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Osteoartritis de la rodilla

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Qué está sintiendo

La artrosis de rodilla es una forma de artritis causada por el desgaste de la articulación. El dolor suele ser un malestar profundo que tiende a empeorar con la actividad y a aliviarse con el reposo. Subir escaleras, caminar cuestas o levantarse de una silla son desencadenantes frecuentes. Muchas personas notan rigidez al despertar que desaparece en unos 30 minutos, así como hinchazón alrededor de la rodilla que aparece y desaparece.

A medida que la enfermedad avanza, los movimientos cotidianos se vuelven más difíciles. Flexionar y estirar la rodilla puede resultar limitado, y es posible sentir o escuchar un ruido de roce al mover la articulación. Algunas personas desarrollan una postura de las piernas en arco o con las rodillas hacia adentro, o sienten que la rodilla “cede” al apoyarse. Caminar distancias más largas también requiere más esfuerzo que antes.

El dolor no siempre coincide con lo que muestran las radiografías. Hay personas con poco daño articular que experimentan mucho dolor, y otras con articulaciones muy desgastadas que sienten menos. Esto es normal; por eso su cirujano examinará la rodilla y escuchará su relato, en lugar de basarse únicamente en los estudios de imagen.

También es importante saber que, con el tiempo, la artrosis suele afectar a ambas rodillas, aunque haya comenzado en una sola. Además, vivir con dolor crónico en la rodilla puede afectar el estado de ánimo. Si se ha sentido deprimido o ansioso, hágalo saber durante su consulta. Es una consecuencia frecuente de esta enfermedad y merece atención, al igual que la propia rodilla.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

Una rodilla sana es una articulación en forma de bisagra cuyas superficies óseas están recubiertas por una capa lisa y resbaladiza de cartílago. Este cartílago permite que las superficies se deslicen una sobre la otra prácticamente sin fricción. Alrededor de la articulación, hay dos almohadillas en forma de “C” compuestas de cartílago, llamadas meniscos, que actúan como amortiguadores, distribuyendo la carga y ayudando a mantener la estabilidad de la articulación.

En la artrosis, esa superficie lisa se desgasta. El hueso subyacente se endurece y cambia de forma; además, en los bordes de la articulación se forman pequeños bultos óseos denominados osteofitos. Todo el conjunto articular se ve afectado, no solo la superficie: el hueso bajo el cartílago, el revestimiento articular, los ligamentos, la cápsula y los músculos circundantes también se modifican a medida que avanza la enfermedad. No se trata simplemente de un desgaste por el uso. Las células cartilaginosas pierden su capacidad para mantener y reparar la superficie; la edad es un factor determinante en esto. La genética, la obesidad y el sexo femenino también incrementan el riesgo.

Los síntomas descritos anteriormente son consecuencia directa de todo lo anterior. El cartílago desgastado y las superficies óseas alteradas hacen que la articulación “roce” en lugar de deslizarse. La hinchazón se produce porque el revestimiento articular reacciona al daño. A medida que el desgaste es desigual, la pierna puede adoptar una postura arqueada o con las rodillas juntas, lo que aumenta la carga en un lado de la rodilla y acelera aún más el desgaste.

En ocasiones existe un evento desencadenante claro: un menisco roto, una rotura del LCA (el ligamento que impide que la tibia se deslice hacia adelante) o una fractura ósea que afecte a la articulación pueden iniciar el deterioro del cartílago. Más del 40 % de las personas desarrollan artrosis entre 5 y 15 años después de una lesión del LCA; este riesgo aumenta si, al mismo tiempo, se produce una rotura del menisco. La extirpación total del menisco eleva la presión de contacto en la articulación en un 235 %, y el 48 % de los pacientes presentan signos de artrosis 21 años después.

Con menor frecuencia, el problema es la osteonecrosis: una zona del hueso pierde su irrigación sanguínea, se ablanda y puede colapsar. Este proceso también puede derivar en artrosis.

Qué podemos hacer al respecto

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano ortopédico en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, comienza con las opciones menos invasivas que se adapten a su condición. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. Evaluamos su rodilla mediante su historial clínico, un examen físico y estudios de imagen cuando es necesario, y luego elaboramos un plan junto con usted.

Los primeros pasos son medidas que usted mismo puede tomar. Mantener un peso corporal saludable alivia los síntomas y ralentiza el desgaste articular; si su índice de masa corporal supera los 25 kg/m², perder al menos el 5 % de su peso actual y mantenerlo es beneficioso. Dado que las fuerzas que actúan sobre la rodilla equivalen a entre tres y siete veces su peso corporal, incluso pequeñas variaciones de peso tienen importancia. Se recomienda encarecidamente el ejercicio: programas supervisados, ejercicio independiente y ejercicios acuáticos. Un fisioterapeuta puede diseñar un programa que fortalezca el core y las piernas, mantenga la movilidad diaria de la rodilla y permita alcanzar 150 minutos semanales de actividad aeróbica, con ejercicios de fortalecimiento dos o tres días por semana. Un programa de seis semanas de ejercicio y educación guiado por un fisioterapeuta ha producido mejoras duraderas en el dolor de personas en lista de espera para una artroplastia de rodilla. Los bastones y las ortesis también pueden ser útiles. Más del 50 % de las personas derivadas con artrosis de rodilla de grado leve a moderado podrían no necesitar cirugía al cabo de 7 años; por eso vale la pena probar estas medidas.

