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Fijación de la clavícula (reconstrucción quirúrgica abierta)

Rehabilitation after plate fixation of a clavicle fracture, gated on radiographic healing at review.

Updated Jun 2026
Ilustración de una persona de pie con buena postura, el brazo apoyado en un cabestrillo.
Una buena postura y movimientos controlados son esenciales mientras se cura una fractura fija de clavícula. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Este protocolo le servirá de guía para su recuperación tras la fijación con placa de una fractura de clavícula, mediante reducción abierta y fijación interna (ORIF), bajo la supervisión del Dr. Kieran Hirpara en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton. Cada fase comienza con una explicación sencilla, en lenguaje comprensible, de lo que está ocurriendo y qué aspectos son más importantes; a continuación se detalla el protocolo estructurado destinado a su fisioterapeuta. Lleve esta página o su versión en PDF a su primera sesión de fisioterapia para garantizar una rehabilitación coordinada. Su fisioterapeuta podrá modificar el plan según el progreso de su recuperación.

Si tiene alguna duda respecto a la herida quirúrgica, no dude en contactar con el consultorio. A menudo resulta útil tomar una fotografía de la herida y enviarla por correo electrónico para su evaluación.

Qué esperar

La operación consiste en fijar los extremos rotos de la clavícula con una placa y tornillos para que el hueso pueda sanar. La placa es resistente, pero funciona como un soporte, no como un sustituto del hueso curado: normalmente el hueso tarda entre seis y doce semanas en unirse, y sigue fortaleciéndose (remodelándose) durante varios meses después. La rehabilitación se organiza en función de este proceso biológico: en las primeras semanas se protege la fijación mientras la fractura comienza a soldarse; luego se recupera el movimiento; y por último se permite la carga de peso y la práctica deportiva, una vez que el hueso ya lo soporta.

Al tratarse de una fractura, cada avance importante (elevar el brazo por encima del nivel del hombro, fortalecimiento muscular, levantar cargas más pesadas y volver a hacer deporte) no depende únicamente del tiempo transcurrido, sino de cómo se ve la fractura en las radiografías, según se confirme en su consulta con el Dr. Hirpara. Los intervalos de semanas indicados a continuación son típicos, no fijos.

La curación ósea es más lenta en fumadores y en personas con diabetes; el tabaquismo, en particular, puede retrasar o incluso impedir que la fractura se una. Si usted fuma, las semanas posteriores a la fractura son un momento especialmente adecuado para dejar de fumar.

La clavícula se encuentra justo debajo de la piel, por lo que es común sentir (e incluso ver) la placa una vez que la hinchazón disminuye. En los primeros meses, puede ser sensible bajo el cinturón de seguridad o la correa de una mochila; esto suele mejorar a medida que esa zona se insensibiliza. Si la placa sigue causando molestias después de que la fractura haya sanado por completo, existe la opción de retirarla, tema que podrá discutirse en una consulta posterior; se trata de una decisión independiente y sin prisa, que se toma mucho después de que el hueso ya se haya unido.

Resumen del proceso:

  • Fase I — Protección: semanas 0–3
  • Fase II — Movilidad temprana: semanas 3–6
  • Fase III — Fortalecimiento: semanas 6–12
  • Fase IV — Retorno a la actividad plena y al deporte: a partir de la semana 12

Cómo usar el cabestrillo

El cabestrillo sostiene el peso del brazo, alivia las molestias y protege el hueso en proceso de curación durante las primeras semanas. Las reglas son sencillas:

  • Úselo especialmente cuando esté fuera de casa, para proteger el brazo y evitar que alguien lo golpee. No es necesario usarlo para dormir.
  • Durante las primeras tres semanas, úselo la mayor parte del tiempo. A partir de entonces, se irá retirando gradualmente según su comodidad; la mayoría de las personas dejan de usarlo a las seis semanas.
  • Quíteselo para ducharse, para hacer los ejercicios y para realizar tareas tranquilas sentado con el brazo apoyado: comer, escribir, leer.
  • Cuando esté en casa descansando, puede quitarse el cabestrillo si actúa con precaución: apoye el brazo en una almohada mientras está sentado y mantenga la mano por debajo del nivel del hombro.
  • No debe conducir mientras lleve el cabestrillo. Podrá volver a conducir una vez que lo haya retirado y pueda controlar el vehículo de forma cómoda y segura, según lo confirmado en su consulta con el Dr. Hirpara.

