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Reparación del tendón de Aquiles

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

¿Por qué se ha recomendado esta operación?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de extremidades superiores en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, adapta el tratamiento a su lesión específica. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su consulta, tomamos su historia clínica, lo examinamos y solicitamos las pruebas de imagen necesarias para confirmar el diagnóstico.

El tendón de Aquiles es el fuerte cordón situado en la parte posterior del tobillo que le permite impulsarse al caminar o correr. Cuando se desgarra por completo, esta operación une nuevamente los dos extremos desgarrados. En caso de un desgarro reciente, puede recomendarse la cirugía de inmediato, sin necesidad de probar primero un tratamiento no quirúrgico. El tratamiento no quirúrgico mediante férula o bota no resulta inferior a la cirugía en cuanto a resultados a un año, por lo que analizaremos ambas opciones con usted. La reparación abierta reduce la probabilidad de que el tendón se vuelva a desgarrar, aunque aumenta el riesgo de complicaciones en la herida. El objetivo principal es lograr un tendón estable, de modo que pueda soportar peso y volver a sus actividades habituales.

Antes de la operación

En los días previos a la cirugía, siga las instrucciones de preparación que le demos. Deberá dejar de comer y beber siete horas antes de la operación. Pedimos que sea siete horas para poder adelantar su turno si la lista de cirugías avanza antes de lo previsto. Su cirujano le indicará qué medicamentos habituales debe suspender y en qué momento. Lleve una lista por escrito de todos los fármacos que toma, y organice que alguien lo lleve a casa después de la intervención. Use ropa holgada y cómoda. Para planificar la operación, pueden utilizarse estudios como radiografías, ecografías o resonancias magnéticas. Si padece otras enfermedades, es posible que necesite análisis de sangre o una consulta con el anestesista antes de la cirugía.

El día de la intervención

Llega usted a la unidad de admisiones quirúrgicas del hospital, donde se le registra y se le prepara para la cirugía. A continuación, conocerá al anestesista, el médico encargado de sedarle y de controlar su dolor. Esta operación se realiza bajo anestesia general. En ocasiones, se añade un bloqueo nervioso regional para aliviar el dolor postoperatorio; el anestesista hablará con usted al respecto ese mismo día. Posteriormente, será conducido al quirófano, donde se llevará a cabo la intervención.

Una vez finalizada la operación, despertará en la sala de recuperación. Las enfermeras permanecerán a su lado mientras la anestesia va desapareciendo. Cuando su estado sea estable, será trasladado a una sala de hospitalización o podrá volver a casa, según el tipo de procedimiento y cómo evolucione su recuperación.

Descripción del procedimiento quirúrgico

El tendón de Aquiles es el fuerte cordón situado en la parte posterior del tobillo. Cuando se desgarra, sus dos extremos se separan, como una cuerda deshilachada. Esta operación consiste en coser esos extremos nuevamente.

El cirujano realiza una pequeña incisión sobre el tendón, en la parte posterior del tobillo. En una reparación mínimamente invasiva, la incisión es aún más pequeña y los puntos de sutura se pasan a través de la piel sin necesidad de abrir prácticamente la vaina tendinosa. El cirujano puede utilizar una cámara fina para comprobar que los extremos desgarrados queden correctamente unidos. Puntos de sutura resistentes unen el tendón sano situado por encima con el hueso del talón por debajo, manteniendo los extremos unidos mientras cicatrizan.

Una vez unidos los extremos del tendón, se anudan los puntos de sutura y la incisión se cierra con puntos y un vendaje. Al salir del quirófano, su tobillo se mantendrá en una posición protectora para evitar cualquier tensión sobre la reparación.

En algunas reparaciones se emplea una técnica que permite cargar peso sobre el pie antes que con la reparación abierta tradicional. Su cirujano le indicará qué método se ha previsto para usted y por qué.

Después de la operación

Despertará en la sala de recuperación, rodeado de enfermeras, mientras el efecto de la anestesia desaparece. Su tobillo estará cubierto con un vendaje y mantenido en una posición protectora para evitar cualquier tensión sobre la zona operada. Le administraremos analgésicos para que se sienta cómodo, y antes de que se vaya comprobaremos el flujo sanguíneo, la sensibilidad y el movimiento del pie. Durante las primeras 24 horas después de volver a casa, debería haber alguien con usted. Su equipo médico le indicará si puede irse a casa el mismo día o si debe permanecer una noche en el hospital. Durante las dos primeras semanas, no cargue peso sobre el pie, a menos que su equipo le indique lo contrario. Dejaremos el vendaje puesto durante unos 10 días; por favor, no lo retire antes de ese plazo, a menos que se lo indiquemos. Lo cambiaremos o lo retiraremos cuando venga a su consulta.

