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Testosterone, steroid đồng hóa và sức khỏe hệ cơ xương khớp

Anabolic steroids and testosterone are linked to a higher risk of tendon rupture, including the rotator cuff, biceps and quadriceps. How steroids and TRT affect tendons, joints, bone and recovery from surgery.

Updated Sep 2026
Một cấu trúc phân tử bên cạnh một lọ thuốc nhỏ.
Testosterone ảnh hưởng đến cơ và xương; nồng độ testosterone và việc bổ sung hormone này có những tác động lên hệ cơ xương khớp mà bạn nên hiểu rõ. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Trang này được dịch bằng máy và chưa được bác sĩ kiểm tra. Bản tiếng Anh là bản chính thức.

Định nghĩa

Steroid đồng hóa là các dạng nhân tạo của testosterone, loại hormone giúp tăng sức mạnh của cơ và xương ở nam giới. Liệu pháp thay thế testosterone (TRT) là dạng testosterone được kê đơn cho những người có nồng độ testosterone tự nhiên thấp. Một nhóm thuốc mới hơn gọi là SARMs (chất điều biến chọn lọc thụ thể androgen) tác động theo cách tương tự, giúp tăng cơ mà không dùng chính testosterone.

Một số người dùng các loại thuốc này để điều trị một bệnh lý. Những người khác dùng chúng để tăng cơ phục vụ thể thao hoặc ngoại hình. Cả hai nhóm đều nên biết rằng các loại thuốc này ảnh hưởng đến gân, những dải mô chắc khỏe nối cơ với xương. Nghiên cứu đã liên hệ việc dùng testosterone với nguy cơ cao hơn bị rách chóp xoay [1], tổn thương gân cơ nhị đầu [2] và tổn thương gân cơ tứ đầu trong vòng 1 năm kể từ khi mua thuốc theo đơn [3]. Một nghiên cứu cho thấy người dùng testosterone có nguy cơ đứt gân tăng 2.9 lần so với người không dùng [4]. Việc dùng SARMs cũng có liên quan đến tổn thương gân [5].

Mối liên hệ này dường như theo cả hai chiều. Quá nhiều testosterone dường như gây căng thẳng cho gân và khớp. Quá ít cũng gây ra vấn đề, vì suy sinh dục (testosterone rất thấp) dường như có tác động bất lợi lên hệ cơ xương khớp [6]. Các nghiên cứu cũng đã liên hệ nồng độ testosterone với thoái hóa khớp, loại viêm khớp do hao mòn [7].

Nếu bạn đang dùng testosterone theo đơn và sắp phải phẫu thuật, hãy báo cho bác sĩ. Điều này làm thay đổi một số đánh giá nguy cơ liên quan đến các ca mổ như thay khớp vai và khâu chóp xoay.

Phương pháp này có hiệu quả không?

Không có câu trả lời đơn giản ở đây, vì các loại thuốc này tác động khác nhau lên những bộ phận khác nhau của cơ thể bạn.

Testosterone có thể giúp tăng sức mạnh của cơ và xương. Bốn thử nghiệm ngẫu nhiên có đối chứng (nghiên cứu trong đó người tham gia được phân ngẫu nhiên để nhận hoặc không nhận một phương pháp điều trị) cho thấy testosterone dùng trong giai đoạn quanh phẫu thuật đã cải thiện kết quả lâm sàng, thành phần cơ thể và mật độ khoáng của xương trong các ca phẫu thuật chỉnh hình [8]. Nghiên cứu cũng chỉ ra một hướng có thể giúp cải thiện quá trình liền xương gãy bằng cách tác động vào trục androgen/thụ thể androgen ở màng xương (lớp mô mỏng bao phủ xương) [9].

