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Esguince infectado de la vaina flexora (tenosinovitis piogénica flexora)

Updated Sep 2026

Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Qué está sintiendo

Tiene una infección en el interior de uno de sus dedos o de su pulgar. La infección se encuentra en un estrecho túnel de tejido que rodea al tendón flexor, es decir, la estructura que permite que el dedo se doble al agarrar algo. Los médicos denominan a este túnel vaina del tendón flexor. Cuando las bacterias penetran en él, generalmente a través de un pequeño corte o pinchazo, todo el túnel puede llenarse de pus.

Los síntomas siguen un patrón característico. Todo el dedo se hincha de manera uniforme a lo largo de su longitud, no solo en un punto concreto. El dedo permanece ligeramente doblado, y usted lo mantiene así porque estirarlo le causa dolor. Intentar enderezarlo provoca un dolor agudo, especialmente cerca de la base del dedo, donde la hinchazón suele aparecer primero. Asimismo, presionar a lo largo de la zona afectada resulta doloroso. Estos cuatro signos, en conjunto, indican claramente la presencia de esta infección.

Las tareas cotidianas que requieren un agarre firme y completo se vuelven difíciles o imposibles. Girar un picaporte, sostener una taza, escribir en el teclado o abrocharse la ropa pueden resultar muy dolorosos en ese dedo. El dolor no disminuye con el reposo, ya que el problema radica en una infección dentro de un espacio cerrado, no en una simple sobrecarga muscular.

Esta infección puede progresar rápidamente. Sin un tratamiento temprano, puede dejar el dedo rígido de forma permanente; en casos graves, incluso podría provocar la pérdida del dedo o una enfermedad grave que afecte a todo el cuerpo. Por ello, es imprescindible acudir al médico de inmediato si un dedo presenta dolor, hinchazón y flexión tras sufrir un pinchazo.

Su cirujano podría solicitar análisis de sangre y una ecografía del dedo para detectar la infección. La ecografía permite identificar la presencia de líquido acumulado alrededor del tendón. Una vez confirmada la infección, el tratamiento es más eficaz si se inicia a tiempo. La mayoría de los pacientes necesitan una pequeña intervención quirúrgica para abrir el túnel y limpiarlo, además de tomar antibióticos. Aun con una cirugía y tratamiento antibiótico oportunos, es frecuente que el dedo quede algo rígido después; por eso la rehabilitación con terapia de mano resulta esencial.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

Imagínese el tendón flexor como una cuerda que recorre toda la longitud del dedo, tirando de él hacia abajo al cerrar el puño. Esa cuerda se desliza dentro de una vaina sellada, un túnel estrecho revestido de una capa lisa y resbaladiza. Este revestimiento nutre y lubrica el tendón para que pueda deslizarse sin problemas al doblar el dedo.

Cuando las bacterias penetran en esa vaina sellada, generalmente a través de un pequeño corte o pinchazo, la infección no tiene por dónde drenarse. La vaina se llena de pus y la presión aumenta en un espacio que no puede expandirse. Por eso todo el dedo se hincha de forma uniforme y estirarlo resulta muy doloroso: el revestimiento hinchado y sensible se estira cada vez que el tendón intenta moverse.

El peligro radica en el efecto que el pus ejerce sobre el propio tendón. Si no se trata, la infección puede destruir el tendón y adherirlo al revestimiento mediante tejido cicatricial, lo que provoca rigidez y deformidad duraderas. Además, la infección puede propagarse. En algunas personas, la vaina del pulgar se conecta a un canal de líquido en la palma, y la vaina del meñique se conecta a otro canal distinto. Ambos canales se unen en el centro de la muñeca; por eso, una infección iniciada en el pulgar o en el meñique puede extenderse a lo largo de ellos, formando una bolsa de pus en forma de herradura que abarca todo el ancho de la mano.