Sus primeros días después de la cirugía

Si se utilizó un bloqueo nervioso durante la intervención, es posible que el brazo se sienta entumecido y pesado durante algunas horas; manténgalo protegido en el cabestrillo hasta que recupere la sensibilidad normal. A continuación, algunos consejos prácticos para los primeros días:

  • Tome los analgésicos antes de realizar los ejercicios y antes de sus sesiones de fisioterapia.
  • Aplique hielo sobre la zona afectada para aliviar el dolor y la hinchazón; haga esto durante unos 15–20 minutos cada vez, envolviendo el hielo en un paño húmedo; nunca lo aplique directamente sobre la piel o la herida.
  • Al usar el cabestrillo, relaje el hombro y permita que el cabestrillo soporte el peso del brazo.
  • Cuide su postura: mantenga las orejas, los hombros y las caderas alineados, evitando que los hombros se hundan hacia adelante; una buena postura protege la posición de la fractura y ayuda a prevenir la rigidez.
  • Desde el principio, mueva los dedos, la muñeca, el codo y el cuello.
  • Si presenta cualquier problema, comuníquese con el consultorio o informe a su fisioterapeuta.

Fase I — Protección (Semana 0–3)

Durante las primeras semanas, el objetivo es proteger la fijación ósea mientras la fractura comienza a consolidarse. Deberá usar el cabestrillo, aplicar hielo para controlar la hinchazón y realizar ejercicios suaves que mantengan en movimiento el resto del brazo: la mano, la muñeca, el codo y el cuello; además de movimientos pendulares y movilizaciones asistidas del hombro por debajo de la altura del hombro. Las reglas más importantes: no levantar el codo por encima de la altura del hombro, no levantar ni cargar nada con el brazo operado, no empujar utilizando ese brazo, y no conducir mientras lleve puesto el cabestrillo.

Para su fisioterapeuta:

Objetivos

  • Proteger la fijación ósea y la cicatrización de huesos y tejidos blandos
  • Controlar el dolor y la hinchazón
  • Restaurar el rango de movimiento pasivo del hombro por debajo de los 90° de elevación
  • Mantener el rango completo de movimiento activo del codo, muñeca, mano y columna cervical

Manejo

  • Crioterapia y otras modalidades según sea necesario; analgesia previa a los ejercicios y sesiones
  • Verificar el ajuste del cabestrillo; instruir al paciente sobre su uso (protección, especialmente fuera de casa; no es obligatorio usarlo durante la noche según la práctica habitual) y sobre la postura corporal
  • Movimientos pendulares y deslizamientos sobre la mesa
  • PROM: rotación externa e interna en el plano de la escápula hasta donde el paciente lo tolera; flexión, abducción y elevación hasta un máximo de 90°
  • AAROM: rotación externa asistida con un palo en posición neutra; flexión asistida en decúbito supino hasta 90°
  • AROM: movimientos activos del codo, muñeca, mano y columna cervical; ejercicios de agarre (apretar pelotas)
  • A partir de la semana 2: flexión/extensión de muñeca y rotación de antebrazo con resistencia; ejercicios suaves de retracción y estabilización de la escápula
  • Cardio: caminar con el brazo en el cabestrillo; bicicleta estática o recumbente con el brazo en el cabestrillo

Precauciones

  • No realizar elevación activa del hombro
  • No realizar flexión ni abducción del hombro más allá de los 90°, ni siquiera de forma pasiva
  • No levantar ni cargar nada con el brazo operado; no soportar peso mediante ese brazo
  • No conducir mientras lleve puesto el cabestrillo

