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Tê bì và kiến bò ở tay và cánh tay

What causes numbness, tingling or 'pins and needles' in the hand and arm — from carpal tunnel and cubital tunnel to other nerve problems — when it matters, and what helps.

Updated Aug 2026
Một bàn tay có các chấm kim châm ở đầu ngón tay.
Tê bì hoặc cảm giác kiến bò thường cho thấy một dây thần kinh bị chèn ép hoặc nén; mô hình này giúp xác định vị trí của vấn đề. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Trang này được dịch bằng máy và chưa được bác sĩ kiểm tra. Bản tiếng Anh là bản chính thức.

Những gì bạn đang cảm nhận

Bạn có thể nhận thấy cảm giác tê hoặc kiến bò ở bàn tay và cánh tay. Điều này thường xảy ra do một dây thần kinh bị chèn ép hoặc kích thích. Nguyên nhân phổ biến nhất là bệnh lý chèn ép dây thần kinh giữa. Điều này có nghĩa là dây thần kinh chính ở cẳng tay của bạn đang bị chèn ép. Bạn có thể cảm thấy điều này như cảm giác kim châm hoặc mất cảm giác.

Cơn đau thường tuân theo một quy luật. Nó có thể bùng phát vào ban đêm, đánh thức bạn khỏi giấc ngủ. Bạn cũng có thể cảm thấy đau sau khi sử dụng tay cho các nhiệm vụ như đánh máy hoặc nâng vật nặng. Việc với tay ra sau lưng để cài khuy áo ngực có thể trở nên khó khăn. Việc nhét áo vào quần có thể cảm thấy bất tiện hoặc gây đau. Bác sĩ phẫu thuật của bạn sẽ tìm kiếm các dấu hiệu này để hiểu rõ tình trạng của bạn.

Đôi khi, các triệu chứng xuất hiện sau các phẫu thuật khác. Ví dụ, cảm giác tê có thể phát triển sau phẫu thuật cổ (phẫu thuật cắt đĩa đệm và hợp nhất đốt sống cổ trước) hoặc phẫu thuật vai. Nếu bạn đã phẫu thuật vai, các triệu chứng của bạn có thể không cải thiện chỉ bằng nghỉ ngơi hoặc thuốc. Trong những trường hợp này, giải phóng chèn ép bằng phẫu thuật giúp gần 90% bệnh nhân tìm thấy sự giảm đau.

Nguy cơ của bạn có thể cao hơn nếu bạn đã từng có vấn đề về dây thần kinh trụ. Dây thần kinh trụ chạy từ cổ của bạn đến ngón tay út. Nếu bạn đã từng có tổn thương ở đó, khả năng phát triển hội chứng ống cổ tay của bạn tăng lên, đặc biệt là trong hai năm đầu. Khi tình trạng sưng dây thần kinh trụ tăng lên ở khuỷu tay, bản thân dây thần kinh trở nên rộng hơn.

Bạn có thể gặp khó khăn với các kỹ năng thủ công hàng ngày. Các nhiệm vụ đơn giản như cài khuy áo hoặc cầm một chiếc cốc có thể cảm thấy vụng về. Điều này xảy ra vì cảm giác vị trí cơ thể và cảm giác chạm của bạn bị ảnh hưởng. Đội ngũ chăm sóc sức khỏe của bạn sẽ đánh giá các cảm giác này để giúp bạn lấy lại sức mạnh. Hiểu rõ các triệu chứng này giúp bác sĩ phẫu thuật của bạn chọn lựa con đường phù hợp nhất cho quá trình hồi phục của bạn.

Những gì thực sự đang xảy ra

Tê bì và kiến bò ở bàn tay và cánh tay thường bắt nguồn từ một dây thần kinh bị chèn ép. Tình trạng này được gọi là bệnh lý thần kinh do chèn ép. Đây không phải là một vấn đề đơn lẻ duy nhất. Nó bao gồm một loạt các tình trạng, chẳng hạn như hội chứng chèn ép thần kinh giữa (pronator syndrome), nơi dây thần kinh bị ép trong cẳng tay. Bác sĩ phẫu thuật của bạn sẽ xem xét toàn bộ bức tranh lâm sàng để giúp bạn cải thiện.