Por eso el momento del diagnóstico y tratamiento es crucial. Cuanto más tiempo permanezca la infección, mayor daño causará al tendón y a su revestimiento, y más difícil será recuperar la movilidad completa. Un diagnóstico y tratamiento tempranos protegen el tendón; esto suele requerir una pequeña intervención quirúrgica para abrir la vaina, lavar continuamente el pus y administrar antibióticos. Incluso con un tratamiento oportuno, es frecuente que persista cierta rigidez, ya que el tendón ha sufrido daños considerables. No obstante, actuar a tiempo le brinda la mejor oportunidad al tendón para volver a deslizarse con normalidad.

¿Qué podemos hacer al respecto?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de extremidades superiores en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, comienza con las opciones menos invasivas que se adapten a su condición. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha recomendado consultarnos, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su primera visita, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su dedo y, si es necesario, programamos estudios por imagen como una ecografía.

Esta infección se diferencia de muchos otros problemas de la mano por ser una situación de urgencia. No es seguro esperar a ver si mejora por sí sola. Cuanto más tiempo permanezca el pus dentro de la vaina tendinosa, mayor daño causa al tendón y a su superficie de deslizamiento. El tratamiento temprano protege la movilidad del dedo; cualquier demora puede provocar rigidez permanente o, en casos graves, la pérdida del dedo. Por eso, cuando sospechamos de esta infección, actuamos de inmediato, en lugar de probar primero con fisioterapia o férulas.

El pilar fundamental del tratamiento es la administración rápida de antibióticos por vía intravenosa. Estos antibióticos se distribuyen por todo el cuerpo y combaten las bacterias responsables de la infección. Además, casi todos los casos requieren una pequeña intervención quirúrgica para drenar el pus. Realizamos una o dos incisiones diminutas en el dedo, abrimos la vaina tendinosa y lavamos el pus. Esto alivia la presión dentro de dicha vaina y elimina la infección del tendón. Operar a tiempo brinda al dedo la mejor posibilidad de recuperar su movilidad y función posteriormente.

Tras la operación, el dedo necesitará cuidados durante el proceso de cicatrización. En algunos casos se deja un pequeño tubo para seguir irrigando líquido dentro de la vaina durante un tiempo; otros pacientes solo requieren el lavado durante la propia intervención. Discutiremos con usted cuál método resulta más adecuado para su caso. Posteriormente se inicia la terapia de la mano, pues el tendón necesita ayuda para volver a deslizarse a medida que disminuye la inflamación.

La mayoría de los pacientes evolucionan favorablemente cuando el tratamiento se inicia a tiempo. No obstante, debemos ser sinceros: incluso con una cirugía y antibióticos oportunos, es frecuente que persista cierta rigidez en el dedo; además, una infección grave puede dejar el dedo con una función deficiente o, en raras ocasiones, requerir amputación. Examinaremos su dedo, analizaremos los hallazgos y decidiremos conjuntamente cuál tratamiento ofrece al tendón las mayores probabilidades de recuperación.

Qué esperar

Esta infección no desaparece por sí sola, ni aparece y desaparece intermitentemente. Es una situación urgente, y el pronóstico depende en gran medida de la rapidez con que se trate. Actuar a tiempo protege el dedo; demorarse empeora la situación.

Con un tratamiento oportuno, la mayoría de los pacientes conservan la funcionalidad de su dedo. La infección desaparece, la hinchazón disminuye en cuestión de días o semanas, y la terapia de la mano ayuda a que el tendón vuelva a deslizarse con normalidad. No obstante, hay que ser sinceros: incluso con cirugía y antibióticos a tiempo, es común que persista cierta rigidez en el dedo, incluso en personas que antes gozaban de buena salud. El tendón ha sufrido mucho, por lo que no siempre es posible recuperar el movimiento completo.

Sin tratamiento, o si este se retrasa, el pronóstico empeora considerablemente. La infección puede destruir el tendón y adherirlo mediante tejido cicatricial dentro de la vaina. Esto provoca rigidez permanente, movilidad limitada o un dedo doblado que no se puede enderezar. En casos graves, incluso con un tratamiento oportuno y exhaustivo, el dedo puede quedar con una funcionalidad deficiente o requerir amputación. Por eso esta afección se considera una emergencia y no algo que pueda dejarse sin atención.