Criterios para avanzar

  • Flexión/abducción pasiva cómoda hasta 90° y rotación externa de aproximadamente 30°
  • Dolor controlado, por debajo de 4/10 en reposo
  • Rango completo de movimiento activo del codo, muñeca y mano
  • Herida cicatrizada, sin signos de complicaciones

Fase II — Movilización temprana (Semana 3–6)

La fractura está empezando a consolidarse, pero aún no está curada: en esta fase se recupera el movimiento, no la fuerza. Se va retirando el cabestrillo según el paciente lo tolera; el rango de movimiento pasivo y asistido avanza hacia la amplitud completa, y el paciente comienza a mover el brazo por sí mismo por debajo de la altura del hombro, realizando además ejercicios suaves de activación muscular (isométricos). El peso de cualquier objeto que se levante o transporte debe ser, como máximo, el de una taza de café; además, se debe evitar cualquier estiramiento brusco. Esta fase concluye con una radiografía y una evaluación con el Dr. Hirpara alrededor de la semana seis; dicha evaluación, y no simplemente el paso del tiempo, permite iniciar el fortalecimiento y el movimiento por encima de la altura del hombro.

Para su fisioterapeuta:

Objetivos

  • Retirar progresivamente el cabestrillo (se elimina alrededor de la semana 6)
  • Lograr un rango de movimiento pasivo completo en todos los planos
  • Establecer un rango de movimiento activo por debajo de los 90°, con buena mecánica articular
  • Iniciar ejercicios isométricos suaves y ejercicios para la musculatura periescapular

Manejo

  • PROM: avanzar hacia la amplitud completa de movimiento en todos los planos, según tolerancia; sin estiramientos bruscos
  • AAROM: flexión en decúbito supino utilizando una varilla, progresando hacia posiciones verticales; deslizamientos contra la pared o barandillas, uso de poleas
  • AROM: elevación del brazo por debajo de los 90°, sin dolor; flexión en decúbito supino que se va adaptando a la posición de pie; rotación externa en posición sentada o lateral
  • Ejercicios isométricos para el manguito rotador en posición neutra; fortalecimiento leve de la musculatura periescapular (retracción escapular, remo ligero, remo medio); ejercicios suaves para bíceps y tríceps
  • Vigilar la aparición de patrones compensatorios (elevación excesiva del hombro, sustitución por movimientos escapulares)
  • Actividad cardiovascular: caminar; bicicleta estática

Precauciones

  • No levantar ni transportar objetos cuyo peso supere el de una taza de café
  • No realizar elevaciones activas por encima de los 90° hasta que la consolidación de la fractura se confirme en la evaluación de la semana seis
  • Evitar cualquier estiramiento brusco del hombro o posturas que provoquen dolor
  • No soportar peso alguno con el brazo
  • No conducir mientras se lleva el cabestrillo

Criterios para avanzar a la siguiente fase

  • Rango de movimiento pasivo completo o casi completo
  • Elevación activa hasta los 90°, con mínima compensación y dolor inferior a 4/10
  • Consolidación satisfactoria de la fractura según la radiografía, confirmada en la evaluación con el Dr. Hirpara

Fase III — Fortalecimiento (Semana 6–12)

Una vez que la evaluación confirme que la fractura está sanando adecuadamente, se inician los movimientos por encima de la altura del hombro, y se va recuperando progresivamente el rango de movimiento activo durante las siguientes semanas. El fortalecimiento comienza de forma suave: primero se trabaja la activación muscular, luego se usan bandas elásticas y, posteriormente, pesas ligeras para los músculos del manguito rotador y de la escápula. El levantamiento de pesas debe mantenerse ligero (no más de 2 kg aproximadamente) hasta la semana 12; el levantamiento de cargas pesadas o por encima de la cabeza debe posponerse, y en esta fase no se permiten deportes de contacto. La natación y el ciclismo suelen reiniciarse en esta etapa, según las indicaciones de su fisioterapeuta.