Recuperación

Durante los primeros días, el tobillo le dolerá y se hinchará. Los analgésicos ayudan a mantener el confort, y el reposo con el pie elevado contribuye a reducir la hinchazón. Es normal que aparezcan hematomas alrededor del tobillo y en el pie; estos desaparecerán con el tiempo.

Al darle el alta, el tobillo quedará en una posición protectora para evitar tensiones sobre la zona reparada. Durante las primeras dos semanas, no debe apoyar peso en el pie, a menos que su equipo médico indique lo contrario. El vendaje se dejará puesto unos 10 días y luego se cambiará o retirará durante su siguiente visita. Posteriormente, su fisioterapeuta le guiará en ejercicios suaves para el tobillo. Empezará moviendo el pie hacia abajo libremente, procurando no flexionarlo demasiado hacia arriba. A medida que cicatrice, irá cargando más peso en el pie y comenzará a caminar distancias mayores. Algunas reparaciones permiten cargar peso antes que otras; su cirujano le indicará cuál es el plan para su caso.

Al principio, necesitará ayuda para subir escaleras, hacer compras y ducharse. Dormir boca arriba con el pie elevado suele ser más cómodo. Normalmente podrá volver a trabajos de oficina y a sus actividades cotidianas en cuanto su movilidad y comodidad lo permitan; para retomar el deporte, deberá recuperar fuerza y equilibrio. Muchas personas vuelven a practicar deporte alrededor de los cuatro meses tras una reparación mínimamente invasiva.

La recuperación varía según cada persona. Su cronograma puede ser distinto, y su cirujano y fisioterapeuta le guiarán en cada etapa.

Qué puede salir mal

La mayoría de los pacientes evolucionan bien, pero en ocasiones pueden surgir problemas. Su cirujano y el equipo lo vigilarán de cerca para detectar cualquier anomalía a tiempo.

Los problemas de la herida son lo que hay que observar con mayor atención. La piel que cubre el tendón de Aquiles tiene un flujo sanguíneo escaso, por lo que la incisión puede tardar en cicatrizar o los bordes pueden separarse. Esté atento a la aparición de enrojecimiento que se extienda desde la herida, secreción o exudado, aumento del dolor o fiebre. Si nota cualquiera de estos síntomas, llame a la clínica en lugar de esperar a su próxima cita. Algunas condiciones médicas, como la diabetes y el tabaquismo, incrementan el riesgo de complicaciones en la herida; por eso hablaremos con usted sobre sus propios riesgos antes de la cirugía.

Puede producirse una infección en la herida o en las estructuras más profundas alrededor del tendón. Generalmente se manifiesta como un dolor profundo y pulsátil que no mejora con analgésicos comunes, acompañado de calor, hinchazón y enrojecimiento. También puede ir acompañada de fiebre o sensación general de malestar. Una infección profunda requiere tratamiento inmediato; por ello, comuníquese con la clínica ese mismo día o acuda a urgencias si no puede contactarnos.

Los puntos de sutura mantienen unidos los extremos del tendón mientras este cicatriza; sin embargo, el tendón puede volver a romperse antes de haber ganado suficiente resistencia. Esto suele ocurrir al hacer un empuje brusco, tropezar o caerse. Sentirá un chasquido o “pop” agudo en la parte posterior del tobillo, junto con debilidad repentina y dificultad para empujar. En tal caso, comuníquese de inmediato con la clínica o acuda a urgencias.

El nervio que discurre por la parte externa del tobillo puede irritarse durante la reparación. Esto puede provocar entumecimiento, hormigueo o sensación de ardor en el lateral del pie. Comente este síntoma en su próxima revisión; si es intenso, llame antes.

Tras esta lesión y cirugía, pueden formarse coágulos sanguíneos en las venas profundas de la pantorrilla. Las señales de alerta incluyen hinchazón repentina, sensibilidad o sensación de pesadez en la pantorrilla; si el coágulo llega a los pulmones, aparecerán dificultad para respirar o dolor torácico. En caso de dificultad respiratoria o dolor en el pecho, acuda de inmediato a urgencias. Si solo hay síntomas en la pantorrilla, llame a la clínica sin demora.

En ocasiones, el tejido cicatricial puede adherir el tendón a las estructuras circundantes, generando sensación de chasquido, roce o rigidez al mover el tobillo. Mencione esto en su próxima revisión.

En la tabla de complicaciones de esta página se detallan las tasas típicas; si desea conocer los datos exactos, puede consultarla.

¿Cuándo deben llamarnos?

Llámenos de inmediato si tienen fiebre, o si el enrojecimiento, el secreto o el dolor alrededor de la herida empeoran. Llámenos sin demora si la pantorrilla se hincha, está sensible al tacto o se siente pesada. Acudan a urgencias si les cuesta respirar o tienen dolor torácico; si sienten un chasquido o estallido repentino en el tobillo acompañado de debilidad; o si pierden la sensibilidad en el pie o no pueden moverlo. Si no logran contactarnos, acudan a urgencias.


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