Đôi khi, các triệu chứng tái phát sau khi điều trị. Có thể khó xác định xem sự chèn ép dây thần kinh đã tái phát hay chưa bao giờ khỏi hoàn toàn. Điều này gây khó khăn cho việc so sánh kết quả giữa các cơ sở y tế hoặc kỹ thuật khác nhau. Để hỗ trợ bác sĩ phẫu thuật của bạn đưa ra lựa chọn tốt nhất, chúng tôi thường sử dụng thêm các xét nghiệm. Những xét nghiệm này bao gồm nghiên cứu điện chẩn đoán (EDS) và siêu âm (US). Các xét nghiệm này kiểm tra mức độ hoạt động của dây thần kinh và quan sát hình dạng của nó.

Khi bạn có các triệu chứng từ nhẹ đến trung bình, các dấu hiệu và triệu chứng của bạn có thể không khớp với kết quả xét nghiệm này. Trên thực tế, có sự khác biệt lớn. Các dấu hiệu lâm sàng cho thấy khả năng mắc hội chứng ống cổ tay mức độ nhẹ đến trung bình là 73%. Nhưng các xét nghiệm chỉ cho thấy khả năng này là 51%. Khoảng cách này khiến khó có thể chắc chắn 100% về chẩn đoán chỉ dựa trên các triệu chứng. Đó là lý do tại sao bác sĩ phẫu thuật của bạn có thể chỉ định các xét nghiệm bổ sung này để xác nhận vấn đề trước khi lên kế hoạch điều trị.

Tiền sử bệnh của bạn cũng rất quan trọng. Nếu bạn từng có vấn đề về dây thần kinh trụ, bạn có nguy cơ cao phát triển hội chứng ống cổ tay. Nguy cơ này cao nhất trong hai năm đầu sau chấn thương trước đó. Khi tổn thương dây thần kinh trụ trở nên nghiêm trọng hơn, chính dây thần kinh đó sẽ to ra và sưng nề ở khuỷu tay.

Tê bì cũng có thể xảy ra sau các cuộc phẫu thuật ở xa bàn tay của bạn. Ví dụ, nó có thể phát triển sau phẫu thuật cổ (cắt đĩa đệm và hợp nhất đốt sống cổ trước) hoặc phẫu thuật vai. Nếu chăm sóc bảo tồn không giúp giảm đau dây thần kinh liên quan đến vai, thì giải phóng chèn ép bằng phẫu thuật có thể rất hiệu quả. Nó dẫn đến sự biến mất gần như hoàn toàn (90%) các triệu chứng ở nhiều bệnh nhân.

Quá trình hồi phục bao gồm nhiều hơn việc chỉ sửa chữa dây thần kinh. Bạn cần rèn luyện lại các giác quan của mình. Bác sĩ phẫu thuật hoặc chuyên viên trị liệu sẽ kiểm tra cảm giác chạm và cảm giác tư thế của bạn để giúp bạn khôi phục các kỹ năng vận động tinh. Họ cũng xem xét cách điều này ảnh hưởng đến cuộc sống hàng ngày và chất lượng cuộc sống của bạn.

Những điều cần biết

Các triệu chứng của bạn có thể xuất hiện rồi biến mất, hoặc có thể duy trì ổn định. Điều này phụ thuộc vào dây thần kinh cụ thể nào bị ảnh hưởng và nguyên nhân gây chèn ép dây thần kinh. Ví dụ, tê bì ở bàn tay có thể xảy ra sau phẫu thuật cổ hoặc phẫu thuật vai. Nếu các triệu chứng này xuất hiện sau phẫu thuật vai, chúng thường không cải thiện chỉ bằng nghỉ ngơi hoặc vật lý trị liệu.