Para su fisioterapeuta:

Objetivos

  • Alcanzar un rango de movimiento activo completo en todos los planos, con mecánica normal
  • Iniciar y progresar el fortalecimiento del manguito rotador y de los músculos periescapulares
  • Retornar a las actividades cotidianas normales

Manejo

  • Progresar el rango de movimiento activo por encima de 90° en todos los planos, minimizando patrones compensatorios
  • Estiramientos según sea necesario: del dorsal ancho, pectorales, cápsula posterior y estiramientos en posición supina
  • Fortalecimiento: ejercicios isométricos para el manguito rotador, progresando a ejercicios de rotación externa/interna resistida con bandas, inicialmente por debajo de la altura del hombro; retracción y ejercicios de remo para la escápula; elevaciones laterales, ejercicios para el músculo serrato y flexiones contra la pared hacia el final de la fase
  • Uso progresivo de pesas libres ligeras, según tolerancia: carga baja y repeticiones elevadas
  • Ejercicio cardiovascular: bicicleta estática y caminata; natación y carrera a partir de la semana 8–10, si así lo autoriza la evaluación médica

Precauciones

  • No levantar cargas superiores a 2 kg hasta la semana 12
  • Evitar levantar pesas pesadas por encima de la cabeza o lejos del cuerpo hasta la semana 12
  • No practicar deportes de contacto; tampoco ejercicios pliométricos ni con impacto hasta finales de la fase (alrededor de la semana 10–12)
  • El fortalecimiento debe mantenerse dentro del rango cómodo y no debe provocar dolor persistente

Criterios para avanzar a la siguiente fase

  • Rango de movimiento activo equivalente al menos al 90 % del lado no afectado
  • Buena activación del manguito rotador y de los músculos periescapulares, con un dolor no superior a 3/10 durante los ejercicios resistidos
  • Progresión adecuada de la consolidación ósea según las radiografías, confirmada en la evaluación con el Dr. Hirpara

Fase IV — Retorno a la actividad plena y al deporte (a partir de la semana 12)

La fase final consiste en un retorno gradual a levantamientos más pesados, al trabajo manual y al deporte. El entrenamiento de fuerza avanza mediante resistencias mayores, posiciones por encima de la cabeza y, para los atletas, ejercicios pliométricos, de lanzamiento y específicos de cada deporte. Para practicar deportes de contacto o colisión (fútbol, rugby, equitación), se requiere que la fractura haya consolidado según los rayos X, confirmado en la revisión con el Dr. Hirpara; normalmente esto ocurre a partir de los tres a cuatro meses, aunque algunos protocolos recomiendan esperar hasta los seis meses. Regresar antes de que el hueso haya consolidado conlleva riesgo de nueva fractura; por ello, este es un requisito esencial que debe cumplirse.

Para su fisioterapeuta:

Objetivos

  • Mantener un rango de movimiento completo y sin dolor
  • Alcanzar una fuerza mínima del 90 % del lado no afectado
  • Retorno gradual al trabajo manual, a actividades recreativas y al deporte

Manejo

  • Entrenamiento de resistencia progresivo, incluyendo cargas excéntricas, posiciones por encima de la cabeza y patrones funcionales según la tolerancia del paciente
  • Ejercicios de estabilización rítmica y propiocepción; programas pliométricos e intervalados de lanzamiento o uso de raquetas para atletas que realizan actividades por encima de la cabeza
  • Condicionamiento específico para trabajadores manuales; ejercicios deportivos específicos antes de volver a practicar el deporte sin restricciones
  • La decisión de retorno al deporte debe ser individualizada (según si el deporte es de contacto o no, y la demanda que requiere de la extremidad superior) y coordinada con el cirujano