La situación real a lo largo de semanas o meses es la siguiente: la infección misma se controla bastante rápido una vez drenada y tratada con antibióticos, pero la recuperación del movimiento del dedo lleva más tiempo. Primero disminuye la hinchazón; luego, la fuerza de agarre y la capacidad de flexión vuelven gradualmente gracias a la terapia. Algunas personas recuperan un movimiento casi normal; otras quedan con un dedo que se mueve menos que antes, especialmente si el tratamiento se inició tarde o si se encontró pus dentro de la vaina en el momento de la cirugía.

¿Cuándo consultar a un especialista?

Esta infección es un problema que requiere atención inmediata; no se trata de algo que se pueda simplemente observar sin intervención. Acuda a urgencias o solicite una evaluación el mismo día si tiene un dedo dolorido e hinchado que permanece doblado y le duele al intentar enderezarlo, especialmente después de un corte o pinchazo en el dedo. Lo mismo aplica si todo el dedo se hincha de manera uniforme, o si presionar a lo largo de la zona sensible del tendón provoca dolor. Consulte a su médico de cabecera con urgencia si nota enrojecimiento o hinchazón que se extiende por la mano o la muñeca, o si se siente mal en general y tiene fiebre, pues la infección puede propagarse desde el dedo hacia la mano y el brazo. No espere a que mejore por sí sola. Cuanto antes se trate esta infección, mayores serán las posibilidades de conservar la movilidad del dedo.

En profundidad

Esta sección va más allá de lo que necesita saber para tomar sus propias decisiones de tratamiento. La infección de la vaina del flexor merece una lectura más detallada, ya que se trata de la única infección de la mano que constituye una verdadera emergencia; además, dos de los factores que más determinan el desenlace clínico se deciden antes de que el paciente llegue al hospital, uno de ellos incluso años antes.

El diagnóstico se basa en cuatro signos descritos en la década de 1930 que nunca han sido debidamente evaluados

Allen Kanavel describió cuatro signos de una infección en la vaina del flexor: un dedo hinchado a lo largo de toda su longitud, en lugar de solo en un punto; que permanece ligeramente flexionado; tierno a lo largo de toda la vaina del tendón, no solo en una articulación; y, el más útil de los cuatro, dolor intenso cuando alguien estira suavemente el dedo [1].

Casi un siglo después, estos cuatro signos siguen siendo la base para el diagnóstico; sin embargo, su sensibilidad, especificidad y fiabilidad interobservador nunca se han determinado adecuadamente [1]. Se trata de una deficiencia notable para un diagnóstico cuya demora puede costarle el dedo al paciente.

La consecuencia práctica más importante es la siguiente: no todos los cuatro signos aparecen en cada caso, especialmente en niños; la ausencia de uno o más de ellos no excluye el diagnóstico [1]. Un dedo que no cumple únicamente uno de los criterios de Kanavel no puede considerarse exento de infección.

La forma de drenar influye en la movilidad posterior del dedo

Una vez realizado el diagnóstico, es necesario descomprimir la vaina tendinosa; existen dos métodos principales para ello:
Realizar una incisión quirúrgica en la vaina, o
Introducir un catéter fino en ella y realizar irrigación a través de una incisión mucho más pequeña.

Una revisión sistemática que incluyó a 763 pacientes determinó que la irrigación mediante catéter genera un rango de movimiento superior al del lavado abierto, y que el uso de antibióticos como parte del tratamiento, en lugar de depender únicamente del drenaje, también mejora la movilidad [2].

Cabe señalar que esto es lo contrario de lo que ocurre en el caso de un felón: en este caso, un absceso pulpal debidamente drenado no requiere antibióticos en absoluto. La diferencia radica en la anatomía: un felón es una cavidad cerrada que se puede vaciar por completo, mientras que la vaina tendinosa es un tubo largo cuya superficie interna es precisamente el punto de deslizamiento del tendón. No es posible limpiarla por completo sin dañar lo que se pretende preservar; por eso los antibióticos cumplen una función que la cirugía no puede lograr.

