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Impacto femoroacetabular

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Qué está sintiendo

El dolor por conflicto femoroacetabular suele comenzar en la ingle, y con frecuencia aparece de forma gradual, en lugar de surgir tras una lesión clara. A veces se inicia después de un golpe leve o un giro brusco. Tiende a intensificarse con la actividad; cualquier movimiento que doble la cadera hacia el pecho empeora el dolor. Permanecer sentado durante largos periodos es un desencadenante común: los viajes en coche, las reuniones prolongadas frente al escritorio o ver una película pueden causar molestias. El ejercicio también puede desencadenarlo, especialmente correr o practicar deportes que impliquen cambios rápidos de dirección.

Los movimientos cotidianos pueden volverse incómodos. Ponerse calcetines y zapatos puede resultar doloroso. Levantarse de una silla baja, subir escaleras o girar el cuerpo para alcanzar algo detrás de uno resulta molesto. Algunas personas perciben sensación de “traba” o chasquidos en la profundidad de la cadera; esto ocurre cuando las superficies articulares o el labrum (un anillo de cartílago alrededor de la cavidad acetabular) se irritan. El dolor puede extenderse hacia el lateral de la cadera, la parte interna del muslo e, incluso, hacia la rodilla.

Muchas personas notan rigidez antes que dolor. Puede resultar difícil rotar la cadera hacia adentro, o sentir que una cadera no se mueve con la misma libertad que la otra. A veces aparece una leve cojera, tan sutil que otros la perciben antes que la propia persona afectada. Los síntomas suelen empeorar tras la actividad o después de permanecer sentado durante un tiempo.

Es importante saber que esta afección a menudo pasa desapercibida al principio, y el dolor inguinal a veces se atribuye a otras causas. Si usted es un adolescente o adulto joven activo que padece dolor en la cadera o la ingle sin mejoría, es razonable someter su cadera a una evaluación. Su cirujano analizará todos los aspectos: sus síntomas, el rango de movilidad de la cadera durante el examen y las imágenes diagnósticas, pues ningún hallazgo aislado basta por sí solo para confirmar el conflicto femoroacetabular.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

Su cadera es una articulación esférica. La “esfera” es la parte superior del fémur, y la “cavidad” es una especie de copa en la pelvis. Alrededor del borde de dicha cavidad se encuentra el labrum, un anillo de cartílago que funciona como un sello, manteniendo la articulación cerrada y el líquido sinovial en su interior.

El “impingement” ocurre cuando la esfera y el borde de la cavidad se comprimen mutuamente durante los movimientos normales. Esto se debe a pequeños cambios en la forma de los huesos. Por lo general no hay nada grave: simplemente existe una protuberancia donde el fémur se une a su cuello, o la cavidad cubre un poco más de la esfera de lo que debería. Cuando flexiona la cadera hacia el pecho, esas dos zonas entran en contacto antes de lo esperado, y el labrum y la superficie articular quedan comprimidos entre ambos huesos.

Existen dos patrones principales. El impingement tipo “cam” se origina en la parte de la esfera: la cabeza del fémur no es completamente redonda, por lo que al rotar dentro de la cavidad roza contra el cartílago que recubre dicha cavidad. El impingement tipo “pincer” se origina en la cavidad: su borde sobresale más de lo normal y comprime el labrum entre ambos huesos. La mayoría de las personas presentan características de ambos tipos. Con el tiempo, esta compresión repetida puede desgastar o desgarrar el labrum, y el cartílago que recubre las superficies articulares puede empezar a separarse del hueso subyacente. Si no se trata, este desgaste puede derivar en artritis degenerativa de la cadera.

Cabe señalar que muchas personas presentan estos pequeños cambios en la forma ósea sin experimentar ningún síntoma. La forma en sí no genera problemas hasta que la cadera comienza a doler. Por eso su cirujano evalúa sus síntomas y el examen físico, no solo las imágenes diagnósticas, antes de determinar qué está ocurriendo.

Qué podemos hacer al respecto

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de extremidades superiores en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, comienza con las opciones menos invasivas que se adapten a su condición. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido consultarnos, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. Nuestra evaluación incluye su historial clínico, un examen físico e, en caso necesario, estudios por imagen; esta combinación es lo que permite establecer el diagnóstico.

Para la mayoría de las personas con conflicto fémoroacetabular, el tratamiento de primera línea no es la cirugía. Normalmente iniciamos con cuidados no quirúrgicos: modificaciones en la forma de moverse y entrenar, además de un programa de fisioterapia. La fisioterapia tiene como objetivo aliviar los síntomas, mejorar el funcionamiento de la articulación y fortalecer los músculos circundantes a la cadera. Con frecuencia implica reducir actividades que obliguen a la cadera a adoptar posiciones que generen el conflicto, como las sentadillas profundas, los estocadas, el ciclismo o el salto de vallas. Su programa probablemente incluirá ejercicios para fortalecer los músculos glúteos y para aprender a controlar movimientos que sobrecarguen la cadera. También se trata la rigidez en la parte frontal de la cadera, pues puede inclinar la pelvis y acelerar la aparición del conflicto. Algunas personas también se benefician de tratamientos manuales para relajar zonas rígidas alrededor de la articulación. Es importante darle tiempo a este enfoite: se recomienda completar un ciclo completo de fisioterapia, generalmente de al menos 3 meses, antes de considerar la cirugía. Muchas personas con desgarro del labrum mejoran tras al menos 1 año de tratamiento no quirúrgico.

