Skip to content

Patients › Rehabilitation

Fusión de la articulación PIP

Se trata de un plan de recuperación protegido tras la fusión (artrodesis) de la articulación del dedo medio: se mantiene la articulación fusionada inmóvil mediante un splint, mientras que todas las demás articulaciones se mueven desde el primer día; posteriormente, una vez que el hueso se ha unido, se recupera la capacidad de agarre y de pinza.

Ilustración de un dedo en la que la articulación intermedia (PIP) aparece fusionada en una posición ligeramente flexionada, mientras que las articulaciones del nudillo (MCP) y de la punta del dedo (DIP) siguen siendo libres para moverse.
La fusión de la articulación PIP fija de manera sólida la articulación media del dedo, desgastada o inestable, en una posición funcional ligeramente flexionada; las articulaciones del nudillo y de la punta del dedo, en cambio, siguen moviéndose. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Este protocolo le servirá de guía para su recuperación tras la fusión (artrodesis) de la articulación PIP (la articulación central del dedo) realizada por el Dr. Kieran Hirpara en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton. Comienza con un programa de ejercicios para realizar en casa, seguido del protocolo clínico estructurado redactado para su terapeuta de mano: lleve esta página o su versión en PDF a su primera sesión de terapia para garantizar una rehabilitación coordinada. Su terapeuta de mano podrá modificar el plan según el progreso de su recuperación.

Si tiene alguna duda respecto a la herida quirúrgica, no dude en contactar con el consultorio. A menudo resulta útil tomar una fotografía de la herida y enviarla por correo electrónico para su evaluación.

Qué esperar

La artrodesis de la articulación PIP consiste en unir de forma sólida una articulación del dedo medio que esté desgastada o inestable, de modo que ya no se mueva. La articulación se fija en una posición funcional ligeramente flexionada, en lugar de quedar completamente recta: dicha flexión es suave en el índice y el dedo medio (aproximadamente 15–20°) y aumenta hacia el lado del meñique (alrededor de 25–40° en el anular y el meñique), siguiendo la disposición natural de los dedos al cerrarse. La articulación fusionada se mantiene en esa posición mediante un pequeño implante (un alambre de tensión, un tornillo sin cabeza, agujas K o una placa pequeña), que fija dicho ángulo hasta que el hueso se une por completo.

Esta intervención se elige con frecuencia para el índice y el dedo medio, donde una articulación estable para la pinza resulta más importante que la movilidad en dicha zona. Tras la operación, la articulación PIP debe quedar rígida; ese es precisamente el objetivo. Por ello, a diferencia de una reparación de tendón o ligamento, la recuperación no consiste en recuperar el movimiento en esa articulación, sino en proteger la fusión hasta que el hueso se una, mientras se permite el movimiento libre del resto de las articulaciones de la mano.

El plan de recuperación se basa en cuatro principios:

  • Proteger la fusión hasta que el hueso se una. La consolidación ósea suele tardar unas seis semanas; en algunos casos, hasta nueve o doce semanas. Hasta entonces, la articulación fusionada se mantiene sujeta mediante una férula.
  • Mantener el movimiento del resto de las articulaciones desde el primer día: la articulación distal, la interfalángica proximal, los dedos vecinos, el pulgar y la muñeca, para evitar que los tendones se adhieran y que el resto de la mano se vuelva rígida.
  • Controlar la hinchazón y la cicatrización durante las primeras semanas.
  • Recuperar la capacidad de agarre y de hacer la pinza una vez que la fusión haya finalizado. No fume: se sabe que el tabaquismo ralentiza la cicatrización ósea y retrasa la consolidación de la fusión.

Precauciones y limitaciones

  • NO cargue peso, apriete ni pellizque con fuerza el dedo operado hasta que la fusión ósea se haya producido (normalmente en unas seis semanas, a veces más): cargar peso antes de que el hueso se una puede impedir la consolidación.
  • Mantenga la articulación fusionada completamente inmóvil dentro de la férula según las indicaciones; no intente “probar” ni doblarla.
  • Mueva todas las demás articulaciones desde los primeros días: la articulación distal del dedo, las articulaciones interfalángicas, los demás dedos, el pulgar y la muñeca.
  • Mantenga la férula limpia y seca, úsela según las indicaciones, y cuide la herida y cualquier sitio donde haya pinzas.
  • NO conduzca mientras no pueda controlar el volante de forma segura; normalmente, esto ocurre hasta que se retire la férula, alrededor de las cuatro a seis semanas.
  • No fume: retrasa la unión ósea.

