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Osteotomía periacetabular

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

¿Por qué se ha sugerido esta operación?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano ortopédico del Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, realiza cirugías de preservación de la cadera, como la osteotomía periacetabular, cuando su condición lo requiere. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha recomendado consultarnos, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su primera visita, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su cadera y, si es necesario, solicitamos estudios de imagen.

La osteotomía periacetabular consiste en cortar el hueso que rodea la cavidad acetabular y girarlo para que esta cubra mejor la cabeza del fémur. Generalmente se indica en adultos jóvenes cuya cavidad acetabular no se ha formado lo suficientemente profundamente; este problema se denomina displasia de cadera. Esto puede provocar dolor en la ingle, dolor en el lateral de la cadera, cojera y molestias diarias que mejoran con el reposo. Si no se trata, puede derivar en artritis por desgaste prematuro.

En casos de problemas crónicos, normalmente intentamos primero tratamientos no quirúrgicos, como modificar sus actividades o seguir fisioterapia. Consideramos esta operación cuando dichas medidas no logran una mejora suficiente. El objetivo es aliviar el dolor, mejorar la función de la cadera y lograr mayor estabilidad articular.

Antes de la operación

Su cirujano planificará la operación utilizando radiografías y estudios como resonancia magnética o ecografía. Estos estudios muestran la forma de su cavidad acetabular y el estado de la superficie articular, por lo que normalmente se realizan antes de programar la cirugía.

En las semanas previas a la operación, recibirá instrucciones claras. Deberá dejar de comer y beber siete horas antes de la cirugía. Este intervalo más prolongado permite adelantar la operación si el programa quirúrgico lo permite. Es posible que deba suspender algunos medicamentos; por ello, lleve una lista de todos los fármacos que toma y su cirujano le indicará cuáles debe interrumpir. Organice que alguien lo lleve a casa después de la operación, y el día de la misma vista ropa holgada y cómoda. Si padece otras enfermedades, es posible que necesite análisis de sangre o una consulta con el anestesista.

El día de la intervención

Llega usted a la unidad de admisiones quirúrgicas del hospital, donde se le registrará y preparará para la cirugía. Conocerá al anestesista, el médico encargado de administrarle la anestesia y el alivio del dolor durante y después de la operación. Esta intervención se realiza bajo anestesia general. En ocasiones, se añade un bloqueo nervioso regional para controlar el dolor postoperatorio; el anestesista hablará con usted al respecto ese mismo día.

A continuación, se le lleva al quirófano, donde se realiza la operación. Una vez finalizada, despierta usted en la sala de recuperación. Allí, las enfermeras le vigilan mientras la anestesia va desapareciendo. Cuando su estado sea estable, será trasladado a una sala de hospitalización o podrá volver a casa, según el tipo de intervención y cómo evolucione su recuperación.

Qué implica la operación

La osteotomía periacetabular es una intervención quirúrgica en la pelvis. El cirujano realiza una incisión en la parte frontal de la cadera, a lo largo de la línea donde la piel se pliega naturalmente. A través de esta incisión, el cirujano accede al hueso que rodea la cavidad acetabular.

A continuación, el cirujano realiza varias incisiones en el hueso circundante, dejando intacta una columna ósea fuerte. Esto permite que toda la cavidad acetabular se mueva como una sola pieza. Luego, el cirujano gira la cavidad para que quede sobre una mayor parte de la cabeza femoral, logrando así una mejor cobertura. Una vez en su nueva posición, la cavidad se fija con tornillos mientras el hueso cicatriza.

Si también presenta daños dentro de la articulación, como un desgarro en el borde del cartílago o exceso de hueso en la parte superior del fémur, el cirujano puede tratarlos durante la misma intervención. Mediante una pequeña incisión, se puede introducir una cámara para examinar la articulación y alisar cualquier superficie irregular del fémur. Realizar todo esto en una sola operación implica un solo procedimiento anestésico y una sola recuperación.

La incisión se cierra con puntos de sutura y se cubre con un vendaje. En total, la operación suele durar unas pocas horas.

Algunas personas necesitan más de una operación en la cadera con el tiempo. Si ya se ha sometido a cirugía de cadera anteriormente, es posible que no sea posible girar la cavidad acetabular tanto como se desea, y el riesgo de complicaciones aumenta. Su cirujano le explicará todo esto antes de que tome una decisión.

Después de la operación

Despertará en la sala de recuperación y, una vez que se estabilice, será trasladado a la planta de hospitalización o podrá irse a casa. Su equipo médico le informará si podrá volver a casa el mismo día o si deberá permanecer una noche en el hospital. Las enfermeras lo vigilarán y le administrarán analgésicos según sea necesario. Alguien debe acompañarlo durante las primeras 24 horas después de llegar a casa. Su cadera quedará cubierta con un vendaje sobre los puntos de sutura. Dejamos el vendaje puesto durante unos 10 días; por favor, no lo retire antes de ese plazo a menos que se lo indiquemos. Lo cambiamos o lo retiramos cuando vengamos a verlo. Un fisioterapeuta podría ayudarle a ponerse de pie y dar algunos pasos, a veces con ayuda de un andador. Después de esta operación no necesitará usar ningún aparato ortopédico.

