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Una buena alimentación para la recuperación

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Cómo los alimentos cotidianos favorecen su recuperación después de la cirugía: ingerir suficiente proteína y energía, las vitaminas y minerales que ayudan a la cicatrización de heridas y a la consolidación ósea, cómo mantener la movilidad, y algunos consejos para alimentarse con una sola mano cuando un brazo no puede usarse.

Un plato de alimentos ricos en proteínas, acompañado de verduras y frutas de colores.
Una buena nutrición diaria — proteínas, verduras y frutas — proporciona a su cuerpo los elementos necesarios para la recuperación. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

La buena alimentación no hará que una operación cicatrice de la noche a la mañana, pero comer bien realmente ayuda a que el cuerpo realice su trabajo de reparación; en cambio, una mala alimentación puede ralentizarlo. Después de la cirugía, el cuerpo está muy ocupado: cierra la herida, genera tejido nuevo y repara tendones u huesos. Todo ello depende de los alimentos que ingiera. La buena noticia es que no se necesita nada especial, sofisticado ni caro. Una dieta normal y equilibrada, prestando un poco de atención a ciertos aspectos, cubre prácticamente todas las necesidades para la cicatrización.

Proteínas: el componente básico para la construcción del cuerpo

Si solo pudieras recordar una cosa, que sea esta: las proteínas son el material con el que el cuerpo se repara a sí mismo. La piel nueva, la cicatrización de tendones, los huesos y las células que combaten infecciones se forman a partir de ellas. En las semanas posteriores a la cirugía, la necesidad de proteínas aumenta, justo cuando muchas personas consumen menos de lo habitual.

Procure incluir un alimento rico en proteínas en cada comida, en lugar de reservarlo solo para la cena:

  • carne magra, pollo, pescado (el pescado enlatado, como el atún o el salmón, es muy práctico)
  • huevos
  • leche, queso y yogur
  • frijoles, lentejas y garbanzos
  • tofu, nueces y mantequillas de nueces

No es necesario pesar ni contar nada. Una regla sencilla es consumir una porción del tamaño de la palma de la mano de algún alimento proteico en cada comida principal, además de tentempiés ricos en proteínas como yogur, un puñado de nueces, queso con galletas o un vaso de leche.

Energía suficiente en general

La cicatrización consume energía; por eso, tu cuerpo necesita suficiente combustible para llevarla a cabo. Este no es el momento para hacer dietas extremas ni para intentar perder peso. Reducir drásticamente la ingesta de alimentos hace que tu cuerpo carezca de la energía necesaria para recuperarse, lo que puede ralentizar el proceso de curación.

Procura ingerir comidas regulares y equilibradas, tal como lo harías normalmente. Si tu apetito ha disminuido (lo cual es común tras una operación, un anestésico o mientras tomas analgésicos fuertes), suele ser más eficaz comer pequeñas cantidades con mayor frecuencia en lugar de enfrentarse a un plato grande. Los tentempiés nutritivos entre comidas, así como elegir alimentos que realmente te apetezcan, también resultan útiles mientras tu apetito vuelve a la normalidad.

Las vitaminas y minerales que ayudan a la recuperación

Una dieta variada, rica en frutas, verduras y cereales integrales, aporta las vitaminas y minerales esenciales para el proceso de curación. Los más importantes después de una cirugía son:

  • Vitamina C: contribuye a la formación de colágeno, el componente básico que el cuerpo utiliza para cerrar y fortalecer una herida. Se encuentra en cítricos, bayas, kiwi, tomates, pimientos y verduras de hoja verde.
  • Zinc: favorece la cicatrización y el funcionamiento del sistema inmunitario. Sus principales fuentes son la carne, el marisco, los huevos, los lácteos, frutos secos, semillas y cereales integrales.
  • Vitamina D y calcio: son especialmente importantes tras una fractura o cirugía ósea, pues constituyen los elementos básicos para la regeneración ósea. El calcio se obtiene de los lácteos, bebidas vegetales enriquecidas, pescado enlatado con espinas blandas y verduras de hoja verde; la vitamina D proviene principalmente de la exposición al sol, aunque también se encuentra en cantidades menores en pescados grasos y huevos. Si se ha sometido a cirugía ósea, le recomendamos consultar nuestra página sobre salud ósea.
  • Hierro: ayuda a transportar oxígeno por el cuerpo y a regenerar la sangre, lo cual es útil si perdió sangre durante la operación. La carne roja, los huevos, las legumbres y las verduras verdes son buenas fuentes; además, consumir alimentos ricos en vitamina C junto con ellos favorece la absorción del hierro de origen vegetal.

Como verá, todos estos nutrientes se encuentran en alimentos comunes y cotidianos. Si mantiene una dieta equilibrada a lo largo de la semana, cubrirá todas sus necesidades sin necesidad de preocuparse por cada uno por separado.

