks provide greater pain relief at 3-4, 6-7, and 12 weeks, greater improvements in shoulder function at 12 weeks, and greater active abduction at 12 weeks, compared to intra-articular corticosteroid injections. [21] (10.1016/j.jse.2025.05.037)

References

[1] No Difference in Responders and Nonresponders to Preoperative Intra-articular Corticosteroid Injection Undergoing Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome at 10 Years: A Matched Analysis. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2025.07.013

[2] Dual intra-articular injections of corticosteroid and hyaluronic acid versus single corticosteroid injection for ankle osteoarthritis: a randomized comparative trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-08488-0

[3] Ipsilateral Preoperative Corticosteroid Injection and Timing Not Associated With Postoperative Deep Infection After Carpal Tunnel Release. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2025. DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-25-00317

[4] Corticosteroid Injection With and Without Local Anesthetic for the Treatment of Trigger Finger: A Randomized Clinical Trial. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.05.016

[5] “Intraoperative pillar corticosteroid injection”: does it improve clinical outcomes after carpal tunnel release surgery? A double-blind, randomized controlled study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-09393-2

[6] Efficacy of Low-Dose Versus High-Dose Corticosteroid Injections for Soft Tissue Pathology of the Hand. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.09.014

[7] Timing of corticosteroid injection within 1 year prior to rotator cuff repair was not associated with increased risk of repair failure. JSES International. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101632

[8] Do Preoperative Intra-Articular Steroid Injections Affect the Choice of Surgical Procedures for Thumb Carpometacarpal Osteoarthritis?. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.01.024

[9] The safety and cost of repeated corticosteroid injections for carpal tunnel syndrome. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2025. DOI: 10.1177/17531934251396629

[10] Letter Regarding "Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections Are Inferior to Corticosteroid Injections for Short-Term Pain Relief: A Prospective, Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial". The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2025.05.006

[11] Risks of Intra‐articular Hip Corticosteroid Injections Include Rapidly Progressive Osteoarthritis and Femoral Head Collapse in Patients With and Without Pre‐existing Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2025.101169

[12] Comparison of corticosteroid injections and conservative treatments for heel spurs. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-08648-2

[13] Underutilization of Hand Corticosteroid Injections and Arthroplasty for Minority Demographics. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2025.100837

[14] Minority groups are less likely to undergo surgical fixation or receive a corticosteroid injection for rotator cuff disease: a large database study. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2026.01.015

[15] Does local steroid injection have a prognostic value for endoscopic plantar fascia release in chronic plantar fasciopathy?. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-08816-4

[16] Editorial Commentary:

                Postoperative Corticosteroid Injection Is a Viable Treatment for Postoperative Stiffness After Rotator Cuff Repair. *Arthroscopy*. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2025.04.021

[17] Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections Are Inferior to Corticosteroid Injections for Short-Term Pain Relief: A Prospective, Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2025.03.013

[18] Does Surgical Approach in Total Hip Arthroplasty Affect Postoperative Corticosteroid Injection Requirements?. The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2025.03.045

[19] Pre-operative corticosteroid injections are associated with a dose-dependent risk for complications following anatomic and reverse total shoulderarthroplasty. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2026.01.024

[20] Platelet-rich plasma and corticosteroid injection for tendinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-08566-3

[21] Intra-articular corticosteroid injection vs. suprascapular nerve block for adhesive capsulitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of level I randomized controlled trials. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2025.05.037

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