Recuperación

Los primeros días son los más difíciles. Sentirá dolor en la cadera y la zona alrededor de la incisión estará hinchada y con moretones. Los analgésicos ayudan a aliviar el dolor, y la molestia disminuye poco a poco cada día a medida que la hinchazón desaparece. El descanso, el hielo y mantener la pierna en una posición cómoda también son de gran ayuda.

Comenzará a moverse pronto. Un fisioterapeuta le guiará en ejercicios sencillos para evitar que la cadera se vuelva rígida; al principio, caminará con ayuda de un andador. No necesitará un soporte ortopédico. Puede moverse por la casa y realizar tareas ligeras, pero no debe girar, doblarse en exceso ni cargar todo el peso sobre la cadera hasta que su equipo médico lo autorice. Dormir boca arriba suele ser lo más cómodo mientras la incisión cicatriza.

Con el paso de las semanas, la hinchazón disminuye y caminar se vuelve más fácil. Una vez que su cirujano confirme que el hueso está sanando, pasará del andador a caminar por sí mismo, aumentando gradualmente la distancia recorrida. Cuando su cirujano le dé permiso para conducir, podrá volver al volante. La práctica deportiva se reanuda de forma progresiva: primero actividades de bajo impacto, y posteriormente deportes de mayor impacto a medida que recupera fuerza y movilidad. La mayoría de las personas que eran activas antes de la cirugía vuelven a su nivel de actividad previo o incluso lo superan.

La recuperación varía según cada persona. Su cronograma puede ser distinto; su cirujano y fisioterapeuta le guiarán en cada etapa.

Qué puede salir mal

La mayoría de los pacientes evolucionan bien, pero en ocasiones pueden surgir problemas. Su cirujano y el equipo lo vigilarán de cerca para detectar cualquier incidencia a tiempo.

El hueso que se ha cortado debe unirse de nuevo, y esto lleva tiempo. Si la zona de la incisión tarda en cicatrizar o no lo hace, es posible que sienta un dolor profundo o agudo en la ingle o el glúteo que no desaparece. En algunos casos, debido a la carga adicional sobre el hueso en proceso de curación, aparece una pequeña fisura en la pelvis. Informe a su equipo durante la revisión si el dolor persiste o empeora; es posible que necesite más estudios por imagen, y un pequeño número de pacientes requiere una segunda operación para favorecer la consolidación ósea.

Los nervios cercanos a la cadera pueden irritarse durante la cirugía. Es posible que note entumecimiento o hormigueo en la parte externa del muslo, o debilidad para levantar el pie. Por lo general, estos efectos son temporales y desaparecen por sí solos. Comente cualquier entumecimiento nuevo, sensación de hormigueo o debilidad en su próxima revisión, o antes si es grave.

La incisión puede infectarse. Esté atento a enrojecimiento que se extienda desde la herida, calor en la zona, aumento del dolor, secreción de líquido o fiebre. La mayoría de las infecciones de la herida se resuelven con antibióticos. Si la herida parece empeorar o se siente mal, llame a la clínica de inmediato; algunas infecciones requieren una nueva intervención quirúrgica para lavar la zona.

Una caída durante las primeras semanas puede desplazar el hueso antes de que se haya consolidado. Si se cae y el dolor cambia repentinamente, comuníquese con la clínica de inmediato.

Los tornillos que fijan la cavidad acetabular pueden irritar ocasionalmente los tejidos cercanos. Si un tornillo provoca un dolor molesto o una sensación de pinchazo en la parte frontal de la cadera, mencione este hecho en la revisión; en algunos casos, el tornillo se retira posteriormente.

En raras ocasiones, una debilidad en la pared abdominal cerca de la cicatriz puede dar lugar a la aparición de una protuberancia, especialmente al toser o hacer esfuerzos. Si nota una nueva protuberancia, consulte a su médico de cabecera.

Si queda embarazada en el futuro, es más probable que necesite un parto por cesárea. Hable de esto con su obstetra cuando llegue el momento.

En la tabla de complicaciones de esta página se detallan las tasas típicas; puede consultarlas si desea información específica.

¿Cuándo deben llamarnos?

La mayoría de los problemas aparecen en las primeras etapas; preferimos que nos informen lo antes posible. Llámenos si tiene fiebre, si el enrojecimiento alrededor de la herida se extiende, o si la herida comienza a secretar líquido. Llámenos también si el dolor empeora repentinamente o no mejora con los analgésicos. Acuda a urgencias si presenta hinchazón o dolor en la pantorrilla, o dificultad para respirar, pues estos pueden ser signos de un coágulo sanguíneo. Acuda a urgencias si pierde la sensibilidad en la pierna o no puede moverla. Si sufre una caída y el dolor cambia, llámenos de inmediato.


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