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Radiculopatía cervical

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Qué está sintiendo

La radiculopatía cervical es el término que se usa para describir el dolor, entumecimiento u hormigueo que comienza en el cuello y se extiende hasta el brazo. Ocurre cuando una raíz nerviosa del cuello queda comprimida o irritada, a menudo por un disco intervertebral abultado o por artritis degenerativa en las pequeñas articulaciones de la columna. El dolor suele ser agudo, como una descarga eléctrica, y puede irradiarse desde el cuello hasta el hombro y el brazo. Muchas personas también experimentan sensación de hormigueo o entumecimiento en alguna parte del brazo o la mano.

El dolor suele seguir un patrón determinado: es posible notar molestias cerca de la escápula y en el brazo, con hormigueo que se extiende hacia los dedos. Girar o inclinar el cuello puede empeorar los síntomas, especialmente si se inclina la cabeza hacia el lado afectado. Apoyar la mano sobre la cabeza alivia el dolor, ya que así se reduce la presión sobre el nervio. Algunas personas también presentan dolores de cabeza en la parte posterior de la cabeza que se extienden hacia adelante.

Los síntomas suelen comenzar con dolor cervical, y posteriormente aparecen los síntomas en el brazo. La aparición puede ser repentina o desarrollarse a lo largo de varias semanas. Por la noche, el malestar suele intensificarse; además, tareas que requieren mantener los brazos levantados o girar la cabeza, como dar marcha atrás con el coche o alcanzar algo en un estante alto, pueden volverse difíciles. El dolor en el hombro también es frecuente; a veces resulta complicado determinar si el problema radica en el cuello o en el hombro. Si el dolor empeora al mover el cuello, el origen probable es cervical; si empeora al mover el hombro, el origen es probablemente hombro.

La mayoría de las personas mejoran sin necesidad de cirugía. Hasta el 75 % de quienes sufren un brote reciente se recuperan por sí solos; además, cuando los síntomas persisten durante unas 6 semanas, el 75 % responde favorablemente a tratamientos no quirúrgicos en las siguientes 6 semanas. Solo un pequeño porcentaje de pacientes requiere intervención quirúrgica. Si nota torpeza en las manos, o dificultades para caminar o mantener el equilibrio, informe a su cirujano, pues estos síntomas requieren una evaluación más detallada del cuello.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

Su columna vertebral está formada por huesos apilados uno encima del otro, con un disco amortiguador entre cada par. Imagine el disco como un amortiguador con una pared exterior resistente y un centro blando, similar a la gelatina. Con el paso de los años, estos discos pierden agua y altura; además, la pared exterior puede debilitarse, abultarse o incluso romperse, permitiendo que parte del centro blando se salga. Las pequeñas articulaciones situadas en la parte posterior del cuello también se desgastan, y alrededor de ellas se forman espolones óseos.

A medida que el disco se deforma y los espolones crecen, los espacios por donde salen los nervios de la columna se estrechan. Entonces, una raíz nerviosa puede quedar comprimida por el disco abultado, por un espolón óseo, o por ambos. El nervio irritado se inflama y se vuelve más sensible; por eso el dolor, el hormigueo y el entumecimiento se propagan por el brazo siguiendo el patrón descrito anteriormente. Los niveles más frecuentes donde ocurre esto son C6-C7 y C5-C6, en la zona media del cuello. Al inclinar el cuello hacia atrás, esos espacios se estrechan aún más; por eso mirar hacia arriba puede empeorar los síntomas.

En la mayoría de los casos, se trata de un problema de desgaste que se desarrolla lentamente. En ocasiones, un disco se rompe repentinamente y el centro blando se desplaza rápidamente, provocando un dolor intenso que aparece sin previo aviso. Por lo general, el nervio en sí no sufre daños graves; por eso la mayoría de las personas mejoran sin necesidad de cirugía. Si la compresión se vuelve severa, o si empieza a afectar a la médula espinal en lugar de solo a una raíz nerviosa, pueden aparecer síntomas como torpeza en las manos o dificultad para caminar. Estos signos indican que el problema requiere atención especial, y podría considerarse la cirugía para aliviar la presión.

Qué podemos hacer al respecto

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de extremidades superiores en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, comienza con las opciones menos invasivas que se adapten a su condición. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido consultarnos, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su primera visita, tomamos su historia clínica, lo examinamos y ordenamos estudios de imagen si es necesario para confirmar la causa. Dado que este suele ser un problema derivado del desgaste natural, normalmente iniciamos con tratamientos no quirúrgicos.