Los analgésicos y los antiinflamatorios (un grupo común son los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos) pueden ayudarle a mantenerse activo durante la rehabilitación. Otra opción son las inyecciones en la articulación de la cadera. El ácido hialurónico es un fluido lubricante que puede disminuir el dolor y mejorar la función en casos leves de conflicto fémoroacetabular. Por otro lado, el plasma rico en plaquetas, preparado a partir de su propia sangre, no ha demostrado mejorar los resultados tras una cirugía por conflicto fémoroacetabular.

La cirugía se contempla cuando el dolor de cadera persiste al menos 3 meses, interfiere con la práctica deportiva o la vida cotidiana, y no mejora con fisioterapia, cambios en las actividades, antiinflamatorios o inyecciones. La intervención consiste en una artroscopia de cadera (cirugía mínimamente invasiva mediante pequeñas incisiones), en la que remodelamos la protuberancia del fémur o recortamos el borde sobrante de la cavidad acetabular, y reparamos el labrum si está desgarrado. Analizaremos si este procedimiento es adecuado para usted; cualquier decisión quirúrgica se tomará conjuntamente.

Qué esperar

Sin tratamiento, es probable que los síntomas del pinzamiento de cadera empeoren con el tiempo. Con tratamiento, muchas personas experimentan mejoría. Todos los estudios sobre artroscopia de cadera (cirugía mínimamente invasiva) para esta afección demostraron mejoras en la valoración que los pacientes hicieron de su propia cadera a los 2 años o más después de la intervención. Aproximadamente la mitad de los pacientes lograron un resultado que describieron como “muy bueno” a los 12 meses; por tanto, la cirugía ayuda a muchas personas, aunque no todas consiguen una cadera sin dolor.

El momento del tratamiento es importante. Las personas cuyos síntomas han persistido durante 2 años o más antes de la cirugía tienden a obtener resultados peores que quienes reciben tratamiento antes. En el caso de los adolescentes, la duración de los síntomas no parece influir en el resultado.

Existen algunas advertencias importantes. Actualmente se desconoce si el tratamiento del pinzamiento previene la artritis degenerativa de la cadera, y no existen pruebas que indiquen lo contrario. Las imágenes diagnósticas también muestran que, con el tiempo, en algunas personas sometidas a esta cirugía se desarrolla más artritis. La otra cadera también es relevante: alrededor de una de cada cuatro personas con pinzamiento presenta síntomas en la cadera opuesta, y el 16 % de las caderas que inicialmente no presentaban síntomas acaban desarrollándolos con el paso de los años. A largo plazo, aproximadamente la mitad de las personas terminan presentando síntomas significativos en la otra cadera, mientras que la otra mitad permanece sin molestias o casi sin ellas.

Si ambas caderas requieren cirugía, esta puede realizarse simultáneamente o en etapas separadas. Cualquiera de los dos enfoques alivia los síntomas y mejora la función de la cadera; además, operar ambas caderas a la vez no aumenta las complicaciones, el dolor postoperatorio ni el consumo de analgésicos.

Los resultados se mantienen a largo plazo en muchas personas, incluidas aquellas con una cavidad acetabular ligeramente poco profunda (una forma leve de displasia de cadera); en este grupo, el 91 % de las caderas no necesitaron nuevas intervenciones quirúrgicas a los 10 años o más. Los atletas, incluidos los deportistas de élite de mayor edad, reportan resultados similares a los demás pacientes, y la mayoría vuelve a practicar sus actividades habituales.

¿Cuándo consultar a un especialista?

Acuda a su médico de cabecera si experimenta dolor en la ingle que reaparece con la actividad, o dolor al sentarse, conducir o ponerse calcetines y zapatos que no mejora. Solicite una evaluación especializada si siente rigidez en la cadera, si esta “se traba” o hace ruido al moverse, si una cadera se mueve con menos libertad que la otra, o si nota una cojera. Esto es especialmente importante en adolescentes y jóvenes activos que padecen dolor en la cadera o la ingle, ya que con frecuencia esta afección pasa desapercibida al principio y el diagnóstico se retrasa. Si solo una cadera está afectada, preste atención a la otra: aproximadamente 1 de cada 4 personas desarrolla síntomas en la cadera opuesta, y con el paso de los años esa proporción asciende a casi la mitad. Es recomendable realizarse una evaluación cuanto antes, pues los síntomas que no se tratan suelen empeorar con el tiempo; además, los resultados tras la cirugía son mejores cuando los síntomas llevan presentes menos de 2 años.


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