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Displasia troclear y trocleoplastia

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

¿Por qué se ha recomendado esta operación?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano ortopédico en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, realiza la trocleoplastia cuando el surco situado detrás de la rótula es demasiado plano y hace que esta se desplace continuamente. A ese surco se le denomina troclea; cuando no se ha formado adecuadamente, se habla de displasia troclear. La operación consiste en remodelar dicho surco para que sujete la rótula de forma más segura.

Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. Realizamos una evaluación basada en el historial clínico, la exploración física y, si es necesario, estudios de imagen. En primer lugar se suelen aplicar tratamientos no quirúrgicos, como fisioterapia o modificaciones en las actividades cotidianas. La cirugía se considera únicamente cuando estos tratamientos no logran mejorías suficientes, o cuando la rótula sigue dislocándose a pesar de haberse aplicado otros métodos.

Esta operación se recomienda habitualmente a personas con un grado severo de aplanamiento del surco troclear y con inestabilidad crónica de la rótula. También puede ser una opción para algunos adolescentes cuyos platos de crecimiento aún están abiertos, ya que se puede realizar sin interferir con su crecimiento posterior. El objetivo es lograr una rótula estable, reducir el dolor y mejorar la funcionalidad en la vida diaria y en la práctica deportiva.

Antes de la operación

Una vez programada la cirugía, nuestro equipo le proporcionará instrucciones claras para que sepa exactamente qué hacer. Deberá dejar de comer y beber siete horas antes de la operación. Pedimos que sean siete horas en lugar de seis para poder adelantar la hora de la cirugía si el programa quirúrgico avanza antes de lo previsto. Su cirujano le indicará qué medicamentos habituales debe suspender y cuándo hacerlo; por ello, lleve una lista por escrito de todos los fármacos que toma, incluidos los anticoagulantes. Organice que alguien lo lleve a casa después de la intervención, ya que no podrá conducir usted mismo. El día de la operación, use ropa holgada y cómoda. Si padece otras enfermedades, es posible que necesite análisis de sangre o una consulta con el anestesista; sin embargo, la mayoría de los pacientes no requieren nada de esto.

El día de la intervención

Llegará a la unidad de admisiones quirúrgicas del hospital, donde se le registrará y preparará para la cirugía. Posteriormente, conocerá al anestesista. Esta operación se realiza bajo anestesia general. En ocasiones, se añade un bloqueo nervioso regional para aliviar el dolor postoperatorio; el anestesista hablará con usted al respecto ese mismo día. A continuación, será llevado al quirófano, donde se llevará a cabo la intervención.

Despertará en la sala de recuperación, donde las enfermeras le vigilarán mientras la anestesia va desapareciendo. Una vez que su estado sea estable, será trasladado a una sala de hospitalización o se le dará el alta para volver a casa, según el tipo de procedimiento y cómo evolucione su recuperación.

¿En qué consiste la operación?

La trocleoplastia consiste en remodelar el surco situado detrás de la rótula para que esta quede mejor sujeta. El cirujano realiza la intervención mediante una incisión en la parte anterior de la rodilla. Se profundiza y remodela el surco para darle una forma más normal. De este modo, la rótula se asienta y se mueve dentro de este nuevo surco, en lugar de desplazarse hacia afuera.

En algunas personas es necesario realizar más de un procedimiento simultáneamente. La remodelación del surco suele combinarse con una reparación o reconstrucción de ligamentos que estabilizan la rótula desde el interior de la rodilla. Si el fémur está torcido, se puede realizar un corte óseo para recolocarlo en una posición más adecuada; esto también contribuye a mantener la rótula en su trayectoria correcta. Su cirujano le explicará qué procedimientos son aplicables en su caso, ya que cada operación se adapta a la forma específica de su rodilla.

La incisión se cierra con puntos de sutura y se cubre con un vendaje. Despertará en la sala de recuperación con la rodilla vendada y sujeta; nuestro equipo le enseñará cómo cuidarla antes de que se vaya a casa.

Después de la operación

Despertará en la sala de recuperación y, una vez estabilizado, será trasladado a la planta de hospitalización. Las enfermeras lo vigilarán y le administrarán analgésicos para que se sienta cómodo. Su rodilla quedará vendada y sujeta; nuestro equipo le enseñará cómo cuidar la herida antes de que se vaya a casa. Dejamos el vendaje puesto durante unos 10 días; por favor, no lo retire antes de ese plazo a menos que se lo indiquemos. Lo cambiamos o lo retiramos cuando vengamos a verlo. Se le animará a levantarse y caminar con ayuda, a menudo ya el primer día. Alguien debe acompañarlo durante las primeras 24 horas después de darle el alta. Su equipo le informará si podrá irse a casa el mismo día o si deberá permanecer una noche en el hospital.