Nhưng chính các hormone này cũng có thể gây căng thẳng cho gân và khớp. Những bệnh nhân đã mua thuốc theo đơn cho liệu pháp thay thế testosterone có khả năng cao hơn nhiều bị tổn thương cơ hoặc gân cơ tứ đầu trong vòng 1 năm kể từ khi mua thuốc, và có nguy cơ cao hơn phải phẫu thuật khâu phục hồi gân cơ tứ đầu [3]. Những bệnh nhân được kê đơn liệu pháp thay thế testosterone ít nhất 3 tháng có tỷ lệ tổn thương dây chằng chéo trước (ACL) cao hơn đáng kể so với nhóm đối chứng trong thời gian theo dõi 2 năm [10]. Việc dùng liệu pháp thay thế testosterone dạng tiêm trong vòng 1 năm sau phẫu thuật tái tạo ACL lần đầu có liên quan đến tỷ lệ phải mổ lại tái tạo ACL tăng 3.3 lần sau 2 năm theo dõi [11]. Một nghiên cứu ngẫu nhiên Mendel hai chiều (một nghiên cứu di truyền dùng để kiểm tra quan hệ nhân quả) ủng hộ mối quan hệ nhân quả giữa nồng độ testosterone sinh khả dụng và thoái hóa khớp, xác định nồng độ testosterone sinh khả dụng là một yếu tố nguy cơ của thoái hóa khớp [7].

Kết quả phẫu thuật chưa thống nhất. Những bệnh nhân được kê đơn testosterone bổ sung có nguy cơ cao hơn phải mổ lại vì mọi nguyên nhân và mổ lại vì nhiễm trùng sau phẫu thuật thay toàn bộ khớp vai [12]. Việc dùng liệu pháp thay thế testosterone trước phẫu thuật không liên quan đến tăng biến chứng ngắn hạn sau phẫu thuật nội soi khâu chóp xoay (phẫu thuật gân vai qua lỗ nhỏ) [13]. Những bệnh nhân đang dùng liệu pháp testosterone nên được tư vấn về nguy cơ biến chứng tăng cao sau phẫu thuật khâu phục hồi gân cơ nhị đầu đoạn xa, và cần tiến hành cả phân tầng nguy cơ lẫn tối ưu hóa tình trạng sức khỏe trước phẫu thuật để giảm thiểu nguy cơ trong giai đoạn quanh phẫu thuật [14]. Việc ngừng liệu pháp thay thế testosterone trước phẫu thuật khâu chóp xoay nên được cân nhắc tùy theo từng bệnh nhân [15]. Việc dùng steroid đồng hóa có thể góp phần gây đứt cơ ngực lớn (rách khối cơ lớn ở ngực), nhưng việc tiếp tục dùng trong thời gian hồi phục dường như không ảnh hưởng tiêu cực đến sự hồi phục chức năng [16].

Cả quá nhiều lẫn quá ít testosterone dường như đều có tác động bất lợi lên hệ cơ xương khớp (cơ, gân, xương và khớp của bạn) [6].

Những rủi ro là gì?

Những rủi ro rõ ràng nhất nằm ở gân của bạn. Nghiên cứu liên hệ việc dùng testosterone với khả năng cao hơn bị tổn thương gân cơ tứ đầu [17]. Người dùng SARMs thường dùng liều cao hơn nhiều so với liều đã được nghiên cứu, và các báo cáo ca bệnh liên hệ điều đó với tổn thương gân [18]. Steroid đồng hóa và tình trạng testosterone rất thấp đều có thể gây hại cho cơ, gân, xương và khớp của bạn [6].

Khớp của bạn cũng có thể bị ảnh hưởng. Một nghiên cứu di truyền đã tìm thấy mối liên hệ nhân quả giữa nồng độ testosterone sinh khả dụng và thoái hóa khớp [7]. Mối quan hệ này không theo đường thẳng, vì vậy việc giữ testosterone trong khoảng khỏe mạnh có thể quan trọng đối với sức khỏe khớp [19].

Nếu bạn dùng testosterone và cần phẫu thuật, các nguy cơ sẽ thay đổi. Việc dùng testosterone có liên quan đến nguy cơ cao hơn phải mổ lại sau thay khớp vai, cả vì nhiễm trùng lẫn vì bất kỳ lý do nào [20]. Đây cũng là một yếu tố nguy cơ có thể gây biến chứng và phải mổ lại sau phẫu thuật khâu chóp xoay, mặc dù một nghiên cứu không thấy mối liên hệ với các vấn đề ngắn hạn sau phẫu thuật nội soi chóp xoay [15] [13]. Việc ngừng testosterone trước phẫu thuật khâu chóp xoay là quyết định được đưa ra tùy từng trường hợp [15]. Những bệnh nhân đang dùng testosterone có nguy cơ biến chứng cao hơn sau phẫu thuật khâu phục hồi gân cơ nhị đầu đoạn xa, vì vậy bác sĩ sẽ đánh giá và chuẩn bị cho bạn cẩn thận trước đó để giảm nguy cơ này [14].

