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Liberación del codo de tenista

Tennis elbow release surgery — for persistent pain despite physiotherapy and other conservative treatments.

Updated Sep 2026
Una ilustración dibujada a mano de una persona sin rostro que sostiene una raqueta de tenis.
Codo de tenista: el tendón extensor se ha degenerado en el punto donde se inserta en el epicóndilo lateral (la protuberancia ósea en la parte externa del codo). La intervención quirúrgica consiste en extirpar el tejido tendinoso dañado. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

¿Por qué se ha recomendado esta operación?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de extremidades superiores en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, comienza por proponer las opciones menos invasivas que se adapten a su condición. El codo de tenista consiste en el desgaste del tendón situado en la parte externa del codo. La mayoría de las personas mejoran sin necesidad de cirugía: alrededor del 90 % de quienes no reciben tratamiento quirúrgico ven desaparecer sus síntomas al cabo de un año, y estos suelen remitir entre los 12 y 18 meses. Por ello, normalmente probamos primero tratamientos no quirúrgicos: modificación de actividades, fisioterapia o terapia de la mano, uso de férulas e inyecciones. La cirugía se contempla únicamente cuando estos tratamientos no logran una mejora suficiente.

Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha recomendado consultarnos, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En la clínica tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su codo y, si es necesario, solicitamos estudios de imagen. La liberación del codo de tenista consiste en separar el tendón dañado del hueso en la parte externa del codo. Para ese pequeño porcentaje de pacientes que no responden a los tratamientos no quirúrgicos, la cirugía ofrece tasas de satisfacción cercanas al 90 %. El objetivo es aliviar su dolor y restaurar la función de su brazo. Discutiremos este procedimiento con usted, adoptando una toma de decisiones conjunta.

Antes de la operación

Antes de la cirugía, deberá abstenerse de comer y beber durante siete horas. Pedimos siete horas en lugar de seis para que sea posible adelantar su operación si el programa quirúrgico avanza antes de lo previsto. Su cirujano le indicará qué medicamentos debe suspender y cuándo. Lleve consigo una lista de todos los fármacos que toma, incluyendo pastillas, gotas y cremas. Organice que alguien lo lleve a casa después de la intervención, ya que no podrá conducir usted mismo. Use ropa holgada y cómoda que sea fácil de quitarse. Para planificar la operación, podrían realizarse estudios de imagen como radiografías, resonancia magnética o ecografías. Si padece otras enfermedades, es posible que necesite análisis de sangre o una consulta con el anestesista.

El día de la intervención

Llegará a la unidad de admisiones quirúrgicas del hospital, donde se le registrará y preparará para la cirugía. Conocerá al anestesista, quien repasará con usted su historial médico y los medicamentos que toma. Esta operación se realiza bajo anestesia general; usted estará completamente dormido durante todo el procedimiento. En algunos pacientes también se aplica un bloqueo nervioso regional para aliviar el dolor postoperatorio; el anestesista decide al respecto ese mismo día según sus circunstancias individuales. Posteriormente, será conducido al quirófano, donde se lleva a cabo la operación.

Una vez finalizada la intervención, despertará en la sala de recuperación. Las enfermeras lo vigilarán mientras la anestesia va desapareciendo. Cuando su estado sea estable, será trasladado a una sala de hospitalización o podrá volver a casa, según el tipo de procedimiento y su recuperación. Muchas personas regresan a casa el mismo día. Antes de irse, le explicaremos cómo cuidar su codo y qué puede esperar en los próximos días.

¿En qué consiste la operación?

El cirujano realiza la liberación del codo de tenista mediante una sola incisión en la parte externa del codo, sobre el bulto óseo que se puede palpar allí. La porción dañada del tendón se separa de dicho hueso, liberándolo de su punto de inserción, que es la zona de donde proviene el dolor. El tejido desgastado y deshilachado en el origen del tendón se elimina, y la superficie ósea subyacente se alisa.

Posteriormente, la incisión se cierra con puntos de sutura; antes de que abandone el quirófano, se coloca un vendaje sobre la herida.

