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Hội chứng giao cắt

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An overuse tendon problem of the back of the forearm, often confused with de Quervain's — its causes, and how rest, splinting or injection settle it.

Hình minh họa mặt sau của cẳng tay, nơi các gân ngón cái giao cắt với các gân duỗi cổ tay, với vùng đau được làm nổi bật tại điểm giao cắt.
Hội chứng giao cắt: ma sát giữa các gân ngón cái và các gân duỗi cổ tay, cách cổ tay vài centimet, gây đau và sưng. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Trang này được dịch bằng máy và chưa được bác sĩ kiểm tra. Bản tiếng Anh là bản chính thức.

Những gì bạn đang cảm thấy

Hội chứng giao thoa gây đau và sưng ở mặt sau và phía ngón cái của cẳng tay, cách cổ tay một khoảng ngắn (khoảng bằng bề rộng bàn tay tính từ chỗ gồ xương ở mặt sau cổ tay). Đây không phải là đau tại khớp cổ tay, mà là đau ở vị trí cao hơn, nơi các cơ cẳng tay giao thoa với nhau.

Cơn đau thường trầm trọng hơn khi bạn ngửa cổ tay hoặc cử động ngón cái, và thường xuất hiện sau một giai đoạn thực hiện các hoạt động lặp đi lặp lại: chèo thuyền, nâng tạ, các môn thể thao dùng vợt, làm vườn, hoặc làm việc nhiều với bàn phím hoặc chịu nhiều áp lực lên cổ tay. Nhiều người nhận thấy sưng nề ở vùng đau, và một số người cảm nhận hoặc thậm chí nghe thấy tiếng lạo xạo, kêu rít hoặc ma sát nhẹ khi cử động cổ tay, giống như có thứ gì đó đang cọ xát. Hiện tượng này đôi khi được gọi là âm thanh "da thuộc ướt".

Những gì thực sự đang xảy ra

Ở mặt sau cẳng tay của bạn, hai nhóm cơ bắt chéo nhau như chữ X. Một nhóm chạy ra phía ngón cái; nhóm kia chạy xuống để điều khiển cổ tay. Tại điểm bắt chéo, cách cổ tay vài centimet, các gân trượt qua lại bên trong các bao gân trơn láng của chúng.

Khi bạn thực hiện nhiều cử động cổ tay lặp đi lặp lại, điểm bắt chéo này bị kích thích và viêm. Lớp niêm mạc của các bao gân sưng lên, ma sát tăng lên, và các mô trở nên nhạy cảm và sưng phù, gây ra đau, sưng và tiếng kêu lục cục. Đây là một vấn đề do sử dụng quá mức, không phải là chấn thương từ một tai nạn đơn lẻ, và nó không giống như hội chứng de Quervain, một vấn đề gân liên quan ở phía ngón cái nằm thấp hơn, ngay tại cổ tay. Hội chứng giao thoa (intersection syndrome) nằm cao hơn.

Tin tốt là mô bị kích thích sẽ ổn định tốt một khi sự cọ xát dừng lại, và tình trạng này không gây tổn thương vĩnh viễn ở hầu hết mọi người.

Những gì chúng tôi có thể làm về vấn đề này

Hầu hết mọi người đều cải thiện mà không cần phẫu thuật. Các biện pháp chính bao gồm:

  • Nghỉ ngơi các hoạt động gây kích ứng: đây là bước quan trọng nhất. Giảm nhẹ việc chèo thuyền, nâng vật nặng hoặc các công việc lặp đi lặp lại trong vài tuần giúp tình trạng viêm thuyên giảm.
  • Nẹp cổ tay giữ cổ tay hơi ngửa ra sau. Điều này giúp nghỉ ngơi cho các gân đi ngang và thường được đeo trong vài tuần.
  • Thuốc hoặc gel chống viêm (NSAIDs) để làm dịu đau và sưng.
  • Chườm đá lên vùng đau sau khi vận động.

Nếu các triệu chứng không thuyên giảm với những biện pháp trên, một tiêm corticosteroid vào khoang gân (thường được hướng dẫn bằng siêu âm để đảm bảo độ chính xác) thường giúp giảm viêm. Đối với một số ít người có các triệu chứng tiếp tục tái phát mặc dù đã thực hiện tất cả các biện pháp trên, một phẫu thuật nhỏ để giải phóng và làm sạch bao gân bị kích thích rất hiệu quả. Phẫu thuật này hiếm khi được cần đến.

Những điều cần biết

Hầu hết mọi người sẽ ổn định sau vài tuần đến vài tháng khi nghỉ ngơi hoạt động và sử dụng nẹp. Tiên lượng rất tốt: đây là một tình trạng thực sự cải thiện và thường không để lại bất kỳ suy yếu hoặc cứng khớp nào sau khi tình trạng đã ổn định.

Nguyên nhân chính khiến nó tái phát là quay trở lại cùng hoạt động nặng hoặc lặp đi lặp lại quá nhanh. Việc quay lại từ từ và, nếu áp dụng, xem xét kỹ thuật hoặc thiết bị (ví dụ như tay chèo đối với người chèo thuyền, hoặc tay cầm thanh tạ trong phòng gym), giúp ngăn ngừa tái phát hoàn toàn.

Khi nào cần gặp bác sĩ

  • Đau và sưng ở mặt sau của cẳng tay không thuyên giảm sau vài tuần nghỉ ngơi và đeo nẹp.
  • Có tiếng kêu lạo xạo hoặc tiếng rít trên vùng tổn thương, hoặc cơn đau bùng phát mỗi khi bạn quay lại môn thể thao hoặc nhiệm vụ lao động.
  • Các triệu chứng tái đi tái lại mặc dù đã nghỉ ngơi, cần được đánh giá, vì tiêm dưới hướng dẫn siêu âm có thể giúp ích.
  • Bất kỳ trường hợp nào có sốt, da nóng đỏ, hoặc sưng nề tiến triển nhanh: cần gặp bác sĩ ngay lập tức, vì những dấu hiệu này gợi ý một nguyên nhân khác với tình trạng quá tải đơn thuần.

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