Nếu bạn bị hội chứng ống cổ tay mức độ nhẹ đến trung bình, bác sĩ phẫu thuật sẽ xem xét các dấu hiệu và triệu chứng của bạn. Tuy nhiên, các dấu hiệu này không phải lúc nào cũng khớp với kết quả xét nghiệm. Khoảng 73% người có triệu chứng nhẹ dường như mắc bệnh dựa trên cảm giác của họ. Nhưng chỉ có 51% thực sự thể hiện rõ trên các xét nghiệm dây thần kinh hoặc siêu âm. Sự khác biệt này có nghĩa là bác sĩ phẫu thuật của bạn có thể sử dụng thêm các xét nghiệm để chắc chắn trước khi đề xuất phẫu thuật. Nếu các xét nghiệm đó xác nhận vấn đề, phẫu thuật có nhiều khả năng mang lại hiệu quả.

Nếu bạn gặp vấn đề về dây thần kinh trụ tại khuỷu tay, dây thần kinh có thể bị sưng. Vấn đề càng nghiêm trọng thì dây thần kinh càng trở nên to lớn hơn. Nếu bạn từng có vấn đề về dây thần kinh trụ trong quá khứ, bạn có nguy cơ cao mắc hội chứng ống cổ tay, đặc biệt là trong hai năm đầu tiên.

Khi phẫu thuật được thực hiện để giải phóng dây thần kinh bị chèn ép sau phẫu thuật vai, tiên lượng chung là tốt. Gần 90% bệnh nhân thấy các triệu chứng của họ biến mất hoàn toàn. Điều này có nghĩa là bạn có khả năng quay trở lại các hoạt động hàng ngày và kỹ năng vận động bình thường sau khi hồi phục.

Nếu không điều trị tình trạng này, các triệu chứng có thể kéo dài. Phục hồi chức năng giúp bạn lấy lại cảm giác và cảm giác định vị trong bàn tay. Đây là yếu tố then chốt để thực hiện các thao tác vận động tinh. Bác sĩ phẫu thuật của bạn cũng sẽ xem xét tác động của tình trạng này đến chất lượng cuộc sống tổng thể của bạn. Mục tiêu là giảm áp lực lên dây thần kinh của bạn để bạn có thể cảm thấy bình thường trở lại.


Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • Median nerve entrapment neuropathy encompasses a spectrum of conditions, including pronator syndrome, which requires consolidated knowledge to improve patient outcomes [1].
  • Clear definitions distinguishing recurrence from persistent compression neuropathy are necessary to enable comparison of results across different techniques and clinics [2].
  • Agreements on supplementary diagnostics and standardized outcome measurements are needed for upper extremity revision nerve compression surgery [2].
  • Diagnosis of mild-to-moderate idiopathic median neuropathy at the carpal tunnel based on signs and symptoms is discordant from diagnosis based on electrodiagnostic studies (EDS) and ultrasound (US) [3].
  • There is severe discordance between the estimated prevalence of mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome based on clinical signs and symptoms (73%) versus EDS and US (51%) [12].
  • This discordance calls into question whether clinicians can confidently diagnose patients with mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome based on clinical presentation alone [12].
  • When signs and symptoms suggest mild-to-moderate median neuropathy and surgery is being considered, additional testing such as EDS or US may increase the probability of identifying actual median neuropathy that can benefit from surgery [3].
  • Upper-extremity neuropathy can develop following nonupper extremity surgeries, particularly anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) [4].
  • Neuropathy symptoms following shoulder surgery were often refractory to conservative management [6].
  • Surgical decompression for neuropathy following shoulder surgery led to nearly 90% symptom resolution [6].
  • Patients with a history of ulnar nerve lesions are at a significantly increased risk of developing carpal tunnel syndrome, especially within the first 2 years [7].
  • As the severity of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow increases, the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the ulnar nerve correspondingly increases at the elbow [8].
  • Assessment of position and tactile sensations is important in determining participation in manual skills during neuropathy rehabilitation [5].
  • Quality of life domains are impacted by distal radius fracture and ulnar neuropathy, with contextual factors influencing these implications [9].