Para el cuidado de la herida, la hinchazón y las cicatrices, consulte las pautas de cuidado de heridas de nuestra consulta.

Sus ejercicios

Estos son los ejercicios que aparecen en su folleto. Comience a realizarlos únicamente bajo la guía del Dr. Hirpara y de su terapeuta de mano, respetando los límites que se le hayan indicado. Los ejercicios iniciales tienen como objetivo mantener en movimiento la articulación de la punta del dedo, la articulación interfalángica, así como todos los demás dedos, el pulgar y la muñeca, sin mover ni someter a carga la propia articulación fusionada, que debe permanecer inmóvil dentro del yeso. El masaje de la cicatriz se inicia una vez que la herida haya cicatrizado. El fortalecimiento de la pinza y el agarre corresponden a una fase posterior; no debe comenzarlos hasta que la fusión esté consolidada y se le haya dado autorización expresa. Interrumpa cualquier ejercicio que provoque dolor intenso en la articulación fusionada.

Su protocolo clínico

El resto de esta página describe el protocolo clínico por fases para la rehabilitación tras una artrodesis de la articulación PIP. Esta sección debe entregarse a su terapeuta de mano; cada fase comienza con una explicación sencilla en lenguaje coloquial sobre lo que ocurre. Es fundamental proteger la articulación fusionada de cualquier carga hasta lograr la unión ósea (normalmente alrededor de 6 semanas, hasta un máximo de 9–12 semanas). El principio rector es “proteger la articulación fusionada y movilizar todo lo demás”: desde el primer día se deben mover la articulación DIP, las articulaciones MCP, los dedos adyacentes, el pulgar y la muñeca para evitar adherencias tendinosas y rigidez. Asimismo, se debe controlar el edema y la cicatrización desde el inicio; la capacidad de agarre y de pinza se recuperará únicamente tras haberse logrado la unión ósea.

Antes de iniciar el tratamiento, revise el informe quirúrgico del paciente y su historial médico previo, y consulte con el cirujano responsable sobre el método de fijación empleado (alambre de tensión, tornillo intramedular sin cabeza, agujas K o placa), el ángulo de fusión establecido, y si las agujas K quedan incrustadas o deben retirarse. El Dr. Hirpara realiza la artrodesis PIP en una posición de flexión funcional que aumenta la desviación cubital de la mano (aproximadamente 15–20° en el dedo índice y medio; 25–40° en el anular y meñique); esto se aplica sobre todo a dichos dedos, donde la estabilidad en la pinza lateral es más importante que el movimiento de la articulación PIP. La articulación fusionada se mantiene inmovilizada mediante férula hasta constatar la unión radiográfica. La base científica disponible es limitada (series de casos de nivel 4 y consenso de expertos), por lo que los tiempos de rehabilitación se individualizan y no siguen umbrales estandarizados.

Fase I — protección y control de la hinchazón (semanas 0 a 2)

Durante las dos primeras semanas, se protege la fusión ósea y se controla la hinchazón y la cicatrización de la herida, mientras que todas las demás articulaciones de la mano comienzan a moverse de inmediato.

Para su terapeuta de mano:

Inmovilización - Férula o yeso volar para dedos que cubra las articulaciones MCP y PIP, pero deje libre la articulación DIP - Mantener la articulación PIP fusionada en reposo; elevar la mano para reducir el edema

Educación y precauciones - Prohibido realizar agarres, pinzas o cargas con el dedo operado - Mantener la férula limpia y seca; proteger la herida y cualquier punto donde se hayan colocado clavos

Manejo - Herida: aplicar los vendajes quirúrgicos según indicaciones; vigilar posibles infecciones y el estado de los puntos de inserción de los clavos si se utilizaron - Edema: elevar la mano, realizar movimientos suaves con las articulaciones libres, aplicar hielo según sea necesario - Ejercicios: desde el primer día, realizar movimientos activos en todas las articulaciones no fusionadas: dedos adyacentes (flexión/extensión completa), pulgar y muñeca; iniciar movimientos activos de la articulación DIP del dedo operado en los primeros días; realizar deslizamientos tendinosos en los dedos vecinos; no mover ni cargar sobre la articulación PIP fusionada

