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Desgarro del labrum acetabular

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Qué está sintiendo

Un desgarro del labrum suele provocar dolor en la ingle o en la parte frontal de la cadera. Este dolor puede desplazarse y variar en intensidad. Con frecuencia empeora con ciertos movimientos o actividades, y disminuye al descansar. Caminar sobre terreno plano quizá no le cause molestias, pero girar, pivotar o levantarse de una silla baja pueden desencadenar el dolor.

Muchas personas también notan síntomas mecánicos: ruidos o sensaciones provenientes de la propia articulación, como chasquidos, bloqueos o la sensación de que la cadera “se va a salir”. Algunas personas perciben rigidez en la cadera, con un rango de movimiento menor de lo habitual. El dolor puede despertarlo por la noche o aparecer al levantarse de la cama.

En el día a día, las actividades que resultan difíciles son aquellas que implican doblar o girar la cadera: entrar y salir del coche, agacharse para recoger algo o girarse para alcanzar algo detrás de uno. Permanecer sentado durante mucho tiempo y luego levantarse también es un desencadenante común.

Es importante saber que estos síntomas no son exclusivos de un desgarro del labrum. El dolor inguinal de este tipo puede deberse a diversos problemas de cadera; incluso un examen cuidadoso no siempre permite identificar la causa con certeza. Por eso su cirujano solicitará estudios de imagen antes de hablar sobre cualquier tratamiento.

Además, un desgarro del labrum rara vez ocurre de forma aislada. La mayoría de las caderas con labrum desgarrado presentan algún cambio estructural en la forma de la articulación; muchas también muestran desgaste temprano en el cartílago que recubre la cavidad articular, a menudo en el mismo lugar del desgarro. Su cirujano buscará estos hallazgos en las imágenes, pues tratar únicamente el desgarro sin corregir la alteración ósea suele ser insuficiente.

Si algo de lo anterior le resulta familiar, anote cuándo aparece el dolor y qué estaba haciendo en ese momento. Esa información resulta muy útil durante la consulta.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

Dentro de la cadera, donde la “pelota” del fémur se une a la cavidad ósea, existe un anillo de tejido resistente y elástico llamado labrum. Imagíneselo como una junta que rodea el borde de dicha cavidad. Cumple tres funciones simultáneamente: profundiza la cavidad para mantener la “pelota” femoral en su lugar, actúa como amortiguador de impactos y forma un sellado hermético que retiene el líquido sinovial dentro de la articulación. Este sellado es crucial: permite que la articulación se mueva sin fricción y protege el cartílago liso de las superficies óseas de recibir presión excesiva.

Un desgarro del labrum consiste en una fisura o deshilachamiento de dicho anillo. Cuando esa “junta” se rompe, se pierde el sellado. La “pelota” femoral puede desplazarse ligeramente dentro de la cavidad, y la carga que antes se distribuía uniformemente sobre el cartílago ahora se concentra en un solo punto. Por eso, un labrum desgarrado provoca dolor profundo en la ingle, ruidos o sensación de “traba” al mover la cadera; el dolor suele intensificarse con movimientos de torsión o flexión.

Existen distintos patrones de desgarro: algunos son pequeños fragmentos de tejido que quedan atrapados en la articulación; otros consisten en deshilachamiento de los bordes del labrum, haciéndolos ásperos; otros se extienden longitudinalmente a lo largo del borde de la cavidad; y algunos son inestables, en los que una porción del labrum entra y sale repetidamente de la articulación. El patrón es importante, pues determina qué tratamiento resulta viable.

En la mayoría de los casos, los desgarros del labrum no aparecen de forma aislada. En casi todas las caderas existe alguna alteración en la forma de los huesos circundantes; esa diferencia morfológica ejerce presión adicional sobre el labrum cada vez que la cadera se mueve. Con el tiempo, esta fricción continua termina por desgastarlo. El desgarro suele ser el primer signo de deterioro en la cadera; una vez que ocurre, el cartílago subyacente empieza a soportar una carga mayor.

Qué podemos hacer al respecto

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de extremidad superior en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, comienza con las opciones menos invasivas que se adapten a su condición. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su primera visita, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su cadera y revisamos sus estudios de imagen para confirmar que el desgarro es la causa de su dolor.

Por lo general, el primer paso no es la cirugía. Lo primero son el reposo, el cambio de actividades que empeoran el dolor en la cadera y la fisioterapia. La fisioterapia tiene como objetivo aliviar el dolor y mejorar el movimiento y el funcionamiento de la cadera. Sea constante: las personas con un desgarro doloroso del labrum pueden seguir mejorando durante al menos un año de tratamiento no quirúrgico, aunque es posible que persista cierta molestia.