Esta operación se realiza mediante esa única incisión, en lugar de varias incisiones pequeñas por vía laparoscópica. El cirujano trabaja directamente sobre el tendón y el hueso, de modo que la zona dañada queda completamente visible y tratable.

Después de la operación

Despertará en la sala de recuperación, rodeado de enfermeras, mientras el efecto de la anestesia desaparece. Sobre la herida de su codo habrá un vendaje suave, sujeto con una venda elástica. Es posible que sienta algo de dolor en la parte externa del codo; infórmeselo a las enfermeras, ya que pueden administrarle medicamentos para aliviarlo. Poco después de despertar podrá moverse, y la mayoría de los pacientes caminan hasta el baño con ayuda el mismo día. Alguien debe acompañarle durante las primeras 24 horas después de regresar a casa. Por lo general, se trata de una intervención ambulatoria, por lo que podrá volver a casa el mismo día; aunque en ocasiones los pacientes permanecen una noche en el hospital. Dejamos el vendaje puesto durante unos 10 días; por favor, no lo retire antes de ese plazo a menos que se lo indiquemos. Lo cambiaremos o lo retiraremos cuando venga a la consulta.

Recuperación

Durante los primeros días, el codo le dolerá y es posible que se vea hinchado en la parte externa. Esto mejora gradualmente. Mantener la mano elevada mientras descansa ayuda a reducir la hinchazón; además, los analgésicos comunes alivian la molestia. El vendaje se dejará puesto hasta su próxima consulta, por lo que podrá ducharse normalmente sin tocar la herida.

Casi de inmediato podrá usar el brazo para tareas ligeras en casa: vestirse, comer y moverse con normalidad. No debe levantar objetos pesados, ni apoyarse en ese brazo para levantarse de las sillas, ni realizar cualquier actividad que fuerce la parte externa del codo. La terapia de la mano posterior a la cirugía la llevará a cabo Ruby Doolan en Extend Rehabilitation; ella le indicará los ejercicios y, si es necesario, le confeccionará una férula. Estos ejercicios mantienen el movimiento de la muñeca y el codo, y van recuperando gradualmente la fuerza de agarre.

Al principio, dormir puede resultar incómodo; muchas personas encuentran cómodo apoyar un cojín debajo o al lado del brazo.

Una vez que la hinchazón disminuya y el movimiento sea más fácil, notará que su fuerza de agarre vuelve. Cuando pueda sujetar y apretar objetos sin dolor, las actividades cotidianas volverán a ser normales. Una vez retirada la férula y capaz de agarrar el volante y reaccionar con rapidez, normalmente podrá volver a conducir. En el enlace Conducción tras una cirugía de miembro superior encontrará más detalles al respecto. El regreso al trabajo dependerá de las características de su empleo; hablaremos de ello en su momento.

Cada persona sana a su propio ritmo. Su cronograma puede ser distinto; su cirujano y terapeuta le guiarán durante todo el proceso.

Qué puede salir mal

La mayoría de los pacientes evolucionan bien, pero en ocasiones pueden surgir problemas. Su cirujano y el equipo lo vigilarán de cerca para detectar cualquier anomalía a tiempo.

En algunos casos, el cuerpo forma pequeñas zonas de hueso nuevo donde no debería, dentro o alrededor de la articulación del codo. Esto se conoce como osificación heterotópica. Es posible que note una sensación de rigidez o de fricción al doblar o estirar el brazo, o que el codo no se mueva con la misma libertad que antes. Si percibe que el movimiento está limitado o si la articulación se siente dura e hinchada, coméntele esto en su próxima revisión.

Una minoría de pacientes observa que el codo no alcanza su rango completo de flexión o extensión después de la cirugía. Esto puede notarse al intentar alcanzar algo en una repisa alta o al girar un picaporte. Realizar movimientos suaves y regulares, según las indicaciones de su terapeuta, resulta beneficioso. Si la rigidez no mejora, indíquelo en la revisión para que se evalúe adecuadamente.