Background & Causes

  • Median nerve entrapment neuropathy includes pronator syndrome [1].
  • The anconeus epitrochlearis muscle's contribution to compression neuropathy or protection of the ulnar nerve could not be discerned for the standard population [19].
  • A bifid median nerve can cause entrapment by forearm musculature [10].
  • The pectoralis minor's unique asymmetric neurologic innervation predisposes the human shoulder to neurologic and musculoskeletal imbalance, producing the Human Disharmony Loop syndrome [18].
  • Double entrapment neuropathy of the ulnar nerve at the elbow and wrist may represent double crush syndrome [13].

Symptoms & Presentation

  • There is a severe discordance between the estimated prevalence of mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome based on clinical signs and symptoms (73%) versus electrodiagnostic studies and ultrasound (51%) [12].
  • If double crush syndrome is suspected but symptoms are mild, they may respond to conservative treatment [13].
  • Assessment of position and tactile sensations is relevant for determining participation in manual skills in patients with upper extremity neuropathy [5].
  • Assessing quality of life domains provides insight into the implications of contextual factors on quality of life for patients with distal radius fracture and ulnar neuropathy [9].

Management

  • Median nerve entrapment neuropathy reviews aim to consolidate existing knowledge to improve patient outcomes [1].
  • Clear definitions of recurrence versus persistent compression neuropathy are needed to enable comparison of results from different techniques and clinics [2].
  • Agreements on supplementary diagnostics and standardized outcome measurements are required for comparing results across different techniques and clinics [2].
  • When signs and symptoms suggest mild-to-moderate median neuropathy and surgery is being considered, additional testing such as electrodiagnostic studies (EDS) or ultrasound (US) can increase the probability of identifying actual median neuropathy that can benefit from surgery [3].
  • Assessment of position and tactile sensations should not be ignored in determining participation in manual skills during neuropathy rehabilitation [5].
  • Surgical decompression led to nearly 90% symptom resolution for neuropathy following shoulder surgery [6].
  • Assessing quality of life (QoL) domains for upper extremity conditions provides insight into the implications of contextual factors on QoL [9].
  • Surgeons should bear anomalies such as bifid median nerve entrapment by forearm musculature in mind when assessing patients with symptoms of median nerve compression [10].
  • Hand abduction tracings are a quantitative outcome measure to follow recovery over time for intrinsic hand function and can be used in patients with severe ulnar neuropathy following surgical intervention [11].
  • In cases of suspected double crush syndrome, invasive treatments should be initiated preferentially at sites with greater clinical suspicion [13].
  • Decompressing the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve caused by heterotopic ossification allowed for spontaneous nerve recovery and reinnervation of ulnar nerve-innervated intrinsic muscles [14].
  • More than 50% of patients who did not undergo carpal tunnel release at the initial surgery for perilunate injuries required a release within the follow-up period [15].
  • Anterior interosseous nerve transfer, along with cubital and ulnar tunnel release, results in sustained clinical and electrophysiological improvements in patients with severe chronic ulnar nerve compression [16].
  • Anterior interosseous nerve transfer combined with cubital and ulnar tunnel release encourages adoption as a standard treatment for severe chronic ulnar nerve compression [16].
  • Sensory interventions on motor function, activities of daily living, and spasticity of the upper limb in people with stroke are inexpensive, noninvasive, and easy to perform [17].
  • Sensory interventions can be easily implemented into conventional therapy practice in any setting [17].