Criterios para avanzar a la siguiente fase - La herida está cicatrizando; la hinchazón está controlada; listo para colocar una férula personalizada definitiva alrededor de la semana 1–2

Fase II: férula termoplástica personalizada y movimiento activo de las articulaciones libres (semanas 2 a 6)

A partir de las dos semanas aproximadamente, una férula termoplástica personalizada sostiene la articulación fusionada, permitiendo al mismo tiempo el movimiento activo de las articulaciones adyacentes. Las articulaciones DIP y MCP del dedo operado se ejercitan fuera de la férula; la articulación PIP fusionada permanece protegida. Por el momento, no se permite realizar agarres, pinzas ni ejercer carga con resistencia.

Para su terapeuta de mano:

Evaluaciones - Amplitud de movimiento de las articulaciones adyacentes, evaluación de edema, herida y cicatriz; confirmar que la fijación es estable según criterios clínicos y según indicaciones del cirujano.

Inmovilización - Transición a una férula termoplástica personalizada que sostenga la articulación PIP fusionada, dejando libres las articulaciones adyacentes; mantener la inmovilización protectora de forma continua hasta aproximadamente la semana 6.

Instrucciones y precauciones - Queda prohibido realizar agarres, pinzas o ejercer carga con resistencia en el dedo operado hasta que se produzca la unión ósea. - Los ejercicios solo se realizan fuera de la férula.

Manejo - Ejercicios: movimiento activo de las articulaciones DIP y MCP del dedo operado fuera de la férula (el movimiento DIP se inicia a los pocos días; el MCP se añade en esta fase); deslizamientos tendinosos en los dedos adyacentes; continuación del movimiento del pulgar, muñeca y dedos vecinos; iniciar el manejo de la cicatriz y el edema una vez curada la herida. - No se permite realizar agarres, pinzas ni ejercer carga con resistencia.

Criterios para avanzar - Unión ósea comprobada mediante radiografía (normalmente alrededor de la semana 6, hasta 9–12); la articulación fusionada debe ser estable tanto clínica como radiológicamente antes de permitir cualquier tipo de carga.

Fase III: retirar progresivamente la férula e iniciar un uso funcional ligero (a partir de las ~6 semanas, una vez consolidada la fusión)

Una vez que la fusión ósea se ha consolidado (normalmente alrededor de seis semanas), se retira y reduce progresivamente la férula, se introduce un uso funcional ligero, y se recuperan gradualmente la pinza, la oposición y la capacidad de agarre. Los alambres K, si se utilizaron, suelen retirarse alrededor de la sexta semana.

Para su terapeuta de mano:

Evaluaciones - Confirmar mediante radiografía la consolidación de la fusión con el cirujano; medir la fuerza de agarre y de pinza en comparación con la otra mano; evaluar el rango de movimiento de las articulaciones libres; examinar la cicatriz

Educación y precauciones - Retirar y reducir progresivamente la férula una vez confirmada la consolidación; extraer el alambre K alrededor de las 6 semanas si se empleó - Aumentar la carga de forma gradual: primero uso funcional ligero, luego ejercicios de pinza y agarre de intensidad progresiva

Manejo - Ejercicios: avanzar desde el uso funcional ligero hasta la recuperación de la pinza, oposición y capacidad de agarre; iniciar el fortalecimiento de la pinza y el agarre (con pelotas o plastilina, ejercicios de pinza lateral) y aumentar la intensidad gradualmente; continuar con el tratamiento de la cicatriz - Retirar la férula tras confirmarse radiográficamente la consolidación de la fusión

Criterios para avanzar - Fusión ósea consolidada que tolera carga ligera sin dolor; férula ya no se utiliza; paciente listo para un fortalecimiento progresivo

Fase IV — fortalecimiento progresivo y retorno (a partir de ~8–12 semanas)

Una vez consolidada la fusión y reanudado el uso ligero de la mano, se intensifica el fortalecimiento y la carga, y se va progresando hacia el retorno a actividades deportivas, pesadas o manuales. El resultado final se alcanza aproximadamente entre los nueve y doce meses.