Một số kết quả lại theo hướng ngược lại. Bốn thử nghiệm ngẫu nhiên có đối chứng cho thấy testosterone dùng trong giai đoạn quanh phẫu thuật đã cải thiện kết quả lâm sàng, thành phần cơ thể và mật độ khoáng của xương trong các ca phẫu thuật chỉnh hình [8]. Việc dùng steroid đồng hóa có thể góp phần gây đứt cơ ngực lớn, tức là rách khối cơ lớn ở ngực, nhưng việc tiếp tục dùng thuốc trong thời gian hồi phục dường như không ảnh hưởng đến mức độ hồi phục của bạn [16].

Một số câu hỏi vẫn còn bỏ ngỏ. Bằng chứng về việc bổ sung testosterone có liên quan đến đột quỵ ở người trẻ tuổi hay không còn hạn chế và chưa được nghiên cứu đầy đủ [21]. Và testosterone làm tăng nguy cơ đứt gân ở nam giới nhưng không ở nữ giới, có thể do nam và nữ được dùng những liều khác nhau [22].

Liệu phương pháp này có phù hợp với bạn không?

Các loại thuốc này phù hợp với những người khác nhau vì những lý do khác nhau. Testosterone theo đơn có thể giúp ích nếu nồng độ testosterone tự nhiên của bạn thấp, và có thể giúp tăng sức mạnh của cơ và xương. Bốn thử nghiệm ngẫu nhiên có đối chứng cho thấy testosterone dùng trong giai đoạn quanh phẫu thuật đã cải thiện kết quả lâm sàng, thành phần cơ thể và mật độ khoáng của xương trong các ca phẫu thuật chỉnh hình [8]. Nhưng chính các hormone này cũng có thể gây căng thẳng cho gân và khớp, và nghiên cứu liên hệ việc dùng testosterone với khả năng cao hơn bị tổn thương gân cơ tứ đầu [17]. Một nghiên cứu di truyền cũng tìm thấy mối liên hệ nhân quả giữa nồng độ testosterone sinh khả dụng và thoái hóa khớp [7]. Mối quan hệ này không theo đường thẳng, vì vậy việc giữ testosterone trong khoảng khỏe mạnh có thể quan trọng đối với sức khỏe khớp [19].

SARMs là một lựa chọn khó quyết định hơn. Ở liều thấp, chúng có thể làm tăng khối lượng cơ nạc, nhưng các báo cáo ca bệnh cho thấy người dùng thường dùng liều cao hơn nhiều so với liều đã được nghiên cứu, làm tăng nguy cơ tổn thương gân, tổn thương gan và các biến cố tim mạch [18]. Việc dùng SARMs cũng có liên quan đến tổn hại gan và tim cùng các tác dụng phụ kiểu androgen trên toàn cơ thể [5]. Không có thử nghiệm chất lượng tốt nào chứng minh chúng an toàn, và các cơ quan y tế công cộng đã kêu gọi quản lý những hợp chất được bán trên thị trường xám này [23].

Nếu bạn đang dùng testosterone và sắp phải phẫu thuật, bác sĩ nên đánh giá nguy cơ riêng của bạn trước khi cùng bạn đưa ra quyết định [14]. Tình trạng nội tiết tố cần được đưa vào mọi đánh giá về nguy cơ đối với cơ, gân và khớp của bạn [24]. Đây là quyết định chung, được đưa ra cùng với bác sĩ, dựa trên sức khỏe và mục tiêu của riêng bạn.

Tóm lại

Nếu nồng độ testosterone của bạn thấp, testosterone theo đơn có thể giúp ích cho cơ và xương của bạn. Nhưng các hormone này có thể gây căng thẳng cho gân và khớp, và nguy cơ tăng lên khi dùng liều cao hơn. Nếu bạn sắp phải phẫu thuật, hãy báo cho bác sĩ về mọi việc sử dụng testosterone hoặc SARMs, vì điều này làm thay đổi cách đánh giá nguy cơ của bạn. Lưu ý quan trọng nhất: cả quá nhiều lẫn quá ít testosterone đều có thể gây hại cho cơ thể bạn, vì vậy mọi quyết định nên được đưa ra tùy từng trường hợp cùng với bác sĩ.