En ciertas personas, la operación no logra aliviar el dolor tanto como esperábamos. El lado externo del codo sigue doliendo, o el dolor reaparece tras un período de mejoría. En tal caso, reevaluaremos su codo y analizaremos con usted las opciones disponibles, que podrían incluir una nueva intervención quirúrgica. Si el dolor no disminuye como se esperaba, infórmenos lo antes posible.

Recibir varias inyecciones en el mismo codo antes de la cirugía aumenta la probabilidad de necesitar una intervención adicional posteriormente. Si previamente ha recibido inyecciones en otro lugar para este problema, háganoslo saber, pues ello nos ayuda a planificar su tratamiento.

Si observa enrojecimiento que se extiende alrededor de la herida, secreción de líquido, fiebre o un dolor que empeora en lugar de mejorar, comuníquese de inmediato con la clínica. Estos síntomas requieren atención urgente.

En la tabla de complicaciones de esta página se detallan las tasas típicas, por si desea conocer los datos específicos.

¿Cuándo deben llamarnos?

Llámenos de inmediato si tiene fiebre, enrojecimiento que se extiende alrededor de la herida, secreción de líquido desde ella, o dolor que empeora en lugar de mejorar. Acuda a urgencias si experimenta dolor intenso y repentino, hinchazón en la pantorrilla o dificultad para respirar; o si pierde la sensibilidad en la mano o no puede mover el brazo. Estos síntomas requieren evaluación urgente. Si nota algo anormal y no está seguro, llame a la clínica. Preferimos que nos informe a tiempo.

¿Dónde leer más sobre esta afección?

Esta página trata sobre la operación en sí. La afección que se trata con ella, incluyendo lo que demuestran las evidencias sobre cuándo la cirugía es útil y cuándo no, se explica con mayor detalle en la página de Codo de tenista.


Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

  • The pathologic tissue in tennis elbow involves the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon [1].
  • The origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis is located on the lateral epicondyle [1].
  • The lateral epicondylar ridge is an anatomical structure associated with the lateral epicondyle [1].

Investigations

History and Physical Examination

  • History should include the duration of the elbow contracture, initial injury, previous surgical procedures, trials of splinting/therapy/injections, complications of surgery, and the patient’s work/life demands and goals [3].
  • Physical examination should assess the function of the upper extremity (shoulder, wrist, and hand) [3].
  • The soft tissue surrounding the elbow should be examined for previous skin incisions/grafts, eschar, or infection [3].
  • Active and passive flexion, extension, supination, and pronation should be evaluated using a goniometer for accurate measurement [3].
  • The contralateral elbow should be examined for comparison during range of motion assessment [3].
  • If the elbow has less than 90° to 100° of flexion, the posterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) is contracted and must be released to restore flexion [3].
  • Pain should be assessed during the mid arc or at the terminal ends of motion [3].
  • Mid arc range of motion pain is more common with intrinsic disease and may not improve with contracture release alone [3].
  • The ulnar nerve is of utmost importance due to its anatomic proximity to the elbow [3].
  • The posterior bundle of the MCL forms the floor of the cubital tunnel along the course of the ulnar nerve [3].
  • Electromyography/nerve conduction velocity studies should be performed if any question about neurologic dysfunction exists [3].
  • An assessment for ulnar nerve subluxation should be performed [3].
  • Subluxation of the ulnar nerve is a relative contraindication for an arthroscopic procedure secondary to possible iatrogenic nerve injury [3].
  • If there is a history of prior surgical procedures, verify if the ulnar nerve has been transposed [3].
  • The physical exam is directed by history and the location of the patient's pain in the anterior, posterior, medial, or lateral aspect of the elbow [5].