El riesgo de perder el dedo depende principalmente del paciente

Este es el hallazgo menos tranquilizador, pero también el más útil. En la serie de casos analizados, las tasas de amputación estuvieron determinadas en su mayor parte por el estado de salud general del paciente, y no por la técnica quirúrgica: 39 % en pacientes con diabetes, 64 % en quienes padecen insuficiencia renal y 71 % en pacientes con enfermedad vascular periférica; todos estos valores resultaron estadísticamente significativos [2].

Estas cifras describen una patología distinta a la que presenta una persona sana con una simple astilla incrustada. Por ello, una infección en la vaina tendinosa en un diabético o en alguien con mala circulación se trata con mayor urgencia y con un umbral más bajo para realizar nuevos lavados quirúrgicos. Asimismo, la respuesta honesta a la pregunta “¿conservaré el dedo?” depende mucho más de cuál sea el estado general de salud del paciente que de cualquier procedimiento que se lleve a cabo en el quirófano.

Por qué la rapidez en el tratamiento es más importante que casi cualquier otro factor

La vaina tendinosa es un espacio cerrado con escaso aporte sanguíneo; en su interior se encuentra un tendón que depende de su capacidad de deslizamiento para funcionar correctamente. El pus que se acumula bajo presión en dicho espacio produce dos efectos simultáneos: interrumpe el flujo sanguíneo al tendón y genera adherencias que posteriormente limitan su movilidad. Ambos procesos dependen del tiempo transcurrido, razón por la cual el tratamiento temprano mejora de forma constante los resultados [2]; también explica por qué la recomendación estándar para esta infección específica es acudir a urgencias en lugar de a la consulta de un médico de cabecera [3].

Aun cuando todo se realiza correctamente y de inmediato, la rigidez posterior es frecuente. El grado de rigidez depende en gran medida del tiempo que la vaina tendinosa estuvo sometida a presión; este es el único factor que el paciente puede controlar, acudiendo a tratamiento a tiempo.

Referencias

[1] Kennedy CD, Huang JI, Hanel DP. En resumen: signos de Kanavel y tenosinovitis flexora piogénica. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016;474(1):280-284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-015-4367-x

[2] Giladi AM, Malay S, Chung KC. Revisión sistemática del tratamiento de la tenosinovitis flexora piogénica aguda. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2015;40(7):720-728. https://doi.org/10.1177/1753193415570248

[3] Goyal K, Speeckaert AL. Tenosinovitis flexora piogénica: evaluación y tratamiento. Hand Clin. 2020;36(3):323-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hcl.2020.03.005


Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis (PFT) is an uncommon closed-space infection of the hand [1].
  • Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis (PFT) can result in severe stiffness [1].
  • Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis (PFT) can result in other sequela [1].

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

General Definition

  • PFT can result in severe stiffness and other sequela [1].

Hand Architecture & Functional Units

  • The hand is both an organ designed to obtain information and an organ of execution [3].
  • The hand consists of 19 bones, 17 articulations, and 19 muscles situated entirely within the hand, and about the same number of tendons activated by the forearm muscles [3].
  • The distal half of the hand is separated into five digits which flex toward the palm [3].
  • The thumb has a more proximal and lateral position, allowing movement inward and outward from the palm [3].
  • The four fingers are the distal extension of the carpometacarpal part of the hand [3].
  • The hinges of finger movements are located at the thenar crease and at the transverse distal palmar crease, not at the bases of the digits [3].
  • When fingers are extended and separated, their tips lie on the circumference of a circle whose center is the head of the third metacarpal [3].

Cutaneous Anatomy

  • The palm forms a cutaneous unit extending from the distal transverse crease of the wrist up to the transverse crease at the base of the digits [4].
  • The palmar integument is subdivided into two separate zones by the oppositional crease of the thumb, which constitutes the oblique axis of the hand [4].
  • The skin of the radial portion covers the thenar eminence and the external part of the palm and is the mobile portion [4].
  • The skin of the ulnar and distal portion covers the hypothenar eminence where the skin has poor mobility [4].
  • The central triangular part of the palm has fixed and poorly vascularized skin covering almost directly the superficial palmar aponeurosis [4].
  • The integument of the palmar face of the digits is subdivided into phalangeal units separated by digital flexion folds [4].
  • When a digit is completely flexed, the integument of adjacent phalanges comes into contact in the zones of the flexion creases, establishing areas of cutaneous contact in the form of a diamond [4].
  • The sides of the diamond-shaped cutaneous contact zones do not undergo variations in length during movements of flexion and extension [4].
  • Incisions made along the lines of the diamond-shaped cutaneous contact zones present a minimal chance of retraction [4].
  • The dorsal slope of the web spaces has a gradual incline and its supple skin is not adherent to the subjacent region [4].
  • The palmar surface of the web spaces is flat and precipitously interrupted, with skin densely adherent to the commissural skeleton [4].