Criterios para avanzar

  • Rango de movimiento activo completo y sin dolor
  • Fuerza mínima del 90 % del lado no afectado según la dinamometría, sin dolor durante las pruebas de fuerza
  • Finalización exitosa de un programa gradual de retorno al deporte, sin dolor ni sensación de inseguridad
  • Consolidación ósea confirmada mediante radiografía en la revisión con el Dr. Hirpara antes de practicar deportes de contacto o colisión

Después de seguir el protocolo

Las fases descritas anteriormente se han adaptado de protocolos de rehabilitación publicados para la fijación de fracturas de clavícula: el Massachusetts General Brigham Sports Medicine, el Mammoth Orthopedic Institute, la Universidad de Colorado (Dr. Jonathan Bravman) y Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush (Dr. Brian Cole), además de las guías de fisioterapia del NHS procedentes de West Suffolk y United Lincolnshire, así como los datos sobre el retorno al deporte obtenidos de una revisión sistemática de fracturas de clavícula en atletas. Los intervalos de semanas indicados son orientativos y no fijos; su progreso lo guiará su fisioterapeuta y dependerá de la consolidación de la fractura, evaluada en las revisiones con el Dr. Hirpara. Esta página complementa las recomendaciones generales de recuperación de la clínica; consulte control del dolor postoperatorio y cuidado de la herida. Para información sobre la intervención quirúrgica, véase fijación de la clavícula. La base científica de este protocolo (datos de ensayos comparativos entre tratamiento quirúrgico y no quirúrgico, tasas de consolidación y retorno al deporte, así como los protocolos publicados por cirujanos) se resume en la sección de evidencia, disponible en formato PDF en la parte superior de esta página.


Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Midshaft Clavicle Fracture — Operative vs Non-operative Management & Post-operative Rehabilitation (Plate ORIF)

Topic scope: (A) the decision between non-operative management and plate fixation for displaced midshaft clavicle fractures (the randomised-trial evidence on union, function and return to sport), and (B) post-operative rehabilitation after open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of the clavicle with a plate and screws. Distal-third and proximal-third fractures, which involve different fixation constructs, are noted only where they bear on the rehab principles.

Defining principle of the surgical rehab here: clavicle ORIF is a protect-the-fixation / protect-the-healing-fracture pathway, NOT an early-aggressive-motion pathway. The plate is a splint, not a substitute for healed bone — it neutralises load while the fracture itself unites over roughly 6–12 weeks and remodels for months afterwards. So the rehab is staged around fracture biology: a sling and below-shoulder-height-only motion early to protect the construct, range of motion progressed as the fracture knits (overhead motion deferred until the ~6-week x-ray), and strengthening / loading / collision sport withheld until radiographic union is confirmed. This is the opposite of a debridement or capsular-release pathway, where motion is the goal from day one and there is no fracture to protect. The single most important gate throughout is the x-ray, not the calendar — every major step up depends on how the fracture is healing.


A. THE OPERATIVE-vs-NON-OPERATIVE DECISION

Most clavicle fractures heal without surgery. The debate concerns completely displaced midshaft fractures (typically ≥100% displacement or ≥~2 cm shortening), where historic "all clavicles heal" teaching was overturned by randomised data.

The landmark trial — Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society (COTS) 2007

The COTS multicentre RCT randomised 132 patients with displaced midshaft clavicle fractures to plate ORIF vs non-operative sling treatment. Plate fixation produced a markedly lower nonunion rate (~2% vs ~23–24% non-operative), fewer symptomatic malunions, faster time to union, and better Constant and DASH scores at one year. This trial is the basis for offering surgery to active patients with completely displaced fractures — it did not establish that all such fractures require surgery. STRONG (RCT). [COTS 2007]