Para su terapeuta de mano:

Evaluaciones - Fuerza de agarre y de pinzamiento en comparación con el lado contralateral; pruebas funcionales y específicas para el trabajo o el deporte, según corresponda

Educación y precauciones - Aumentar gradualmente la carga resistida; la articulación fusionada queda permanentemente rígida por diseño; concentrar el fortalecimiento en el agarre y el pinzamiento lateral

Manejo - Ejercicios: fortalecimiento y carga progresivos del agarre y el pinzamiento; retorno gradual a actividades deportivas, pesadas y manuales - Considerar el alta una vez que la fuerza sea funcional y casi simétrica; derivar nuevamente al médico tratante si la recuperación se estanca

Criterios para el retorno - Articulación fusionada estable y sin dolor bajo carga; fuerza de agarre/pinzamiento suficiente para la tarea, evaluada clínicamente y no en base al tiempo transcurrido; resultado final alcanzado a los 9–12 meses

Volver al trabajo y a las actividades cotidianas

Se recomienda, desde el principio, el uso ligero de la mano en las actividades diarias, siempre dentro de los límites del confort; la única restricción clave es no realizar agarres, pinzamientos ni aplicar carga a través del dedo operado hasta que la fusión ósea se haya producido. Dado que no debe conducir si no puede controlar el volante de forma segura, planifique contar con ayuda para el transporte durante las primeras semanas; normalmente se puede volver a conducir entre las cuatro y seis semanas, una vez retirada la férula y cuando pueda controlar el vehículo sin riesgos.

Tras la consolidación ósea (alrededor de las seis semanas), podrá iniciar el uso ligero y agarres suaves. El levantamiento de objetos, el agarre y el pinzamiento se irán incrementando a partir de las ocho semanas, y las actividades completas o deportivas podrán retomarse a partir de las doce semanas. La fusión ósea sigue estabilizándose durante varios meses, por lo que el resultado final y completamente estable se alcanza aproximadamente entre los nueve y doce meses. Estos plazos son guías basadas en el consenso de expertos de un único centro (valores típicos y personalizados, no umbrales estrictos); el progreso de cada paciente lo evalúan el Dr. Hirpara y su terapeuta de mano según la evolución de la fusión, no únicamente en función del calendario.

Después de seguir este protocolo

Este protocolo complementa las recomendaciones generales de recuperación del consultorio; consulte también control del dolor postoperatorio, cuidado de la herida y manejo de las cicatrices. El plan por fases descrito anteriormente se basa en las guías publicadas sobre la rehabilitación tras una artrodesis de la articulación interfalángica proximal; su recuperación continua será guiada individualmente por el Dr. Hirpara y su terapeuta de mano, según la evolución de la curación de su dedo.


Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

PIP Joint Fusion — Procedure Outcomes & Post-operative Rehabilitation (Proximal Interphalangeal Arthrodesis)

Topic scope: post-operative rehabilitation after arthrodesis (fusion) of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint of a finger — a worn, painful or unstable PIP joint is fused solid in a functional flexed position. This is a fusion, not a reconstruction or a motion- preserving procedure: the PIP is deliberately made stiff to trade motion for a stable, pain-free, load-bearing digit. The rehab is therefore not about regaining PIP motion but about protecting the construct until bony union while keeping every other joint of the hand moving, then restoring grip and pinch.

Defining principle of the rehab here: PIP arthrodesis eliminates motion at one joint by design to gain stability for pinch and grip. The fused joint is set in a functional flexed position that increases ulnar-ward across the hand (index/middle ≈ 15–20°, ring/little ≈ 25–40°, following the digital cascade) and held by internal fixation (tension-band wire, headless intramedullary screw, K-wires, or plate) until union. Because nothing here needs to move to heal — it needs to unite — the single governing rule is "protect the fused joint, mobilise everything else." DIP, MCP, adjacent digits, thumb and wrist move from day one to prevent tendon adhesion and stiffness; oedema and scar are managed early; grip and pinch are restored only after radiographic union (~6 weeks, up to 9–12). The branch point is the indication — primary degenerative/post-traumatic fusion versus salvage of a failed PIP arthroplasty, where union is slower and the construct more demanding.


A. PROCEDURE OUTCOMES (PIP arthrodesis)

PIP arthrodesis is a reliable, well-established salvage and reconstructive operation, but its evidence base is uniformly low-level — predominantly retrospective level-4 case series and expert opinion, with no randomised controlled trials. Outcomes are reported as union, complication and reoperation rates rather than from comparative trials.