Intrinsic Musculature & Extensor Apparatus

  • There are seven interosseous muscles, four dorsal and three volar [5].
  • The dorsal interossei are abductors [5].
  • The volar interossei are adductors [5].
  • The middle finger has two dorsal interossei (abductors) and no volar interossei (adductors) because the central axis of the hand lies within it [5].
  • Each dorsal interosseous muscle, with the exception of the third, has two muscle heads: a superficial head and a deep head [5].
  • The superficial head of the dorsal interosseous muscles abducts and weakly flexes the proximal phalanx [5].
  • The deep head of the dorsal interosseous muscles forms a lateral tendon, or lateral band, at the level of the MP joint [5].
  • The deep head of the dorsal interosseous muscles flexes and weakly abducts the proximal phalanx while extending the middle and distal phalanges [5].
  • Transverse fibers arch dorsally from each lateral band to join each other over the dorsum of the finger, flexing the proximal phalanx [5].
  • Oblique fibers (spiral fibers) from the lateral bands insert onto the lateral tubercles at the base of the middle phalanx and extend the middle phalanx (PIP joint) [5].
  • The lateral bands are joined by the lateral slips of the extensor tendon to form the conjoined lateral band [5].
  • The two conjoined lateral bands to each finger unite at the distal third of the middle phalanx to form the terminal tendon [5].
  • The terminal tendon inserts at the base of the distal phalanx to extend it [5].
  • The flexor digiti quinti brevis is structurally and functionally similar to the deep head of the dorsal interossei, forming the ulnar lateral band of the little finger [5].
  • Each volar interosseous muscle has only one muscle head and none of them insert onto the proximal phalanx [5].
  • The volar interossei form the ulnar lateral band of the index finger and the radial lateral band of the ring and little fingers [5].
  • The abductor digiti quinti and flexor digiti quinti brevis are similar in both structure and function to the superficial and deep heads of the dorsal interossei, respectively [5].
  • The opponens digiti quinti arises from the pisohamate ligament and the hook of the hamate and inserts onto the ulnar side of the diaphysis of the fifth metacarpal [5].

Metacarpal & Carpal Anatomy

  • The metacarpal arch is endowed with a great deal of adaptability because of the mobility of the peripheral metacarpals [8].
  • The thumb metacarpal is independent and articulates with the trapezium [8].
  • The index metacarpal is the most firmly fixed [8].
  • The ring metacarpal has about 10 degrees of mobility in flexion and extension [8].
  • The fifth metacarpal is semi-independent, articulates with the hamate, and has a range of flexion–extension of approximately 20 degrees [8].
  • The second to fifth metacarpals are bound together by various fibrous structures, the most distal of which is the deep transverse intermetacarpal ligament [8].
  • The deep transverse intermetacarpal ligament is also named the interglenoid ligament because it ties together the anterior "glenoid ligaments" of the metacarpophalangeal articulations, known as the "volar plates" [8].
  • The longitudinal arches are composed of a fixed portion, the carpometacarpal, and a mobile portion, the digits [8].
  • The keystones of the longitudinal arches are the metacarpophalangeal articulations [8].
  • The thick anterior glenoid capsules of the metacarpophalangeal articulations, known as volar plates, prevent hyperextension [8].
  • The volar plates are interconnected by the transverse interglenoid ligament [8].
  • The flexor retinaculum maintains and restrains the tendons of the extrinsic flexors of the digits within the carpal canal [8].
  • The palmar tendons, especially the profundus, are kept close to the axis of flexion–extension of the wrist by the flexor retinaculum [8].