What later evidence tempered

  • Meta-analyses of RCTs confirm operative fixation reduces nonunion and symptomatic malunion but show that much of the early functional advantage converges by 1 year, and comes at the cost of hardware-related reoperation. The decision is therefore shared and patient-specific (activity demands, displacement, comminution, smoking, occupation) rather than automatic. STRONG (SR/MA of RCTs). [Woltz-type meta-analysis; meta-regression, JSES 2020 — DOI 10.1016/j.jse.2020.02.011]
  • A modern cohort comparison of dual mini-fragment plating vs non-operative care (mean 3.4-yr follow-up) found fewer union complications with fixation but similar patient-reported outcomes at final follow-up — echoing the "fixation buys reliable union, not necessarily a better long-term shoulder" theme. MODERATE (cohort). [DOI 10.1016/j.jse.2024.10.018]
  • Heterogeneity between trials (how nonunion and displacement were defined, statistical handling of time-to-union) explains some of the apparent disagreement across studies — a caution against over-reading any single union statistic. MODERATE. [DOI 10.1016/j.jse.2012.03.015; meta-regression DOI 10.1016/j.jse.2020.02.011]

Construct choice (informs the rehab, not the patient's behaviour)

  • Plate vs intramedullary fixation: an RCT comparing locked intramedullary nailing with plating found both achieve union; plates remain the workhorse for comminuted/displaced patterns. MODERATE (RCT). [DOI 10.1016/j.jse.2010.05.002]
  • Plate position: superior plating is biomechanically strong but the plate lies directly under thin skin and is frequently symptomatic; anteroinferior plating lowers symptomatic hardware and removal rates. This is why patients commonly feel and see the plate, and why removal is a later, elective conversation. [Hardware-removal cohort, DOI 10.1016/j.jse.2017.03.011]
  • Fixation reaches union even when delayed: immediate fixation vs delayed reconstruction of displaced midshaft fractures both restore objective strength and patient-oriented outcomes — reassuring that a fracture initially treated non-operatively can still be fixed successfully if it fails to unite. MODERATE (cohort). [DOI 10.1016/j.jse.2007.01.001]

B. POST-OPERATIVE REHABILITATION (plate ORIF)

The operation holds the fracture ends in position with a plate and screws so the bone can heal. Rehab is the same staged, fracture-protective sequence used across published surgeon and NHS protocols. Key facts that shape it:

  • The plate neutralises load but the bone must unite biologically — typically 6–12 weeks to radiographic union, with remodelling for months after. Strengthening and loading that precede union risk implant loosening or re-fracture. Consensus / biomechanical.
  • Bone healing is slower in smokers and in diabetics, and smoking can delay or prevent union — a modifiable risk worth addressing in the post-fracture window. Established.
  • Overhead motion and strengthening are gated on the x-ray, not a fixed date — published protocols restrict elevation to ≤90° until early healing is confirmed (commonly the ~6-week review).

Consensus phased post-op timeline (plate ORIF)

Phase Window Sling ROM Strengthening Notes
I — Protection Week 0–3 Most of the time; off for showers/exercises/seated tasks; not required overnight Passive/AAROM below 90° only — flexion/scaption/abduction capped at 90°, ER/IR in scapular plane to comfort; pendulums, table slides; full elbow/wrist/hand/cervical AROM None at shoulder (grip + wrist only) Protect fixation; settle pain/swelling; no driving while in sling; no lifting/carrying/weight-bearing through the arm
II — Early motion Week 3–6 Weaned as comfort allows; discarded by ~6 wk Progress passive→full all planes (no forceful stretch); active motion below 90°; AAROM lawn-chair/pulley progression Gentle isometrics + light periscapular work only Recover movement, not strength. Lift ≤ a coffee cup. Phase ends with x-ray + review that gates overhead motion + strengthening
III — Strengthening Week 6–12 Off AROM progresses above 90° once union confirmed; full active range built up Cuff + scapular strengthening: isometric → bands → light weights; lift ≤ ~2 kg until 12 wk Swimming/cycling typically return; no contact sport; no overhead/heavy lifting
IV — Return to activity & sport Week 12 + Off Full, pain-free, maintained Progressive heavy/eccentric/overhead loading; sport-specific + plyometric drills Contact/collision sport needs radiographic union — typically ~3–4 months at the earliest, some protocols stage collision as late as 6 months

The structure above matches the topic's patient protocol and is drawn from published surgeon ORIF protocols (Massachusetts General Brigham; Mammoth Orthopedic Institute; University of Colorado / Bravman; Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush / Cole) and NHS physiotherapy guidance (West Suffolk; United Lincolnshire). These protocols broadly agree on the sling ~3 weeks, ROM ≤90° early, overhead and strengthening after the ~6-week review, return to sport gated on union sequence; exact week boundaries vary by surgeon. WEAK / CONSENSUS — no rehab RCT defines the optimal regimen.