Tài liệu tham khảo

[1] The Relationship Between Testosterone Therapy and Rotator Cuff Tears, Repairs, and Revision Repairs. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2023. DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-22-00554

[2] The use of prescription testosterone is associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing a distal biceps tendon injury and subsequently requiring surgical repair. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2023.02.122

[3] Testosterone Therapy Is Associated With Increased Odds of Quadriceps Tendon Injury. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2023. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000002744

[4] Poster 374: Tendon Tears Among Patients Treated with Exogenous Therapeutic Anabolic Steroids: An Eight Year Retrospective Analysis in a Single Institution. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2024. DOI: 10.1177/2325967124s00339

[5] Athlete Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators Abuse: A Systematic Review. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/03635465241252435

[6] Testosterone. JBJS Reviews. 2024. DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.24.00061

[7] The causal impact of bioavailable testosterone levels on osteoarthritis: a bidirectional Mendelian randomized study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-08626-8

[8] Perioperative Testosterone Supplementation Improves Outcomes of Orthopaedic Surgeries: A Systematic Review of Heterogeneous Studies. Arthroscopy. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2024.12.026

[9] Targeted activation of androgen receptor signaling in the periosteum improves bone fracture repair. Cell Death & Disease. 2022. DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04595-1

[10] Prescription Testosterone Is Associated With an Increased Risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury. Arthroscopy. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2024.10.032

[11] Injectable Testosterone Replacement Therapy Within 1 Year Before ACL Reconstruction Is Associated With Increased Revision Rates. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/23259671251399845

[12] Poster 149: Supplemental Testosterone Increases Risk of Reoperation after Total Shoulder Arthroplasty. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2024. DOI: 10.1177/2325967124s00118

[13] Association of preoperative testosterone replacement therapy with postoperative complications following rotator cuff repair. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2025.12.013

[14] Paper 30. Comparative Outcomes of Distal Biceps Tendon Repair in Patients With and Without Testosterone Therapy. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/2325967126s00288

[15] Preoperative testosterone replacement therapy: a potential risk-factor for complications and reoperation after rotator cuff repair. JSES International. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2025.10.002

[16] Pectoralis major rupture in body builders: a case series including anabolic steroid use. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2023. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06382-1

[17] CORR Insights®: Testosterone Therapy Is Associated With Increased Odds of Quadriceps Tendon Injury. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2023. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000002835

[18] Poster 390: Systematic Review of SARMs Abuse in Athletes. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2023. DOI: 10.1177/2325967123s00352

[19] Correlation between low testosterone levels and the risk of osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES data (2011–2016). BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-024-08272-6

[20] Prescription testosterone is associated with increased risk of infection-related and all-cause reoperations after primary total shoulder arthroplasty in male patients. JSES International. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101634

[21] Testosterone supplementation and stroke in young adults: a review of the literature. Frontiers in Neurology. 2024. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1422931

[22] Testosterone Therapy and Associated Rates of Tendon Tear and Surgical Repair: A Retrospective Analysis. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/23259671261430731

[23] Athlete SARMs Abuse: A Systematic Review. Journal of ISAKOS. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jisako.2023.03.427

[24] Testosterone levels and risk of adhesive capsulitis: a 1:1 propensity matched analysis. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2026.01.012


Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • Testosterone replacement therapy is associated with increased odds of surgically treated tendon rupture [1].
  • Anabolic steroids did not induce ultrastructural collagen changes that might predispose to tendon rupture in humans [2].
  • Testosterone users had a 2.9-fold increased risk of tendon rupture compared to nonusers [3].
  • It is premature to imply causation between testosterone replacement therapy and ACL injuries based solely on existing results due to confounding variables [4].
  • Exogenous testosterone is a risk factor for increased postoperative complications following distal biceps tendon repair [5].
  • There is a threshold-dependent relationship between testosterone and shoulder pathology [6].
  • Patients with prior prescription testosterone exposure have an increased rate of distal biceps tendon injury and biceps tendon repair compared with patients without such exposure [7].
  • Surgeons should be more intentional about discussing endocrinologic history with patients and counseling those with testosterone deficiency on the risks for injury or re-injury [8].
  • TRT is associated with increased tendon rupture risk in men but not women, potentially due to sex-specific differences in dosing [9].
  • Patients who filled a prescription for testosterone replacement therapy were much more likely to experience a quadriceps muscle or tendon injury within 1 year of filling their prescription and were at increased risk of undergoing surgical repair of the quadriceps tendon [10].
  • SARM use is associated with tendon damage [11].
  • Cessation of TRT prior to rotator cuff repair should be considered on a patient-specific basis [12].