Vascular Anatomy

  • The "princeps pollicis" artery is the terminal branch of the radial artery [9].
  • The "princeps pollicis" artery crosses the first intermetacarpal space and runs along the ulnar side of the first metacarpal bone [9].
  • The "princeps pollicis" artery emerges onto the subcutaneous palmar tissue at the level of the cutaneous flexion crease of the metacarpophalangeal joint [9].
  • At the level of the metacarpophalangeal joint crease, the "princeps pollicis" divides into two terminal rami, namely the collateral palmar arteries of the thumb [9].
  • The collateral palmar arteries of the thumb run along the digital tunnel symmetrically and are of equal caliber [9].
  • An arcade located deep in the flexor tendon joins together the two arteries at the level of the distal metaphysis of the first phalanx [9].
  • Vessels originating from the subtendinous arcade enter the "vincula" and irrigate the flexor tendon [9].
  • In anatomical studies, only 15% of dissections of the palmar arteries of the thumb fall into the classical "typical" category [9].
  • In the second segment of the thumb (between MCP and IP creases), the main artery is the ulnar collateral artery [9].
  • The subtendinous anastomosis situated at the level of the neck of the first phalanx acts as a "moderator" between the two collateral arteries [9].
  • In the pulp segment of the thumb, the two arteries are of similar size and run through the thick fatty subcutaneous padding [9].
  • The dorsal arteries of the thumb originate from terminal branches of the radial artery at the level of the anatomical snuff-box [9].
  • The posterior area of the thumb is vascularized by two arteries which originate from the palmar arteries at the level of the first metacarpal [9].

Surgical Approach Considerations

  • Distal palmar incisions are transverse, while proximal palmar incisions tend to be more longitudinal with the distal end curving radially [10].
  • In the distal palm, structures lying between the metacarpal heads are not protected by the palmar fascia [10].
  • The superficial volar neurovascular arch should be protected when deeper exposure is required in the palm [10].
  • The most important structure in the thenar area is the recurrent branch (motor) of the median nerve [10].
  • Anatomic studies have shown that there is no single longitudinal incision in the proximal palm that completely avoids the palmar cutaneous branches of the median and ulnar nerves [10].
  • The volar zigzag finger incision directly exposes the volar surface of the flexor tendon sheath without requiring mobilization of either neurovascular bundle [10].
  • The volar midoblique incision crosses the flexion creases obliquely in the midline of the finger between the neurovascular bundles [10].

Classification

  • Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis (PFT) can result in severe stiffness and other sequela [1].

Clinical Presentation

  • Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis is an uncommon closed-space infection of the hand [1].
  • Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis can result in severe stiffness [1].
  • Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis can result in other sequela [1].

Investigations

  • Diagnostic tests such as imaging and serum laboratory studies are useful in the determination of hand pathology but can be expensive, time consuming, and often nonspecific [2].
  • A careful physical examination is essential to direct care and future testing if indicated [2].

Key Evidence

  • [L5] Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis (PFT) is an uncommon closed-space infection of the hand that can result in severe stiffness and other sequela. [1] (10.2106/jbjs.rvw.26.00015)

References

[1] Management of Pyogenic Flexor Tenosynovitis. JBJS Reviews. 2026. DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.26.00015

[2] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 13 Ebook Without Multimedia. Anatomy, Evaluation, Clinical Examination, and Imaging > Evaluation and Clinical Examination: Current Concepts.

[3] Exam Of The Hand Wrist 2Ed. INTRODUCTION.

[4] Exam Of The Hand Wrist 2Ed. Functional cutaneous units.

[5] Green S Operative Hand Surgery. Interosseous and Hypothenar Muscles.

[8] Exam Of The Hand Wrist 2Ed. The arches of the hand > The metacarpal arch.

[9] Exam Of The Hand Wrist 2Ed. Techniques of investigation of the arterial supply by J P Melki > Vascularization of the thumb > Palmar aspect.

[10] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. RESULTS OF SUTURE OF THE SCIATIC NERVE > PALMAR INCISIONS.

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Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees


Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


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