Si el autocuidado no resulta suficiente, pasamos al tratamiento médico. Se recomiendan encarecidamente las cremas antiinflamatorias tópicas (AINE tópicos), así como los comprimidos antiinflamatorios y el paracetamol. No se recomiendan los opioides potentes, incluido el tramadol, para la artrosis de rodilla. Las inyecciones de cortisona en la articulación pueden aliviar el dolor a corto plazo. Otras inyecciones, como el plasma rico en plaquetas (preparado a partir de su propia sangre), podrían reducir el dolor y mejorar la función articular; sin embargo, la evidencia científica al respecto aún está en desarrollo y analizaremos si esta opción es adecuada para usted.

La cirugía se considera cuando estas medidas no le brindan suficiente alivio y su rodilla limita su calidad de vida. En casos donde el desgaste se limita a una zona de la articulación, existen opciones como la osteotomía tibial alta (corte y remodelado del hueso de la espinilla para redistribuir la carga hacia la zona sana) o la artroplastia parcial de rodilla. Cuando toda la articulación está afectada, la artroplastia total de rodilla sustituye las superficies desgastadas por una prótesis, mejorando consistentemente el dolor y la funcionalidad. Analizaremos en detalle cada opción y decidiremos juntos cuál es el camino más adecuado para usted.

Qué esperar

La artrosis no desaparece, pero tampoco siempre empeora de forma constante. En la mayoría de las personas, los síntomas aparecen y desaparecen; hay periodos buenos y periodos malos. En algunas rodillas, el deterioro es lento y se produce a lo largo de muchos años. Un grupo más reducido experimenta un progreso más rápido: en el año o dos previos a que la artrosis se haga evidente en las radiografías, algunas personas notan que la rodilla se hincha con frecuencia, les duele a diario y necesitan tomar más analgésicos que antes.

No existe un cronograma fijo para la duración de los síntomas, ya que la enfermedad varía mucho de una persona a otra. Lo que suele ser determinante es el grado de desgaste de la superficie articular y cómo se carga la rodilla día a día. Si la artrosis apareció tras una lesión previa, como un desgarro de menisco o del LCA, el desgaste puede seguir aumentando con el paso de los años.

En cuanto al tratamiento, los resultados son variados. Muchas personas logran controlar bien la enfermedad durante años mediante control de peso, ejercicio y analgésicos sencillos; más de la mitad de quienes acuden con una enfermedad leve o moderada aún no necesitan cirugía siete años después. No obstante, algunas personas que evitan la cirugía siguen teniendo dolor y su funcionalidad no mejora respecto al inicio. Cuando toda la articulación está muy desgastada, el reemplazo total de rodilla mejora de manera fiable el dolor y la funcionalidad, aunque conlleva riesgos reales de complicaciones, entre ellas infecciones, que son la causa más frecuente de la necesidad de volver a operar.

Si no se interviene en la rodilla, los síntomas suelen persistir en lugar de mejorar. El desgaste tiende a avanzar y, con el tiempo, suelen verse afectadas ambas rodillas. Algunas personas llegan a un punto en el que la cirugía se convierte en el siguiente paso razonable; otras la posponen durante años. También existe el riesgo de hacerla demasiado pronto: reemplazar la rodilla antes de que el cartílago esté completamente desgastado suele dejar a los pacientes menos satisfechos con el resultado.

El objetivo realista es contar con una rodilla que le permita hacer lo que es importante para usted, con un dolor manejable. Eso varía para cada persona, y su cirujano le ayudará a determinar cuándo, o si, es el momento adecuado para la cirugía.

¿Cuándo consultar a un especialista?

La mayoría de los casos de artrosis de rodilla no requieren atención urgente, pero algunos sí presentan señales de alerta. Consulte a su médico de cabecera si el dolor de rodilla no mejora con el reposo y los analgésicos comunes, o si le impide dormir, trabajar o hacer las actividades que le gustan. Solicite una evaluación especializada si la rodilla se “traba”, se atasca o cede, si se vuelve cada vez más inestable, o si la hinchazón reaparece con frecuencia; estos síntomas pueden indicar un problema mecánico dentro de la articulación que eventualmente requiera cirugía. Acuda a urgencias si la rodilla está caliente, enrojecida y muy dolorosa, o si presenta fiebre y malestar general, ya que una infección articular necesita tratamiento inmediato. Asimismo, un dolor intenso y repentino que provoque cojera sin haber sufrido ninguna lesión también requiere evaluación rápida.


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