How It Works

  • Further research is needed to understand the mechanism by how testosterone increases the risk of reoperation after TSA [13].
  • Anabolic steroids use may contribute to pectoralis major injury [14].
  • Continuation of anabolic steroids during recovery does not seem to have a negative effect on functional recovery after pectoralis major injury [14].
  • Testosterone use is associated with a higher risk of both infection-related and all-cause reoperations after total shoulder arthroplasty [15].

What the Evidence Shows

Tendon Rupture Risk and Injury Association

  • Patients who filled a prescription for testosterone replacement therapy were much more likely to experience a quadriceps muscle or tendon injury within 1 year of filling their prescription [10].
  • Patients who filled a prescription for testosterone replacement therapy were at increased risk of undergoing surgical repair of the quadriceps tendon [10].
  • There is increased risk of rotator cuff tears in patients prescribed testosterone [16].
  • There is increased risk of rotator cuff repairs in patients prescribed testosterone [16].
  • There is increased risk of subsequent rotator cuff repairs in patients prescribed testosterone [16].
  • TRT is associated with increased tendon rupture risk in men but not women [9].
  • The association between TRT and increased tendon rupture risk in men but not women is potentially due to sex-specific differences in dosing [9].

Postoperative Complications and Reoperation

  • Testosterone use is associated with a higher risk of infection-related reoperations after total shoulder arthroplasty [15].
  • Testosterone use is associated with a higher risk of all-cause reoperations after total shoulder arthroplasty [15].
  • Supplemental testosterone increases the risk of reoperation after total shoulder arthroplasty [13].
  • Preoperative testosterone replacement therapy is a potential risk factor for complications after rotator cuff repair [12].
  • Preoperative testosterone replacement therapy is a potential risk factor for reoperation after rotator cuff repair [12].

Mechanisms and Ultrastructure

Clinical Considerations and Causation

  • Clinicians should remain vigilant and prescribe TRT judiciously with a thorough assessment of each patient's unique risk profile [4].
  • Surgeons should be more intentional about discussing endocrinologic history with patients [8].
  • Surgeons should counsel patients with testosterone deficiency on the risks for injury or re-injury [8].
  • Further research is needed to understand the mechanism by which testosterone increases the risk of reoperation after total shoulder arthroplasty [13].
  • Hormonal status should be considered in musculoskeletal risk assessment [6].

Practical Considerations

Risk Assessment and Counseling

  • A threshold-dependent relationship exists between testosterone and shoulder pathology, highlighting the need to consider hormonal status in musculoskeletal risk assessment [6].

Operative Considerations

Anabolic Steroids and SARMs

  • SARM use is associated with increased muscle mass, hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, tendon damage, and androgenic side effects throughout the body [11].
  • Anabolic steroids use may contribute to pectoralis major injury in body builders [14].
  • Continuation of anabolic steroids during recovery from pectoralis major injury does not seem to have a negative effect on functional recovery [14].