Imaging

  • Radiographs should always be obtained for elbow evaluation [3].
  • Standard radiographic views include AP, lateral, and oblique views [3].
  • Serial radiography is used as follow-up when heterotopic ossification is present [3].
  • Primary bony landmarks on radiographs include the ulnohumeral joint, coronoid process, radial head, capitellum, radiocapitellar joint, olecranon tip, coronoid/olecranon fossae, and trochlear ridge [3].
  • CT is helpful when assessing for malunion architecture and the location and pattern of osteophytes and/or loose bodies [3].
  • Three-dimensional CT is used to check for heterotopic ossification [3].
  • CT is not necessary when the stiffness is entirely soft-tissue related [3].
  • CT is beneficial if any joint incongruity or abnormal bony anatomy is present [3].
  • MRI can be used to evaluate ligaments and tendons, but it is rarely indicated for elbow stiffness [3].
  • Plain radiographs remain the hallmark and the best screening test for elbow evaluation [5].
  • CT with two-dimensional reconstruction and three-dimensional surface rendering best visualizes posteromedial olecranon osteophytes and loose bodies in valgus extension overload syndrome [6].
  • MRI may be most helpful in evaluating associated injuries including partial or complete tears of the MCL in valgus extension overload syndrome [6].
  • Radiographic evaluations are essential when diagnosing an osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesion of the elbow [7].
  • Important aspects of OCD lesions may be better seen with MRI [7].
  • Standard AP and lateral radiographs typically show osteophyte formation at the coronoid process, coronoid fossa, radial fossa, radial head, olecranon tip, and olecranon fossa in elbow osteoarthritis [8].
  • In elbow osteoarthritis, joint spaces at the ulnohumeral joint usually are preserved, and those at the radiocapitellar joint are mildly narrowed [8].
  • Radiographs typically underestimate the number of loose bodies present in elbow osteoarthritis [8].
  • CT may be useful for surgical planning in elbow osteoarthritis by allowing a detailed assessment of osteophytes and the presence of loose bodies [8].

Treatment

Operative Technique

  • The patient is placed prone on the operating table with two rolled towels longitudinally under the thorax [1].
  • All bony prominences are padded well [1].
  • The affected extremity is positioned with the ipsilateral shoulder abducted to 90 degrees and supported by a precut foam holder [1].
  • The joint is distended with 20 to 30 mL of saline through an 18-gauge needle introduced through the direct lateral portal [1].
  • The proximal medial or superomedial portal is located approximately 2 cm proximal to the medial epicondyle and 1 cm anterior to the intermuscular septum [1].
  • The trocar and sheath are introduced anterior to the intermuscular septum while maintaining contact with the anterior aspect of the humerus [1].
  • The trocar is directed toward the radial head [1].
  • A 2.7-mm, 30-degree arthroscope is inserted into the joint to perform the diagnostic portion of the procedure [1].
  • The superolateral portal is established with an 18-gauge needle through the lesion after pathologic tissue is identified [1].
  • A full-radius resector is used to excise the capsule to identify the undersurface of the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon [1].
  • The origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis is viewed [1].
  • The capsule and pathologic tendinous attachment of the extensor carpi radialis brevis are debrided using a curet and motorized shaver [1].
  • The lateral epicondyle is decorticated [1].
  • Decortication of the lateral epicondyle and lateral epicondylar ridge can be performed with an arthroscopic burr, handheld instruments, or electrocautery [1].
  • A 30-degree arthroscope is adequate to view around the corner for most of the procedure [1].
  • A 70-degree arthroscope may be required in rare instances [1].

References

[1] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. ARTHROSCOPIC REPAIR OF POSTERIOR HUMERAL AVULSION OF THE GLENOHUMERAL LIGAMENT > ARTHROSCOPIC TENNIS ELBOW RELEASE.

[3] Aaos Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 3. Elbow Stiffness* > IV. Evaluation.

[5] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 13 Ebook Without Multimedia. Anatomy, Biomechanics, Physical Examination, and Imaging of the Elbow > Summary and Conclusions.

[6] Aaos Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 3. Elbow Injuries in the Athlete* > III. Valgus Extension Overload Syndrome and Posterior Impingement.

[7] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update. Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee and Elbow* > Summary.

[8] Aaos Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 3. Arthritis and Arthroplasty of the Elbow > I. Osteoarthritis.

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c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


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