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Mielopatía cervical

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Qué está experimentando

La mielopatía cervical es una condición degenerativa del cuello que ejerce presión sobre la médula espinal. Afecta principalmente a personas mayores de 55 años. Los primeros signos suelen ser sutiles, por lo que muchas personas los atribuyen simplemente al envejecimiento.

Los cambios más comunes se observan en las manos. Es posible que se sienta torpe y que se le caigan objetos. Las tareas sencillas se vuelven más difíciles: recoger monedas, abrochar botones o escribir a mano. Su letra también puede verse distinta a como solía ser. La entumecimiento en los brazos o las manos es frecuente, aunque normalmente no sigue un patrón definido a lo largo de un único nervio.

Su forma de caminar también puede alterarse. Es posible que pierda el equilibrio, se choque contra paredes o necesite separar más las piernas para mantenerse estable. Algunas personas incluso se caen. Las piernas pueden sentirse rígidas y sus pasos pierden la fluidez habitual.

Un síntoma peculiar que algunas personas notan es una sensación similar a una descarga eléctrica que recorre la espalda y llega a los brazos o piernas al inclinar el cuello hacia adelante. Esto se conoce como signo de Lhermitte.

Los dolores de cabeza también pueden acompañar esta condición. Suelen localizarse en la parte posterior de la cabeza, empeoran por la mañana y mejoran a lo largo del día.

Hay aspectos que uno podría esperar pero que a menudo no se presentan: el dolor cervical puede estar ausente, incluso cuando la degeneración es avanzada. La debilidad real suele aparecer tarde, o incluso no aparecer nunca. Los cambios en la función intestinal o vesical también tienden a manifestarse tarde, si es que aparecen.

Si no se trata, más del 50 % de las personas con esta condición terminan desarrollando discapacidad grave. La cirugía tiene como objetivo detener dicha progresión, y resulta más eficaz cuanto antes se realice. La recuperación es más probable cuando el tratamiento se aplica en las fases iniciales de la enfermedad.

Si algo de lo anterior le resulta familiar, merece la pena hacerse una evaluación del cuello.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

Su cuello está formado por una serie de huesos, con un cojín blando entre cada par. Esos cojines funcionan como amortiguadores. Detrás de ellos hay un túnel que protege la médula espinal, el haz de nervios que transmite mensajes entre el cerebro y el cuerpo.

Con el paso de los años, esos cojines se secan y pierden altura. Cuando se aplanan, los huesos situados arriba y abajo se acercan más entre sí, y el cuerpo genera hueso adicional en los bordes. Los ligamentos dentro del túnel también se engrosan y se pliegan. Todo esto estrecha el túnel tanto por delante como por detrás. La médula queda comprimida entre el cojín abultado de delante y el ligamento plegado de atrás.

Algunas personas nacen con un túnel más estrecho que otras. Eso deja menos margen de maniobra, por lo que basta menos desgaste para que la médula se vea comprimida. Inclinar el cuello hacia atrás hace que el túnel se estreche aún más; por eso algunos síntomas empeoran al mirar hacia arriba. Inclinarlo ligeramente hacia adelante alivia esa compresión.

Una médula comprimida no solo provoca dolor; deja de funcionar correctamente. Los mensajes que transmite se vuelven lentos o se distorsionan, y por eso sus manos se vuelven torpes, su forma de caminar inestable, y siente descargas eléctricas por todo el cuerpo al inclinar el cuello hacia adelante.

Este desgaste es muy común. La mayoría de las personas mayores de 55 años presentan signos de ello en las pruebas de imagen, aunque la mayoría nunca experimentan síntomas. El problema surge cuando el estrechamiento supera el límite en el que la médula ya no dispone de margen de maniobra. Entonces los síntomas tienden a aparecer de forma escalonada: periodos sin cambios, seguidos de un empeoramiento repentino.

Si no se trata, esta afección suele empeorar en lugar de mejorar. Más de la mitad de las personas sin tratamiento terminan con discapacidad grave. Por eso se recomienda la cirugía: alivia la presión sobre la médula para impedir que la situación empeore, y cuanto antes se realice, mayores son las posibilidades de recuperación.

Qué podemos hacer al respecto

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de extremidades superiores en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, comienza con las opciones menos invasivas que se adapten a su condición. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. Confirmamos el diagnóstico mediante la historia clínica, la exploración física y, cuando es necesario, estudios de imagen.