Key Considerations

  • Median nerve entrapment neuropathy encompasses a spectrum of conditions, including pronator syndrome [1].
  • Agreements on supplementary diagnostics and standardized outcome measurements are required for comparing results from different techniques and clinics in upper extremity revision nerve compression surgery [2].
  • When signs and symptoms suggest mild-to-moderate median neuropathy and surgery is being considered, additional testing such as EDS or US increases the probability of identifying actual median neuropathy that can benefit from surgery [3].
  • The severe discordance between clinical prevalence estimates (73%) and EDS/US prevalence estimates (51%) calls into question whether clinicians can confidently diagnose patients with mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome [12].
  • Hand abduction tracings serve as a quantitative outcome measure to follow recovery over time for intrinsic hand function in patients with severe ulnar neuropathy following surgical intervention [11].
  • Decompression of the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve caused by heterotopic ossification allowed for spontaneous nerve recovery and reinnervation of ulnar nerve-innervated intrinsic muscles [14].
  • More than 50% of patients with perilunate injuries who did not undergo carpal tunnel release at initial surgery required a release within the follow-up period [15].

Key Evidence

  • [L5] By reviewing the current literature within the spectrum of median nerve entrapment neuropathies, this review aimed to enhance and summarize the current understanding by consolidating the existing knowledge for improved patient outcomes. [1] (10.1016/j.xrrt.2024.10.001)
  • [L5] The authors emphasize the need for clear definitions of recurrence versus persistent compression neuropathy, agreements on supplementary diagnostics, and standardized outcome measurements to enable comparing results from different techniques and clinics. [2] (10.1177/17531934241311822)
  • [L3] When signs and symptoms suggest mild-to-moderate median neuropathy and surgery is being considered, patients and clinicians might consider additional testing, such as EDS or US, to increase the probability of actual median neuropathy that can benefit from surgery. [3] (10.1097/corr.0000000000002751)
  • [L3] Upper-extremity neuropathy can develop following nonupper extremity surgeries, particularly ACDF. [4] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.100972)
  • [L3] In neuropathy rehabilitation, the assessment of position and tactile sensations should not be ignored in determining participation in manual skills. [5] (10.1016/j.jht.2024.12.005)
  • [L4] Neuropathy symptoms were often refractory to conservative management, while surgical decompression led to nearly 90% symptom resolution. [6] (10.1016/j.jseint.2024.05.011)
  • [L2] Patients with a history of ulnar nerve lesions are at a significantly increased risk of developing carpal tunnel syndrome, especially within the first 2 years. [7] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.100970)
  • [L2] As the severity of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow increases, the CSA of the ulnar nerve correspondingly increases at the elbow. [8] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.12.004)
  • [L3] Assessing QoL domains for two upper extremity conditions with different contextual factors provides insight into the implications of those factors on QoL. [9] (10.1016/j.jht.2024.11.006)
  • [L5] We encourage surgeons to bear such anomalies in mind when assessing patients with symptoms of median nerve compression. [10] (10.1177/17531934251401431)
  • [L4] Hand abduction tracings are a quantitative outcome measure to follow recovery over time for intrinsic hand function and can be used in patients with severe ulnar neuropathy following surgical intervention. [11] (10.1016/j.jht.2023.09.005)
  • [L5] There is a severe discordance between the estimated prevalence of mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome based on clinical signs and symptoms (73%) versus electrodiagnostic studies and ultrasound (51%), calling into question whether clinicians can confidently diagnose patients with mild-to-moderate CTS. [12] (10.1097/corr.0000000000002822)
  • [L4] If double crush syndrome is suspected but symptoms are mild, they may respond to conservative treatment, while invasive treatments should be initiated preferentially at sites with greater clinical suspicion. [13] (10.1186/s12891-024-07574-z)
  • [L4] Decompressing the patient's deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve allowed for spontaneous nerve recovery and reinnervation of his ulnar nerve innervated intrinsic muscles. [14] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.02.001)
  • [L3] More than 50% of patients who did not undergo carpal tunnel release at the initial surgery required a release within the follow-up period. [15] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2023.09.003)
  • [L4] Anterior interosseous nerve transfer, along with cubital and ulnar tunnel release, results in sustained clinical and electrophysiological improvements in patients with severe chronic ulnar nerve compression, which encourages its adoption as a standard treatment for severe chronic ulnar nerve compression. [16] (10.1177/17531934251381023)
  • [L2] These interventions are inexpensive, noninvasive, and easy to perform, so can be easily implemented into conventional therapy practice in any setting. [17] (10.1016/j.jht.2024.08.051)
  • [L4] The unique asymmetric neurologic innervation to the pectoralis minor predisposes the human shoulder to neurologic and musculoskeletal imbalance, producing the Human Disharmony Loop syndrome. [18] (10.3390/jcm14051769)
  • [L3] The contribution of the anconeus epitrochlearis to compression neuropathy or protection of the ulnar nerve could not be discerned for the standard population. [19] (10.1016/j.jse.2024.09.039)