  • The evidence base is low-level and consensus-driven. A systematic review of PIP arthrodesis found the literature is overwhelmingly level-4 (~94%) with no RCTs; conclusions on fixation choice and outcomes rest on case series and expert consensus [EFORT Open Rev 2021, DOI 10.1530/eor-21-0102]. Low (level-4 SR, no RCTs).
  • Fixation holds the angle to union; nonunion and reoperation are the principal concerns. Series reporting nonunion and reoperation identify patient factors (including smoking and comorbidity) as drivers of failure, underscoring that the rehab job is to protect the construct until the bone joins [HAND 2020, DOI 10.1177/1558944720939196]. Low–moderate (case series).
  • The fusion angle is chosen for function, especially pinch. A biomechanical/kinematic study of index PIP fusion (simulated 30–50°) shows the set angle is a functional trade-off: fusing the index/middle PIP stabilises lateral (key) pinch at the cost of PIP motion, which is why these digits are common fusion sites [J Hand Surg Am 2011, DOI 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.09.010]. Mechanistic / cadaveric.
  • Arthrodesis is a dependable salvage for failed PIP arthroplasty, but union is slow. A series of arthrodesis for failed PIP joint replacement reported a mean time to union of 5.8 months, illustrating that salvage fusions unite more slowly than primary fusions and need correspondingly extended protection [J Hand Surg Am 2011, DOI 10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.10.030]. Low (case series).
  • The biomechanics of digital loss/fusion frame the functional cost. Reviews of the biomechanics of digital amputation and fusion describe how eliminating an IP joint redistributes grip and pinch mechanics — the rationale for accepting a stiff joint when it buys stability [Hand Clin 2016, DOI 10.1016/j.hcl.2016.07.003]. Mechanistic / narrative.

B. REHABILITATION / THERAPY EVIDENCE

There are no trials of rehab regimens after PIP arthrodesis; the programme is built on sound surgical principle and expert consensus. The two evidence-anchored levers are the union timeline (which sets when load may be applied) and the modifiable risk factor of smoking (which delays union).

  • Protect-until-union, mobilise-everything-else is the consensus regimen. The fused PIP is splinted continuously until radiographic union (~6 weeks, up to 9–12); from day one the DIP, MCP, adjacent digits, thumb and wrist are actively moved to prevent tendon adhesion and global hand stiffness. This is stable across sources (surgeon protocols, hand-therapy guidance and patient-education material) even though it is not trial-tested [Melbourne Arm Clinic protocol; OrthOracle PIPJ arthrodesis; OrthoInfo finger IP fusion]. Consensus / expert.
  • Smoking is an evidence-supported delayed-union risk. A study of hand and wrist arthrodesis found smoking delays union, making smoking cessation the one rehab-adjacent intervention with direct supporting evidence in this setting [J Hand Surg Am 2022, DOI 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.05.016]. Moderate (cohort, modifiable risk factor).
  • Union timing governs progression — and is slower in salvage fusions. Primary fusions are typically protected to ~6 weeks; salvage of failed arthroplasty unites far more slowly (mean 5.8 months), so loading must be union-led rather than calendar-led [J Hand Surg Am 2011, DOI 10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.10.030]. Low (case series).
  • The set fusion angle is the functional anchor of the rehab goal. Because the index/middle PIP is fused at ~15–20° (and ring/little at ~25–40°) specifically to stabilise lateral pinch, the Phase III–IV strengthening rightly targets pinch and grip rather than any attempt at PIP motion [J Hand Surg Am 2011, DOI 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.09.010]. Mechanistic.

Recovery trajectory (expected, evidence-anchored)

Phase Window Restraint Hand use / therapy focus Strength / load Notes
I — Protect & settle Week 0–2 Volar finger splint/cast spanning MCP + PIP, DIP left free Elevation, wound/pin-site care, oedema control; active DIP within days + full motion of all non-fused joints (adjacent digits, thumb, wrist) No grip / pinch / loading Fused PIP kept still; everything else mobilised from day one
II — Custom splint & free-joint motion Week 2–6 Custom thermoplastic splint supporting the fused PIP, freeing adjacent joints; continuous splinting to ~6 wk Active DIP + MCP of operated finger out of splint; tendon glides of adjacent digits; scar/oedema once healed No resisted grip / pinch / loading Union typically at ~6 wk (up to 9–12); load only after radiographic union
III — Wean splint & light use From ~6 wk (united) Splint weaned/cut down after union; K-wire out ~6 wk if used Progress light use → pinch, opposition, gripping; begin grip/pinch strengthening Graded grip/pinch, build gradually Restraints lifted only once union confirmed
IV — Strengthen & return ~8–12 wk+ Restrictions lifted Progressive strengthening/loading; return to sport/heavy/manual work Build load progressively; target lateral pinch Final settled result 9–12 months

(Phase windows mirror the precautions in the patient protocol; they are expert-consensus, single-clinic guides — typical and individualised, not graded or trial-derived thresholds. Return milestones: driving ~6 wk, light use/gentle grip ~6 wk after union, lifting/gripping/pinch ~8 wk, full activity/sport ~12 wk, final result 9–12 months.)