En casos de desgaste leve sin síntomas relacionados con la médula espinal, a menudo iniciamos con tratamiento no quirúrgico. Esto puede incluir un collarín cervical firme, medicamentos antiinflamatorios y ejercicios isométricos, en los cuales se contraen los músculos del cuello sin mover la articulación. La fisioterapia tiene como objetivo mantener una movilidad segura y aliviar los síntomas. Si optamos por este enfoque, es fundamental realizar controles cuidadosos y frecuentes. Vigilamos cualquier cambio, ya que esta afección puede empeorar de forma repentina.

En algunas personas, se considera conveniente realizar la cirugía cuanto antes. Si los estudios de imagen muestran que la médula espinal está comprimida pero aún no presenta síntomas de mielopatía, ciertos cambios nerviosos detectados en las pruebas indican un mayor riesgo de que estos aparezcan. En tales casos, analizaremos la posibilidad de cirugía para que usted pueda tomar una decisión informada.

La cirugía suele ser la recomendación cuando los síntomas de mielopatía son moderados o graves. El objetivo es liberar la presión sobre la médula espinal y los nervios comprimidos, corregir cualquier deformidad y estabilizar el cuello para que la corrección perdure. Un tratamiento precoz aumenta las posibilidades de recuperación, especialmente en pacientes con menos problemas de salud concomitantes. Cuando la compresión medular es severa, la cirugía también busca mejorar la función, no solo detener la progresión de la enfermedad.

La propia intervención quirúrgica tiene su propia página, por lo que aquí no detallaremos la técnica. En resumen, puede realizarse por la parte frontal o posterior del cuello; la elección depende de dónde se encuentre la compresión, cuántos niveles están afectados y la conformación anatómica de su cuello. Le explicaremos la opción que mejor se ajuste a sus estudios de imagen y síntomas, y decidiremos juntos.

Qué esperar

Esta afección rara vez mejora por sí sola. Si no se trata, suele empeorar en lugar de mejorar, y esto puede ocurrir de forma repentina tras períodos de aparente estabilidad. Más de la mitad de las personas que no reciben tratamiento terminan con una discapacidad grave. Cuanto más tiempo hayan durado los síntomas, menores son las posibilidades de una recuperación favorable; por eso el tratamiento temprano es tan importante.

El objetivo de la cirugía es impedir que la situación empeore; para muchas personas también mejora la funcionalidad. La mayoría de los pacientes experimentan mejoría tras la operación, aunque no todos los avances iniciales se mantienen. A los diez años de la cirugía, hasta el 17,9 % de los pacientes vuelven a presentar ciertos síntomas. A más largo plazo, el 89,3 % conserva su función neurológica a los cinco años y el 77,3 % a los diez años. Las personas con síntomas leves son las que más probabilidades tienen de mejorar; asimismo, quienes reciben tratamiento en las fases iniciales de la enfermedad y cuentan con menos problemas de salud suelen obtener mejores resultados.

La recuperación es gradual, no instantánea. Los beneficios de aliviar la presión sobre la médula espinal se hacen evidentes con el paso de los meses después de la cirugía, no de inmediato. Algunos síntomas mejoran más que otros, y nadie puede garantizar cuáles de los suyos se recuperarán. Si padece diabetes, es mayor de edad o lleva mucho tiempo con los síntomas, la recuperación puede ser más lenta. No obstante, la cirugía sigue siendo una opción razonable para personas de edad avanzada.

También hay riesgos que deben considerarse. Después de una cirugía en la parte frontal del cuello, puede haber dificultad para tragar durante un tiempo, así como cambios en la voz; ambos efectos suelen ser temporales. Con el tiempo, puede aparecer un mayor desgaste en los niveles vertebrales adyacentes al segmento fusionado, a una tasa aproximada del 3 % anual. Su cirujano le explicará detalladamente los riesgos específicos de su intervención antes de que usted tome cualquier decisión.

Cuándo consultar a un profesional

Acuda a su médico de cabecera de inmediato si nota cualquiera de los cambios descritos anteriormente: torpeza o entumecimiento en las manos, dificultad para abrochar botones o manipular monedas, cambios en la caligrafía, marcha inestable, rigidez en las piernas, o sensación similar a una descarga eléctrica al inclinar el cuello hacia adelante. Estos signos pueden ser sutiles y fácilmente atribuibles al envejecimiento; sin embargo, merecen una evaluación adecuada en lugar de esperar a ver si desaparecen por sí solos.

Solicite una valoración especializada si su médico sospecha que la médula espinal está siendo comprimida, o si sus síntomas empeoran progresivamente.

Acuda a urgencias si de repente pierde fuerza o sensibilidad en los brazos o las piernas, o si no puede controlar la vejiga o el intestino. Estos cambios bruscos requieren evaluación el mismo día, pues la presión repentina sobre la médula espinal puede provocar daños permanentes.


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