References

[1] Median nerve entrapment neuropathy: a review on the pronator syndrome. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2024.10.001

[2] Re: van der Heijden EPA, Dailiana ZH, Giele HP. State of the art review. Upper extremity revision nerve compression surgery. J Hand Surg Eur. 2024, 49: 687–97. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2025. DOI: 10.1177/17531934241311822

[3] Diagnosis of Mild-to-moderate Idiopathic Median Neuropathy at the Carpal Tunnel Based on Signs and Symptoms is Discordant From Diagnosis Based on Electrodiagnostic Studies and Ultrasound. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2023. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000002751

[4] Incidence of Median and Ulnar Neuropathy Following Nonupper Extremity Surgery. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.100972

[5] The effect of wrist position sense and tactile recognition on manual skills in patients with upper extremity neuropathy. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2024.12.005

[6] The incidence and decompression rates of median and ulnar neuropathies following shoulder surgery. JSES International. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2024.05.011

[7] Incidence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome After the Diagnosis of Ulnar Neuropathy. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.100970

[8] Association of Ultrasound and Electrodiagnostic Studies in Patients Evaluated for Ulnar Neuropathy. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.12.004

[9] A retrospective analysis of quality of life domains impacted by distal radius fracture and ulnar neuropathy. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2024.11.006

[10] Bifid median nerve entrapment by forearm musculature – a case report and systematic literature review. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2025. DOI: 10.1177/17531934251401431

[11] The hand diagram: A novel outcome measure following supercharged end-to-side anterior interosseous nerve to ulnar nerve transfer in severe compressive ulnar neuropathy. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2023.09.005

[12] CORR Insights®: Diagnosis of Mild-to-moderate Idiopathic Median Neuropathy at the Carpal Tunnel Based on Signs and Symptoms is Discordant From Diagnosis Based on Electrodiagnostic Studies and Ultrasound. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2023. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000002822

[13] Double entrapment neuropathy of the ulnar nerve at the elbow and the wrist : double crush syndrome?. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2024. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-024-07574-z

[14] Posttraumatic Compressive Neuropathy of the Deep Motor Branch of the Ulnar Nerve Caused by Heterotopic Ossification. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.02.001

[15] Predicting Acute Median Neuropathy in Perilunate Injuries. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2023.09.003

[16] Anterior interosseous nerve transfer combined with cubital and ulnar tunnel release for severe ulnar nerve compression. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2025. DOI: 10.1177/17531934251381023

[17] CRITICAL APPRAISAL PAPER: “SENSORY INTERVENTIONS ON MOTOR FUNCTION, ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING, AND SPASTICITY OF THE UPPER LIMB IN PEOPLE WITH STROKE: A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL”. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2024.08.051

[18] The Human Disharmony Loop: A Case Series Proposing the Unique Role of the Pectoralis Minor in a Unifying Syndrome of Chronic Pain, Neuropathy, and Weakness. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.3390/jcm14051769

[19] Is the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle a predictor for ulnar nerve compression?. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2024.09.039

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