Mantenga el tránsito intestinal: fibra y líquidos

Un problema muy común y molesto durante la recuperación es el estreñimiento. Los analgésicos fuertes (sobre todo aquellos que contienen codeína u oxicodona) ralentizan el movimiento intestinal, y la disminución de la actividad física lo agrava aún más. Con un poco de planificación, se puede prevenir.

  • Beba abundante líquido a lo largo del día: el agua es lo ideal. Solo esto ya marca una gran diferencia.
  • Incorpore fibra en su dieta: las frutas, verduras, panes y cereales integrales, la avena, los frijoles y las lentejas ayudan a mantener el tránsito intestinal.
  • Mantenga una actividad física suave dentro de los límites que le hayamos indicado; incluso caminatas cortas y regulares favorecen el movimiento intestinal.

Si sabe que va a tomar analgésicos fuertes durante más de un par de días, es recomendable empezar desde el principio a ingerir suficientes líquidos y fibra, y consultar con su farmacéutico sobre algún laxante suave, en lugar de esperar hasta sentir molestias.

¿Necesita suplementos?

Para la mayoría de las personas, la respuesta es no. Si sigue una dieta razonablemente equilibrada, obtendrá todo lo que necesita de los alimentos; además, no existen pruebas sólidas de que tomar más pastillas vitamínicas ayude a una persona sana a recuperarse más rápido.

La excepción razonable es corregir alguna deficiencia conocida. Si un análisis de sangre ha demostrado que le falta algún nutriente (normalmente vitamina D o hierro), entonces suplementarlo sí resulta beneficioso. Esto es distinto de tomar varios suplementos “por si acaso”. Si ya está tomando suplementos o está pensando en empezar a tomar alguno en concreto, vale la pena consultarnos a nosotros o a su médico de cabecera, ya que algunos pueden interactuar con medicamentos o no deben tomarse antes de una cirugía. (En nuestra página dedicada a suplementos nutricionales para la salud musculoesquelética se explica esto con más detalle.)

Si padece diabetes, hay un aspecto que merece especial atención: mantener el nivel de azúcar en sangre bien controlado. Un nivel elevado de glucosa interfiere en la cicatrización y aumenta el riesgo de problemas en la herida e infecciones; por eso, las semanas previas a la cirugía son un buen momento para vigilar estrechamente sus niveles y seguir al pie de la letra las indicaciones habituales para la diabetes.

Comer con una sola mano cuando el brazo está inmovilizado

Tras una cirugía de extremidad superior, el problema práctico suele ser no qué comer, sino cómo prepararlo y consumirlo con un brazo en cabestrillo. Una planificación previa marca una gran diferencia:

  • Ten a mano proteínas fáciles y sin complicaciones: yogur, queso, pescado enlatado, huevos, leche, mantequilla de frutos secos, hummus, frijoles cocidos y pollo pre-cocinado.
  • Prepara todo con antelación. Cocina por lotes y congela las comidas antes de la operación, o prepara raciones adicionales en los días posteriores para poder recalentarlas con una sola mano.
  • Compra alimentos listos para consumir: verduras y frutas ya cortadas, queso rallado, arroz para microondas, comidas preparadas y envases fáciles de abrir.
  • Organiza tu espacio para comer cómodamente: una alfombrilla antideslizante bajo el plato evita que este se mueva, y el uso de utensilios sencillos facilita enormemente preparar un sándwich o una comida en un solo recipiente, en comparación con platos que requieren cuchillo y tenedor.
  • Acepta ayuda. Si familiares o amigos se ofrecen a llevarte comida o a hacer la compra durante la primera o segunda semana, acepta; es una de las formas más sencillas en que pueden ayudarte, y te quita presión de encima.

Consulte a un profesional si

La mayoría de las personas superan la recuperación sin problemas gracias a una buena alimentación. No obstante, hable con nosotros, con su médico de cabecera o con un dietista si:

  • su apetito sigue siendo escaso, o está perdiendo peso sin quererlo
  • le cuesta tragar, o la comida o la bebida le provocan tos o ahogo
  • padece diabetes y sus niveles de azúcar en sangre son elevados o difíciles de controlar
  • le han diagnosticado alguna deficiencia (como falta de hierro o de vitamina D) y no sabe cómo corregirla

Comer bien es uno de los pocos aspectos de la recuperación que realmente dependen de usted. No es necesario hacerlo a la perfección; simplemente procure ingerir comidas regulares y equilibradas, que incluyan proteínas en cada una, beba suficiente líquido y varíe los alimentos para obtener todas las vitaminas y minerales necesarios. Su cuerpo se encargará del resto.


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