C. KEY CONTROVERSIES / EVIDENCE QUALITY

  1. Whole topic is low-level evidence. PIP arthrodesis rests on level-4 case series and expert consensus with no RCTs (~94% level-4 in systematic review). All outcome and timing figures should be read as typical guides, not trial-validated thresholds [EFORT 2021]. Low.
  2. Fixation choice is unsettled. Tension-band wire, headless intramedullary screw, K-wires and plate all achieve union; comparative data are weak and selection is largely surgeon preference and bone/soft-tissue quality [EFORT 2021; HAND 2020]. Low.
  3. Fusion angle is a functional trade-off, not a fixed number. The ~15–20° (index/middle) to ~25–40° (ring/little) cascade is consensus-stable but individualised to the digit and the demands of pinch [J Hand Surg Am 2011 kinematics]. Mechanistic / consensus.
  4. Union timing is variable and indication-dependent. Primary fusions ~6 weeks; salvage of failed arthroplasty far slower (mean 5.8 months). Loading must be union-led [J Hand Surg Am 2011 salvage series]. Low.
  5. Smoking and patient factors drive nonunion/reoperation. Smoking is an evidence-supported delayed-union risk and a modifiable target [J Hand Surg Am 2022; HAND 2020]. Moderate (for the smoking association).

D. EVIDENCE STRENGTH FLAGS (summary)

  • STRONG (RCT / SR): none — there are no RCTs in PIP arthrodesis; the best synthesis is a level-4 systematic review (~94% level-4 studies).
  • MODERATE: smoking as a delayed-union risk after hand/wrist arthrodesis; patient factors driving nonunion/reoperation; cadaveric/kinematic basis for the functional fusion angle and pinch rationale.
  • WEAK / CONSENSUS: the protect-until-union, mobilise-everything-else rehab regimen (mechanistically sound, not trial-tested); the specific fusion angles (consensus-stable); exact timelines (single-clinic, expert-consensus guides — typical, not graded thresholds); fixation choice (surgeon preference).

CITATIONS

RAG corpus (180,000+ Orthopaedic articles)

  • Proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis: a systematic review (predominantly level-4 evidence; no RCTs). EFORT Open Rev. 2021. DOI: 10.1530/eor-21-0102
  • Nonunion and reoperation after proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis: patient factors and outcomes. HAND. 2020. DOI: 10.1177/1558944720939196
  • Index finger proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis and pinch kinematics (simulated 30–50° fusion). J Hand Surg Am. 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.09.010
  • Arthrodesis as salvage for failed proximal interphalangeal joint arthroplasty (mean time to union 5.8 months). J Hand Surg Am. 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.10.030
  • Smoking delays union after hand and wrist arthrodesis. J Hand Surg Am. 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.05.016
  • Biomechanics of digital loss and fusion. Hand Clin. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2016.07.003

PIP arthrodesis rehabilitation & procedure literature (URLs)

  • Melbourne Arm Clinic. PIP / DIP arthrodesis rehabilitation protocol. https://melbournearmclinic.com.au/orthopaedic-rehabilitation/shoulder-rehabilitation/pip-dip-arthrodesis-protocol/
  • OrthOracle. Proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) arthrodesis in the hand using the Apex system (Extremity Medical). https://www.orthoracle.com/library/proximal-interphalangeal-joint-pipj-arthrodesis-in-the-hand-using-the-apex-system-extremity-medical/
  • EFORT Open Reviews. Proximal interphalangeal joint review (PMC). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6598614/
  • American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (OrthoInfo). Finger (interphalangeal) joint fusion. https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/treatment/finger-ip-joint-fusion/

Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0

CC Creative Commons licence
BY Attribution — you must credit the source
NC NonCommercial — not for commercial use

Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International


Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.

Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees


Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.