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Atrapamiento articular del tobillo

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Qué está sintiendo

El pinzamiento de tobillo significa que algo queda comprimido o apretado dentro de la articulación del tobillo, generalmente en la parte delantera o posterior. En la parte delantera del tobillo, el flexión y extensión repetida y forzada del pie puede generar pequeñas protuberancias óseas o espolones cerca del borde de la articulación. Estos espolones se comprimen al doblar completamente el tobillo, lo que provoca dolor. En la parte posterior del tobillo, un pequeño hueso adicional situado detrás de la articulación (a veces llamado “os trigonum”) o los tejidos blandos irritados pueden quedar igualmente comprimidos cuando el pie se extiende hacia abajo.

El dolor suele localizarse en un solo punto. En el caso del pinzamiento en la parte delantera del tobillo, se siente en lo profundo de la zona anterior de la articulación, o ligeramente hacia el exterior de dicha zona. Con el pinzamiento en la parte posterior, se percibe un dolor profundo justo delante del tendón de Aquiles, en la parte posterior del tobillo. Algunas personas también notan sensación de “traba” o chasquidos, lo cual podría indicar la presencia de fragmentos sueltos de cartílago u hueso dentro de la articulación.

Ciertos movimientos lo desencadenan: extender el pie hacia abajo con fuerza, impulsarse, saltar o patear pueden provocar dolor en la parte posterior del tobillo. Por el contrario, doblar el tobillo completamente hacia arriba, como al hacer sentadillas o subir una pendiente, puede generar dolor en la parte delantera. Muchas personas con este problema ya han sufrido una torcedura en el mismo tobillo; el dolor persiste o reaparece con la actividad en lugar de desaparecer. La hinchazón y los hematomas alrededor del tobillo son frecuentes tras una torcedura, así como el dolor al ponerse de pie o caminar sobre ese pie.

En la vida cotidiana, este problema puede limitar las actividades que normalmente realiza sin dificultad. Correr, cambiar de dirección rápidamente, subir escaleras o agacharse pueden volverse incómodos o poco fiables. Algunas personas notan que el tobillo se siente inestable o “se afloja”. Si el dolor persiste durante semanas a pesar del reposo, el uso de vendajes o la fisioterapia, o si el tobillo sigue “trabándose” o “bloqueándose”, es recomendable someterse a una evaluación adecuada de la articulación.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

La articulación del tobillo es una bisagra: los extremos del hueso de la espinilla y el hueso pequeño situado en la parte externa de la pierna se unen a un hueso llamado astrágalo, que se encuentra entre ambos. Unos fuertes ligamentos mantienen unidos esos huesos. Cuando doblamos el tobillo por completo en cualquier dirección, dichos huesos y ligamentos se acercan mucho entre sí.

El “pinzamiento” ocurre cuando algo adicional ocupa espacio en esa zona reducida. En la parte delantera del tobillo, años de flexiones repetidas y fuertes —comunes en deportes como el salto y el correr— pueden generar pequeños espolones óseos en el borde de la articulación. El tejido blando irritado o cicatrizado también puede engrosarse allí, especialmente tras una o varias distensiones de los ligamentos situados en la parte externa del tobillo. Cuando doblamos el tobillo hacia arriba por completo, el espolón o el tejido engrosado queda comprimido entre los huesos; esa compresión es la causa del dolor que se siente en la parte delantera del tobillo.

En la parte posterior, el mecanismo es similar pero inverso: al doblar el pie hacia abajo con fuerza, el tejido blando o un pequeño hueso extra queda comprimido entre el calcáneo y la parte inferior de la espinilla. Los bailarines y atletas que realizan muchos movimientos de patada o salto permanecen frecuentemente en esa posición; por eso el dolor se localiza en la zona posterior del tobillo, cerca del tendón de Aquiles.

Los “tirones”, chasquidos y sensación de inestabilidad que usted haya notado encajan también en este cuadro clínico. Una distensión ligamentosa puede dejar un pliegue de tejido cicatricial dentro de la articulación, similar a un trozo suelto de goma atrapado en una bisagra. Cada vez que el tobillo se dobla por completo, ese pliegue queda comprimido, la articulación sigue irritada, y la hinchazón y el dolor persistente reaparecen en lugar de desaparecer.

Qué podemos hacer al respecto

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano ortopédico en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, comienza con las opciones menos invasivas que se adapten a su condición. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su consulta, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su tobillo y, si es necesario, solicitamos estudios de imagen para determinar qué estructura está siendo comprimida y dónde.

En el caso del pinzamiento en la parte posterior del tobillo, normalmente empezamos con medidas sencillas: cambiar o suspender las actividades que desencadenan el dolor, y realizar fisioterapia para reducir la irritación y fortalecer los músculos y la estabilidad de la articulación. Se recomienda probar este tratamiento durante 3 a 6 meses. El tratamiento no quirúrgico resulta eficaz en el 60 % de los pacientes con este problema. Si el dolor persiste, una inyección puede aliviarlo: el 85 % de quienes la recibieron reportaron una disminución del dolor. La cirugía se considera únicamente tras 3 a 6 meses de tratamiento no quirúrgico infructuoso.