Return to sport — the evidence

  • A systematic review of return to sport after clavicle fractures (Robertson & Wood, Br Med Bull 2016, 23 studies) found ~92% return to sport, at a mean of ~96 days (~3 months). MODERATE (SR of heterogeneous cohorts). [Robertson 2016]
  • A more recent systematic review and meta-analysis reported mean return to play ~3.1 months operative vs ~3.9 months non-operative, with similar overall return rates but a higher rate of return to pre-injury level after operative treatment. MODERATE. [RTP SR-MA, JSES Rev 2024]
  • In elite athletes specifically (e.g. NFL series), operative management has been used to achieve predictable, timely return — though selection bias makes these cohorts hard to generalise. WEAK (selected cohorts). [DOI 10.1177/0363546510372795]

The consistent signal: most athletes return by ~3 months, operative slightly faster and more reliably to pre-injury level — but union on x-ray, not the average timeline, governs clearance for collision sport.


C. KEY CONTROVERSIES / EVIDENCE QUALITY

  1. Who actually needs surgery. COTS established that fixation reduces nonunion/malunion in completely displaced midshaft fractures, but the early functional gap narrows by a year and fixation adds hardware reoperations. The modern position is shared decision-making for the active, completely-displaced patient — not routine fixation of all displaced fractures. Strong evidence, nuanced application.
  2. How big is the nonunion benefit, really? Reported nonunion rates vary with how "nonunion" and "displacement" are defined and how time-to-union is analysed; meta-regression shows this heterogeneity drives much of the between-study disagreement. Treat single headline figures with caution. Moderate.
  3. Hardware prominence and removal. Because the clavicle is subcutaneous, plates are often felt and sometimes symptomatic; removal rates depend heavily on plate position (anteroinferior < superior) and design (low-profile/dual). Removal is an elective, post-union decision. Moderate (cohorts).
  4. The rehab protocol itself is consensus. Phase timings come from surgeon patient-guidance documents and NHS leaflets, not a rehab RCT. The ≤90°-until-6-weeks and union-gated-sport principles are widely shared; precise week boundaries are not trial-derived. Weak/consensus.

D. EVIDENCE STRENGTH FLAGS (summary)

  • STRONG (RCT / SR-MA of RCTs): plate fixation reduces nonunion and symptomatic malunion in displaced midshaft fractures (COTS 2007 RCT; meta-analyses), with early functional benefit that converges by ~1 year; plate vs IM nail both achieve union (RCT).
  • MODERATE (cohorts / SR of cohorts): similar long-term PROs fixation vs non-op despite fewer union complications (dual-plate cohort 2024); return to sport ~92% at ~3 months, operative slightly faster/more reliable to pre-injury level (Robertson 2016 SR; RTP SR-MA 2024); hardware removal rate and its dependence on plate position; delayed fixation still succeeds.
  • WEAK / CONSENSUS: the post-operative rehabilitation protocol itself (surgeon + NHS patient-guidance documents; no defining rehab RCT); elite-athlete operative series (selection bias).