Key Evidence

  • [L3] Testosterone replacement therapy is associated with increased odds of surgically treated tendon rupture. [1] (10.1177/2325967125s00009)
  • [L4] The authors conclude that anabolic steroids did not induce ultrastructural collagen changes that might predispose to tendon rupture in humans. [2] (10.1016/s0020-1383(98)00183-1)
  • [L3] Testosterone users had a 2.9-fold increased risk of tendon rupture compared to nonusers. [3] (10.1177/2325967124s00339)
  • [L5] It is premature to imply causation between testosterone replacement therapy and ACL injuries based solely on existing results due to confounding variables; clinicians should remain vigilant and prescribe TRT judiciously with a thorough assessment of each patient's unique risk profile. [4] (10.1016/j.arthro.2024.11.086)
  • [L3] These findings suggest that exogenous testosterone is a risk factor for increased postoperative complications following distal biceps tendon repair. [5] (10.1177/2325967126s00288)
  • [L3] These findings suggest a threshold-dependent relationship between testosterone and shoulder pathology and highlight the need to consider hormonal status in musculoskeletal risk assessment. [6] (10.1016/j.jse.2026.01.012)
  • [L3] Patients with prior prescription testosterone exposure have an increased rate of distal biceps tendon injury and biceps tendon repair compared with patients without such exposure. [7] (10.1016/j.jse.2023.02.122)
  • [L5] The author advises surgeons to be more intentional about discussing endocrinologic history with patients and counseling those with testosterone deficiency on the risks for injury or re-injury. [8] (10.1097/corr.0000000000002835)
  • [L3] TRT is associated with increased tendon rupture risk in men but not women, potentially due to sex-specific differences in dosing. [9] (10.1177/23259671261430731)
  • [L3] Patients who filled a prescription for testosterone replacement therapy were much more likely to experience a quadriceps muscle or tendon injury within 1 year of filling their prescription and were at increased risk of undergoing surgical repair of the quadriceps tendon. [10] (10.1097/corr.0000000000002744)
  • [L4] SARM use is associated with increased muscle mass, hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, tendon damage, and androgenic side effects throughout the body. [11] (10.1177/03635465241252435)
  • [L3] Cessation of TRT prior to rotator cuff repair should be considered on a patient-specific basis. [12] (10.1016/j.jseint.2025.10.002)
  • [L3] Further research is needed to understand the mechanism by how testosterone increases the risk of reoperation after TSA. [13] (10.1177/2325967124s00118)
  • [L4] Anabolic steroids use may contribute to the injury, but continuation during recovery does not seem to have a negative effect on functional recovery. [14] (10.1186/s12891-023-06382-1)
  • [L2] Testosterone use is associated with a higher risk of both infection-related and all-cause reoperations after total shoulder arthroplasty. [15] (10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101634)
  • [L3] There is increased risk of RCTs, RCRs, and subsequent RCRs in patients prescribed testosterone. [16] (10.5435/jaaos-d-22-00554)

References

[1] Testosterone Replacement Therapy Increases Odds of Tendon Ruptures Treated Surgically. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/2325967125s00009

[2] Ultrastructural analysis of ruptured tendon from anabolic steroid users. Injury. 1998. DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(98)00183-1

[3] Poster 374: Tendon Tears Among Patients Treated with Exogenous Therapeutic Anabolic Steroids: An Eight Year Retrospective Analysis in a Single Institution. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2024. DOI: 10.1177/2325967124s00339

[4] Editorial Commentary: Testosterone Replacement Therapy and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk: Insights and Cautions for Clinical Application. Arthroscopy. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2024.11.086

[5] Paper 30. Comparative Outcomes of Distal Biceps Tendon Repair in Patients With and Without Testosterone Therapy. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/2325967126s00288

[6] Testosterone levels and risk of adhesive capsulitis: a 1:1 propensity matched analysis. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2026.01.012

[7] The use of prescription testosterone is associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing a distal biceps tendon injury and subsequently requiring surgical repair. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2023.02.122

[8] CORR Insights®: Testosterone Therapy Is Associated With Increased Odds of Quadriceps Tendon Injury. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2023. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000002835

[9] Testosterone Therapy and Associated Rates of Tendon Tear and Surgical Repair: A Retrospective Analysis. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1177/23259671261430731

[10] Testosterone Therapy Is Associated With Increased Odds of Quadriceps Tendon Injury. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2023. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000002744

[11] Athlete Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators Abuse: A Systematic Review. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/03635465241252435

[12] Preoperative testosterone replacement therapy: a potential risk-factor for complications and reoperation after rotator cuff repair. JSES International. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2025.10.002

[13] Poster 149: Supplemental Testosterone Increases Risk of Reoperation after Total Shoulder Arthroplasty. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2024. DOI: 10.1177/2325967124s00118

[14] Pectoralis major rupture in body builders: a case series including anabolic steroid use. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2023. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06382-1

[15] Prescription testosterone is associated with increased risk of infection-related and all-cause reoperations after primary total shoulder arthroplasty in male patients. JSES International. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101634

[16] The Relationship Between Testosterone Therapy and Rotator Cuff Tears, Repairs, and Revision Repairs. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2023. DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-22-00554

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