Recuperación

Durante los primeros días, su rodilla estará adolorida e hinchada. Los analgésicos le ayudarán a sentirse cómodo, y mantener la rodilla elevada mientras descansa contribuye a reducir la hinchazón. Las compresas de hielo también pueden aliviar la molestia. Por lo general, la hinchazón disminuye gradualmente durante las primeras dos semanas.

En las primeras etapas, con ayuda podrá levantarse y caminar, a menudo ya el primer día. Su fisioterapeuta le guiará en ejercicios para recuperar el movimiento y fortalecer los músculos del muslo. Estos ejercicios son tan importantes como la propia cirugía, por lo que debe realizarlos tal como se le indique. Puede moverse por la casa, pero hágalo con cuidado y siga las indicaciones de su equipo médico respecto a la carga que puede soportar la pierna.

Una vez que la hinchazón desaparezca y recupere el movimiento, las actividades cotidianas resultarán más fáciles. Subir escaleras, permanecer de pie durante más tiempo y doblar la rodilla se volverán más naturales con el paso de las semanas. Podrá conducir una vez que su cirujano se lo autorice, y podrá volver al trabajo y a la práctica deportiva a medida que recupere fuerza y confianza. En algunos casos, personas con un aplanamiento más pronunciado del surco articular necesitan un poco más de tiempo antes de retomar actividades deportivas.

La recuperación varía de una persona a otra. Su cronograma personal puede diferir, y su cirujano y fisioterapeuta le guiarán en cada etapa del proceso.

Qué puede salir mal

La mayoría de los pacientes evolucionan bien, pero en ocasiones pueden surgir problemas. Su cirujano y el equipo lo vigilarán de cerca para detectar cualquier anomalía a tiempo.

Después de la operación, la rótula aún puede desplazarse o dar sensación de inestabilidad. Es posible que note que la rótula “se sale de su sitio” o que se mueve fuera de posición. Si esto ocurre, coméntele a su cirujano en la próxima revisión, o llame a la clínica antes si la rodilla sigue desplazándose.

Con el tiempo, la superficie articular situada detrás de la rótula puede desgastarse. Esto se conoce como artritis por desgaste, y puede afectar la parte frontal de la rodilla tras esta intervención. Es posible que sienta un dolor profundo y sordo en la parte delantera de la rodilla, o que note un chasquido o fricción al doblarla. El dolor suele intensificarse al subir escaleras, agacharse o permanecer sentado durante mucho tiempo. Si observa estos síntomas, mencionelos en su próxima revisión para que el cirujano pueda evaluar la articulación.

El remodelado del surco también puede afectar al cartílago que recubre el hueso. El cartílago es esa capa lisa y resbaladiza que permite el deslizamiento de la rótula. Si resulta afectado, podría sentir bloqueos, fricción o hinchazón en la rodilla. Comunique cualquiera de estos síntomas a su cirujano para que los evalúe.

Algunas personas que se someten a otras intervenciones al mismo tiempo, como el desplazamiento de la inserción del tendón por debajo de la rótula, pueden presentar más problemas posteriormente. Su cirujano le explicará qué partes de la operación le corresponden y qué debe vigilar.

En adolescentes cuyos cartílagos de crecimiento aún están abiertos, esta operación no interfiere con el crecimiento posterior. Esto ha sido comprobado en pacientes jóvenes sometidos a la intervención por episodios recurrentes de luxación de rótula.

Si nota algo inusual, como dolor nuevo, hinchazón o una rodilla que parece inestable, comuníquese con la clínica. En la tabla de complicaciones de esta página se detallan las tasas típicas; si desea conocer los datos exactos, puede consultarla.

¿Cuándo debemos ser contactados?

Llámenos si tiene fiebre, o si la piel alrededor de la herida se vuelve más roja, hinchada o comienza a exudar líquido. Llámenos si su dolor empeora repentinamente, o si la pantorrilla se hincha y se vuelve sensible al tacto. Acuda a urgencias si le cuesta respirar, o si pierde la sensibilidad en la pierna o no puede moverla. Estos síntomas requieren evaluación inmediata. Si hay cualquier otro motivo de preocupación, llame a la clínica. Preferimos que nos informe de ello a tiempo.


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