El primer paso consiste en realizar sencillos cambios de movimiento y ejercicios que puede hacer en casa. Entre ellos se incluyen los ejercicios isométricos, en los que se tensan los músculos del cuello sin mover la cabeza. A algunas personas les resulta útil la tracción, es decir, una suave fuerza de estiramiento sobre el cuello que alivia la presión sobre el nervio, o el uso temporal de un collarín blando. Como ya mencionamos, la mayoría de los brotes de síntomas se resuelven por sí solos; por eso, a menudo damos tiempo para que mejoren antes de tomar otras medidas.

Los analgésicos pueden ayudarle a mantenerse activo mientras el nervio se recupera. Los comprimidos antiinflamatorios, conocidos como AINE, son una opción frecuente. Si los comprimidos no son suficientes, se puede realizar una inyección epidural cervical, que administra medicamento antiinflamatorio cerca de la raíz nerviosa irritada en el cuello para aliviar el dolor.

La cirugía se considera cuando hay debilidad progresiva en el brazo, o cuando el dolor persiste de forma severa e incapacitante a pesar de haber aplicado los tratamientos anteriores. También puede ser recomendable cuando los estudios de imagen muestran que el nervio o la médula espinal están siendo comprimidos y sus síntomas coinciden con ese hallazgo. El objetivo de la cirugía es eliminar dicha presión sobre el nervio. Esta intervención puede realizarse por la parte frontal del cuello, extirpando el disco herniado y cualquier espículo óseo, y luego uniendo los huesos mediante un injerto. En algunos casos, el disco dañado se sustituye por uno artificial en lugar de fusionar los huesos. Para ciertos problemas, es preferible acceder por la parte posterior del cuello a través de una pequeña abertura ósea, lo cual libera el nervio sin necesidad de fusionar la columna. La opción más adecuada para usted dependerá del lugar y la naturaleza de la compresión nerviosa; lo analizaremos conjuntamente con usted para tomar una decisión compartida.

Qué esperar

El pronóstico para esta afección suele ser bueno. La mayoría de las personas mejoran sin necesidad de cirugía, y los brotes recientes suelen resolverse por sí solos. Cuando los síntomas persisten durante unas 6 semanas, la mayoría de las personas responden bien a tratamientos no quirúrgicos durante las siguientes 6 semanas, tal como se mencionó anteriormente. El tratamiento no quirúrgico es el punto de partida habitual y resulta eficaz para la mayoría de los pacientes.

La recuperación suele ser gradual, no repentina. El dolor tiende a disminuir primero, mientras que el hormigueo y la entumecimiento pueden tardar más en desaparecer. Es posible que persista cierta entumecimiento o debilidad leve incluso después de que el dolor haya desaparecido, ya que el nervio irritado tarda en recuperarse. A lo largo de semanas o meses, debería notar que el dolor en el brazo se vuelve menos intenso y menos frecuente, y que tareas cotidianas como estirar el brazo o conducir resultan más fáciles.

Si el tratamiento no quirúrgico no logra controlar los síntomas, la cirugía constituye una opción para un pequeño porcentaje de pacientes. El objetivo es aliviar la presión sobre el nervio; los resultados de los distintos procedimientos quirúrgicos son, en general, similares para esta afección. Ya sea mediante fusión cervical o sustitución del disco, no se han observado diferencias en cuanto a discapacidad, dolor o calidad de vida a los 5 años. La cirugía desde la parte posterior del cuello es igualmente eficaz que la cirugía frontal a los 2 años; no obstante, el dolor cervical puede ser más notable al principio tras la cirugía posterior, antes de mejorar posteriormente.

Algunas advertencias importantes: el tamaño de la protrusión discal observada en la imagen diagnóstica no predice la gravedad de los síntomas ni el éxito de la cirugía. Algunas personas siguen experimentando molestias en el cuello o el brazo incluso después de que el tratamiento haya sido globalmente eficaz. Si se dejan los síntomas sin tratar, la mayoría también mejoran, aunque un pequeño número termina necesitando cirugía. Si en algún momento nota una mayor torpeza en la mano o problemas de equilibrio, comuníquese con su cirujano en lugar de esperar a la próxima cita.

¿Cuándo consultar a un especialista?

Acuda a su médico de cabecera si presenta dolor en el brazo, entumecimiento u hormigueo que no mejora después de unas pocas semanas, o si estos síntomas siguen reapareciendo. Solicite una evaluación con un especialista si el dolor es intenso, si le impide dormir o trabajar, o si su brazo se está debilitando. El debilitamiento progresivo es lo más importante, pues puede indicar que el nervio está sometido a una presión real. Acuda a urgencias si, de repente, se vuelve torpe al usar las manos, o si experimenta dificultades para caminar o mantener el equilibrio. Estos signos sugieren que la médula espinal podría estar comprimida, por lo que es necesario evaluarlos ese mismo día sin demora.


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