CITATIONS

RAG corpus (180,000+ Orthopaedic articles) — clavicle-specific evidence

  • Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society. Nonoperative treatment compared with plate fixation of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures: a multicenter, randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89(1):1–10. (also corpus-adjacent reanalysis: DOI 10.1016/j.jse.2012.03.015)
  • Factors explaining heterogeneity in studies comparing surgical and nonsurgical treatment of midshaft clavicle fractures: a meta-regression analysis of RCTs and high-quality observational studies. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.02.011
  • Dual mini-fragment plate fixation of midshaft clavicle fractures demonstrates fewer union complications but similar patient-reported outcomes compared to nonoperative management: a cohort study (mean 3.4-yr follow-up). J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2024.10.018
  • Locked intramedullary fixation vs plating for displaced and shortened mid-shaft clavicle fractures: a randomized clinical trial. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2010.05.002
  • Does delay matter? Restoration of objectively measured shoulder strength and patient-oriented outcome after immediate fixation versus delayed reconstruction of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2007.01.001
  • Functional outcome of surgical treatment of symptomatic nonunion and malunion of midshaft clavicle fractures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2006.12.002
  • Plate fixation of midshaft clavicular fractures: patient-reported outcomes and hardware-related complications. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2015.09.029
  • What is the hardware removal rate after anteroinferior plating of the clavicle? A retrospective cohort study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2017.03.011
  • A biomechanical and clinical comparison of midshaft clavicle plate fixation: are 2 screws as good as 3 on each side of the fracture? Orthop J Sports Med. 2017. DOI: 10.1177/2325967117725293
  • Evolving management of middle-third clavicle fractures in the National Football League. Am J Sports Med. 2010. DOI: 10.1177/0363546510372795
  • Effect of different statistical methods on union or time to union in a published study about clavicular fractures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2012.03.015
  • Treatment of clavicle fractures: current concepts review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2011.08.053

Literature (URLs)

  • Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society. Nonoperative treatment compared with plate fixation of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures: a multicenter RCT. JBJS 2007. https://journals.lww.com/jbjsjournal/fulltext/2007/01000/nonoperative_treatment_compared_with_plate.1.aspx
  • Plate fixation versus nonoperative treatment for displaced midshaft clavicular fractures: a meta-analysis of RCTs. PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28632595/
  • Robertson GA, Wood AM. Return to sport following clavicle fractures: a systematic review. Br Med Bull. 2016;119(1):111–128. https://academic.oup.com/bmb/article-abstract/119/1/111/1744610
  • Return to play following clavicular fracture — a systematic review and meta-analysis. JSES Rev Rep Tech. 2024. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666639124001500
  • Hardware removal after clavicle plating (rates, plate position): retrospective cohort. PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28478898/
  • Have new plate designs reduced hardware removal following midshaft clavicle fixation? J Clin Med. 2025. https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14/18/6351

Published rehab protocols (patient-guidance — basis for the phase structure)

  • Massachusetts General Brigham Sports Medicine. Rehabilitation Protocol for Clavicle ORIF. https://www.massgeneral.org/assets/MGH/pdf/orthopaedics/sports-medicine/physical-therapy/rehabilitation-protocol-for-clavicle-ORIF.pdf
  • Crall T, Perumal J. Rehabilitation Guidelines for Clavicle Fracture S/P ORIF. Mammoth Orthopedic Institute. 2018. https://www.mammothortho.com/pdf/shoulder-clavicle-fx-orif-protocol.pdf
  • Bravman JT. Clavicle ORIF Rehab Protocol. University of Colorado School of Medicine. https://www.sportsandshoulderdoc.com/pt-protocols/clavicle-orif.pdf
  • Cole BJ. Clavicle Fracture ORIF Rehabilitation Protocol. Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush. https://www.briancolemd.com/wp-content/themes/ypo-theme/pdf/orif-clavicle-fracture-post-op-ver2.pdf
  • West Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust. Clavicle ORIF — physiotherapy advice for patients after surgery. 2023. https://www.wsh.nhs.uk/CMS-Documents/Patient-leaflets/Physiotherapy/6857-1-Clavicle-open-reduction-internal-fixation-ORIF-physiotherapy-advice.pdf
  • United Lincolnshire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust. Clavicle Fracture ORIF — physiotherapy advice for patients after surgery. June 2025. https://www.ulh.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Clavicle-fracture.pdf

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