Skip to content

Patients › Foot

Pie plano adquirido en adultos

PDF

Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Qué está sintiendo

El pie plano adquirido en adultos se produce cuando el tendón que sostiene el arco del pie deja de funcionar correctamente. El arco se va hundiendo gradualmente y el talón puede empezar a inclinarse hacia afuera. La mayoría de las personas notan dolor en la cara interna del tobillo, a lo largo de la trayectoria de ese tendón.

El dolor suele intensificarse después de estar de pie durante mucho tiempo. Caminar, permanecer de pie largos períodos o un día muy ajetreado pueden empeorarlo; el malestar puede persistir por la tarde o por la noche. El descanso suele aliviarlo, al menos temporalmente. Algunas personas también sienten dolor en la cara externa del tobillo o del talón; esto ocurre cuando el pie deformado cambia tanto de forma que el hueso del talón presiona contra el hueso más pequeño del lado externo del tobillo.

Es posible observar cambios en la forma misma del pie. Visto desde atrás, el pie parece girar hacia afuera y se ven más dedos de lo habitual en el lado externo. La parte delantera del pie también puede apuntar hacia afuera. El arco puede recuperarse al sentarse o al ponerse de puntillas, lo cual indica que el problema sigue siendo flexible. Si el arco permanece plano en cualquier situación, el pie se ha vuelto rígido.

Las tareas cotidianas pueden volverse más difíciles de forma sutil. Es posible que le cueste impulsarse con ese pie al caminar o al subir escaleras. Ponerse de puntillas con ese pie puede ser doloroso o imposible. Los zapatos pueden desgastarse de manera irregular o parecer poco cómodos; además, podría notar zonas doloridas o callos en la parte central del pie. Las caminatas largas, correr detrás de los niños o permanecer de pie durante el trabajo pueden resultar agotadores.

Un dato más que conviene saber: un tendón de Aquiles tenso, ese fuerte cordón situado en la parte posterior del talón, suele acompañar a esta afección. Este tendón puede tirar del pie y contribuir a su aplanamiento; por eso su cirujano lo revisará.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

El principal sostén del arco plantar es un tendón llamado tendón tibial posterior. Imagínelo como una cuerda que va desde la parte inferior de la pierna, rodea el hueso del tobillo interno y se extiende hasta el centro del pie. Cada vez que da un paso, esta “cuerda” se tensa para mantener el arco elevado y estabilizar el pie, permitiéndole impulsarse. Cuando ese tendón se desgasta y debilita, el arco que sostiene se hunde gradualmente.

A medida que el arco se hunde, toda la forma del pie cambia: el talón se inclina hacia afuera y los huesos del centro del pie se desplazan de modo que la parte delantera del pie apunta lejos del cuerpo. Los pequeños huesos y ligamentos del lado interno, incluido un ligamento similar a una correa que ayuda a mantener el arco, se estiran al asumir la función que ya no puede desempeñar el tendón. Este desplazamiento explica el dolor en el tobillo interno del que se habló anteriormente; también explica el dolor posterior en el lado externo: a medida que el talón sigue inclinándose hacia afuera, termina presionando contra el hueso del tobillo externo.

Con frecuencia, el tendón de Aquiles también participa en este proceso. Cuando está corto, al caminar empuja el pie hacia una posición aún más plana, lo que aumenta la tensión en toda la zona interna del pie.

Los médicos describen esta afección en distintas etapas, desde leve hasta grave. En las primeras fases, el tendón está adolorido e inflamado, pero el pie mantiene su aspecto normal y el arco sigue presente. Luego, el arco comienza a aplanarse y el talón se inclina hacia afuera; sin embargo, aún es posible devolver el pie a su forma original. Posteriormente, el aplanamiento se vuelve permanente, de modo que el arco no vuelve a su posición ni siquiera cuando el pie está en reposo o en punta. En las etapas más avanzadas, el aplanamiento empieza a afectar la propia articulación del tobillo.

Las etapas iniciales suelen responder bien al tratamiento sin necesidad de cirugía. En cambio, las etapas avanzadas y permanentes a menudo requieren una operación para restaurar la forma del pie, pues para entonces los cambios ya no pueden corregirse mediante estiramientos o órtesis.

Qué podemos hacer al respecto

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano ortopédico especializado en pie y tobillo en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, comienza con las opciones menos invasivas que se adapten a su condición. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha recomendado consultarnos, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su primera visita, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su pie y solicitamos estudios de imagen cuando resultan útiles, como radiografías con carga o una tomografía para evaluar el tendón. Luego analizamos en detalle cada opción y juntos decidimos el plan de tratamiento.