Para el pinzamiento en la parte anterior del tobillo, se aplica el mismo enfoque: modificación de actividades, un período de reposo o uso de férula, y rehabilitación. La cirugía artroscópica —que se realiza mediante pequeñas incisiones y una cámara delgada— se contempla cuando los síntomas persisten a pesar de estas medidas.

La cirugía también puede ser la opción adecuada en casos de tobillo inestable o con fragmentos óseos sueltos, cuando el tratamiento no quirúrgico (fisioterapia, férulas y inmovilización) no ha dado resultados. En tales casos, la intervención se efectúa mediante artroscopia, a través de pequeñas incisiones, permitiendo tensar los ligamentos estirados y corregir cualquier anomalía dentro de la articulación en una sola operación.

La intervención se adapta específicamente a la ubicación del pinzamiento. En el pinzamiento anterior, el cirujano extirpa el espolón óseo o el tejido engrosado que está siendo comprimido; en el pinzamiento posterior, se elimina de igual modo el exceso óseo o el tejido irritado. Gracias a las incisiones pequeñas, la articulación no se abre ampliamente; por ello, muchos atletas optan por este método, pues facilita un retorno más rápido a sus actividades deportivas. Le explicaremos en detalle en qué consiste la operación, cómo será su recuperación y qué resultados se pueden esperar, para que usted y nosotros decidamos conjuntamente si la cirugía es la mejor opción para usted.

Qué esperar

El pinzamiento del tobillo rara vez mejora por sí solo si se sigue realizando la actividad que lo provoca. El dolor suele persistir o reaparecer cada vez que se empuja con el pie, se salta, se agacha o se flexiona el pie hacia abajo. Algunas personas logran controlarlo durante años modulando su nivel de actividad; otras, en cambio, observan cómo el tobillo va perdiendo progresivamente su funcionalidad, sobre todo si la articulación se siente inestable o “se afloja”.

Con un manejo temprano y adecuado, muchas personas logran buenos resultados sin necesidad de cirugía. Modificar las actividades, descansar y realizar fisioterapia ayudan a la mayoría de quienes padecen pinzamiento en la parte posterior del tobillo; incluso algunos niños y adolescentes con este problema evitan por completo la cirugía.

En caso de optar por la cirugía, los resultados suelen ser estables, no espectaculares. El tratamiento artroscópico para el pinzamiento en la parte anterior del tobillo alivia bien el dolor y permite que la mayoría de los pacientes vuelvan a sus labores y actividades deportivas. La tasa de complicaciones de este procedimiento es baja: alrededor del 4,6 % en total, y los problemas graves se dan en aproximadamente el 1,1 % de los casos. Para el pinzamiento en la parte posterior del tobillo, la cirugía artroscópica presenta una tasa de complicaciones del 7,3 %, frente al 15,9 % cuando se realiza una incisión más grande para abrir la articulación. Estas cifras merecen ser analizadas junto con su cirujano a la hora de tomar una decisión.

Si el tobillo también es inestable, la cirugía puede tensar los ligamentos estirados y limpiar la articulación en la misma intervención. La mayoría de los pacientes que reciben esa reparación ligamentosa y comienzan a cargar peso de inmediato recuperan buena movilidad en 6 semanas; muchos vuelven a practicar deportes al cabo de un año. Un paciente seguido durante 14 años tras una reconstrucción ligamentosa logró mantener un tobillo estable y sin dolor. Para obtener los mejores resultados de cualquiera de estas intervenciones, es fundamental seguir un programa de rehabilitación bien estructurado y por etapas, sin apresurarse a volver a la actividad.

Nada de lo aquí expuesto constituye una garantía para su tobillo en particular. Sus propios resultados dependerán de qué zona de la articulación sufre el pinzamiento, si los ligamentos están estirados y de las exigencias funcionales que usted imponga a su tobillo.

Cuándo consultar a un especialista

Acuda a su médico de cabecera si el dolor en la parte anterior o posterior del tobillo reaparece con la actividad, o si no mejora tras varias semanas de reposo y fisioterapia. Solicite una evaluación especializada si siente que el tobillo está “suelto” o se “deja caer”, o si se “atraga” o “bloquea”; esto podría indicar la presencia de un fragmento suelto dentro de la articulación. También conviene hacerse revisar si hay un punto específico en la parte anterior del tobillo que permanece sensible al tacto, o si al bajar el pie hacia abajo aparece un dolor intenso detrás del tobillo. No siempre es necesario realizar estudios por imagen de inmediato; una exploración cuidadosa del tobillo es la herramienta principal para determinar cuál es el problema. Si el dolor y la hinchazón son muy intensos durante los primeros días tras un esguince, la evaluación puede resultar más difícil; por eso, una revisión unos días después suele arrojar resultados más claros.


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