Los medicamentos antiinflamatorios pueden ayudar a controlar el dolor mientras se aplican las demás medidas. No utilizamos inyecciones para este problema, por lo que no le ofreceremos inyecciones de cortisona ni otros tipos de inyecciones articulares.

Si, tras un año de tratamiento no quirúrgico adecuado, el problema persiste, entonces hablamos sobre la cirugía artroscópica de cadera. El cirujano observa el interior de la articulación mediante una pequeña cámara y repara el labrum desgarrado, preservando la mayor cantidad posible de su propio tejido. Dado que la mayoría de los labrums desgarrados se encuentran en caderas cuya forma ósea genera fricción con el labrum, esa forma también se corrige durante la intervención. Reparar el desgarro sin corregir dicha forma suele ser insuficiente, y el riesgo de que el desgarro reaparezca es alto.

Que la cirugía sea adecuada para usted depende de varios factores que analizaremos juntos: la calidad del tejido labral restante, el tamaño del desgarro, el estado del cartílago que recubre la cavidad acetabular y si ya existe artritis. La edad por sí sola no constituye un impedimento; lo más importante es la salud de la superficie articular.

Se trata de una decisión compartida. Le explicaremos lo que hemos observado en sus estudios de imagen, en qué consistiría la cirugía para su cadera y qué opciones no quirúrgicas aún están disponibles; usted decidirá junto con nosotros cuál es el mejor camino a seguir.

Qué esperar

Si no se trata, un labrum desgarrado rara vez mejora por sí solo. El dolor suele aparecer y desaparecer; se intensifica al girar o doblar la cadera y disminuye con el reposo, tal como ya habrá notado. Sin tratamiento, el roce que originó el desgarro continúa produciéndose, por lo que los síntomas tienden a persistir en lugar de desaparecer. También existe riesgo de nuevas lesiones: si no se corrige la forma del hueso alrededor de la articulación, puede formarse otro desgarro incluso después de una cirugía que reparó el primero.

Con un tratamiento adecuado, el pronóstico es más favorable. Los tratamientos no quirúrgicos pueden seguir mejorando su cadera durante al menos un año, aunque es posible que persista cierta molestia. Cuando la cirugía es la opción indicada, la mayoría de los pacientes refieren una mejora significativa en el dolor y en su funcionalidad diaria; dicha mejora se mantiene a lo largo de los años. Se han seguido los resultados durante cinco años o más, e incluso más de diez años en algunos casos, observándose que la mejoría se conserva. La cirugía que corrige tanto el desgarro como la forma ósea subyacente reduce también el riesgo de desarrollar artritis en la articulación, en comparación con los programas de ejercicios solos.

Varios factores influyen en su evolución personal. El estado del cartílago liso que recubre la cavidad acetabular es importante: su daño se asocia a una mejora menor a los dos años de la cirugía. La forma de su pelvis también influye, pues ciertas configuraciones pélvicas se relacionan con una mejoría menor que otras. La edad, por sí sola, no impide obtener buenos resultados.

Hay que reconocer que no todos quedan satisfechos con el desenlace. Algunas personas sometidas a cirugía artroscópica para este problema siguen sintiéndose insatisfechas después. Y cuando el desgarro es grave e irreparable, reconstruir el labrum en lugar de simplemente resecarlo produce mejores resultados, reduciendo notablemente la necesidad de una segunda intervención.

Nada de esto constituye una garantía para su cadera. Se trata de una descripción realista de lo que suele ocurrir; la evaluaremos en conjunto, basándonos en sus estudios de imagen y en el examen físico, para adaptarla a su caso concreto.

Cuándo consultar a un especialista

Acuda a su médico de cabecera si ha experimentado dolor en la ingle o en la cadera durante más de unas pocas semanas, especialmente si el dolor empeora al girar, doblarse o sentarse, y no mejora con el reposo. Solicite una evaluación especializada si la cadera hace ruidos (clic, chasquidos), se traba o parece a punto de “ceder”, o si el dolor le impide dormir o le dificulta el trabajo. Si ya se le ha realizado una exploración de la cadera y se observó un desgarro aunque no siente dolor, no es necesario apresurarse: muchos desgarros detectados en las pruebas nunca generan problemas. No obstante, si esa cadera empieza a doler, no espere; un desgarro que produce síntomas merece ser evaluado antes de que dañe la superficie articular.


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