La mayoría de las personas comienzan sin recurrir a la cirugía. Cambios sencillos en el calzado, el uso de soportes para el arco y plantillas que se colocan bajo la zona interna del arco pueden aliviar el dolor. Estos soportes ayudan a mitigar los síntomas, pero no modifican la forma del pie ni impiden que un pie flexible siga cambiando con el tiempo. La fisioterapia tiene como objetivo relajar la pantorrilla y el tendón de Aquiles, que suelen estar tensos en esta condición; un tendón corto tira del arco hacia abajo al caminar. Un programa regular de estiramientos puede reducir el dolor en la pantorrilla asociado a este problema. Por lo general, recomendamos probar estas medidas durante un tiempo razonable antes de considerar una operación.

Cuando el tratamiento no quirúrgico no brinda suficiente alivio, puede ser conveniente pensar en la cirugía. El objetivo es restaurar la forma del pie y disminuir la tensión sobre el tendón sobrecargado. Esto puede implicar cortar y reposicionar el hueso del talón para que quede debajo de la pierna, trasladar otro tendón para ayudar a sostener el arco, y alargar o liberar el tendón de la pantorrilla si es parte del problema. En casos de deformidad grave, puede ser necesario realizar más de un procedimiento para corregir completamente la forma del pie. En un número reducido de pacientes cuyos pies se han vuelto rígidos, fusionar algunas de las articulaciones del pie puede aliviar el dolor y restaurar la función. Le explicaremos qué enfoque se adapta a su pie, y usted decidirá junto con nosotros si ha llegado el momento adecuado.

Qué esperar

El pie plano adquirido en adultos generalmente no mejora por sí solo. Sin tratamiento, el tendón que sostiene el arco del pie sigue debilitándose, y el arco tiende a hundirse aún más. Los cambios en la forma del pie se producen gradualmente con el tiempo, y el dolor y la rigidez suelen aumentar en paralelo. Por eso es importante recibir atención temprana: abordar el problema a tiempo puede ayudar a evitar que la deformidad empeore.

El pronóstico depende en gran medida del grado de avance de la afección. En las fases iniciales, cuando el pie sigue siendo flexible, suele responder bien al tratamiento sin necesidad de cirugía. Los soportes ortopédicos, los cambios en el calzado y los ejercicios de estiramiento pueden aliviar el dolor y permitirle mantenerse activo. Si estas medidas no proporcionan suficiente alivio, merece la pena considerar la cirugía, pues dejar que la deformidad empeore sin intervención suele dificultar su tratamiento posterior.

Cuando la cirugía se realiza por los motivos adecuados, la mayoría de los pacientes experimentan un alivio real del dolor y una mejor función del pie. El objetivo es corregir la forma del pie, y esa corrección es lo que genera la mejoría percibida. La cirugía también puede impedir que el pie siga aplanándose y restablecer la fuerza necesaria para mover el pie hacia adentro, movimiento que estabiliza el arco al caminar.

Conviene saber qué no logra la cirugía: por lo general, no consigue recrear un arco interno normal. Su pie quedará en mejor estado tanto en apariencia como en función, pero es posible que no se parezca a un pie que nunca tuvo este problema. El resultado final también depende del grado de movilidad del pie antes de la operación y de la forma de los huesos implicados.

En particular, en los pies rígidos, solo se recomienda la cirugía tras un intento prolongado y genuino de tratamiento no quirúrgico que no haya logrado aliviar el dolor. Cuando se llega a ese punto, su cirujano le explicará qué correcciones son realistas para su pie y cuáles no.

Cuándo consultar a un especialista

Acuda a su médico de cabecera si siente dolor en la cara interna del tobillo que reaparece con frecuencia, especialmente después de estar de pie. Solicite una evaluación especializada si el arco de su pie se ha hundido visiblemente, si el talón se inclina hacia afuera al mirarlo desde atrás, o si no puede ponerse de puntillas con ese pie. El dolor en la cara externa del tobillo o del talón también es motivo para ser examinado, ya que indica que la nueva forma del pie ejerce presión sobre el hueso externo del tobillo. Lo mismo ocurre si su pie se ha vuelto rígido, de modo que el arco permanece plano incluso cuando está sentado o intenta ponerse de puntillas. Esta afección suele empeorar lentamente con el tiempo; por ello, cuanto antes se realice la evaluación, más opciones tendrá para su tratamiento.


Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0

CC Creative Commons licence
BY Attribution — you must credit the source
NC NonCommercial — not for commercial use

Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International


Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.

Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees


Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.