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Melatonina después de la cirugía de hombro

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¿Por qué prescribimos melatonina después de una cirugía de hombro? ¿Qué indican las pruebas clínicas? ¿Cuál es la dosis que utilizamos y qué efectos se pueden esperar?

Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Si se ha sometido a una cirugía de hombro con nosotros, o está a punto de hacerlo, es posible que le hayan recetado melatonina junto con los analgésicos. En esta página se explica por qué la recetamos, qué efectos produce y cuáles no, así como cómo tomarla.

¿Por qué se le ha recetado melatonina?

El sueño es uno de los mayores desafíos durante las primeras semanas después de una cirugía de hombro. El hombro duele más al estar acostado, no se puede adoptar la posición habitual y el cabestrillo dificulta acostarse cómodamente. El sueño fragmentado, a su vez, hace que el dolor parezca peor al día siguiente. Nuestra página sobre el sueño, el dolor y la recuperación aborda los aspectos prácticos: la posición corporal, el momento adecuado para tomar los analgésicos y los hábitos de sueño.

Actualmente prescribimos melatonina de forma rutinaria tras la cirugía de hombro, ya que un estudio de buena calidad realizado en pacientes sometidos a reparación artroscópica del manguito rotador demostró que mejoraba el sueño en las primeras semanas. Los pacientes que la tomaron informaron además de una mejor función del hombro y de un menor uso de analgésicos fuertes en los meses siguientes. La melatonina es suave, no genera dependencia y no interactúa con los medicamentos para el dolor como lo hacen los somníferos convencionales. Para un problema temporal con un final predecible, este es un buen equilibrio entre beneficios y riesgos.

¿Qué es la melatonina?

La melatonina es una hormona que nuestro propio cuerpo produce por la noche; es liberada por una pequeña glándula en el cerebro cuando oscurece. Actúa como señal que indica al resto del cuerpo que es de noche. La tableta es una copia sintética de dicha hormona.

No se trata de un sedante. Los somníferos obligan al cuerpo a dormir; la melatonina, en cambio, ayuda a regular el reloj biológico, facilitando tanto el inicio como el mantenimiento del sueño. Por eso se suele tomar aproximadamente una hora antes de acostarse, y no justo cuando se desea dormir; además, funciona mejor cuando forma parte de una rutina nocturna regular.

¿Qué indican las evidencias?

El estudio sobre el hombro. En 2024, el Rothman Orthopaedic Institute de Filadelfia publicó un ensayo aleatorizado con 80 pacientes sometidos a reparación artroscópica del manguito rotador. La mitad tomó 5 mg de melatonina una hora antes de acostarse cada noche durante seis semanas, a partir del día de la cirugía; la otra mitad siguió las recomendaciones habituales para mejorar la higiene del sueño. Los pacientes que tomaron melatonina mostraron una mejora notable en el sueño a las seis semanas; valoraron su calidad del sueño como superior hasta los seis meses, obtuvieron puntuaciones más altas en un cuestionario estandarizado de función del hombro a los cuatro y seis meses, y consumieron menos analgésicos opioides a los cuatro meses. No se registraron efectos secundarios en ninguno de los grupos.

Se trata de un único ensayo, realizado en un solo centro, y los pacientes sabían a qué grupo pertenecían; por ello, sus resultados deben interpretarse como alentadores, pero no definitivos. No obstante, constituyen la mejor evidencia disponible para la situación concreta que usted presenta.

Otras cirugías. La melatonina se ha estudiado tras muchos tipos de cirugía. Al analizar conjuntamente diez ensayos con 725 pacientes, se observó una ligera mejora en la calidad del sueño postoperatorio. Tras prótesis de cadera y rodilla, varios ensayos controlados con placebo no hallaron beneficio significativo más allá de las primeras noches. Por tanto, la melatonina no es una solución universal, y nosotros tampoco afirmamos que lo sea. El resultado obtenido en el estudio del hombro es el más convincente, razón por la cual la utilizamos en ese caso.

El sueño mejora por sí solo. También es útil conocer la evolución natural del proceso. Tras la reparación del manguito rotador, el sueño suele ser peor alrededor de la segunda semana; a partir de las seis semanas hasta los tres meses mejora notablemente, y para la mayoría de las personas vuelve a la normalidad a los seis meses, manteniéndose así durante años. La melatonina sirve para facilitar esas primeras semanas. No constituye un tratamiento a largo plazo; una vez que el hombro se haya estabilizado, ya no será necesaria.

Cómo lo prescribimos

  • Dosis: De 2 mg a 5 mg, según sus circunstancias; en la receta se indicará cuál es la dosis adecuada.
  • Cuándo: Aproximadamente una hora antes de su hora habitual de acostarse, siempre a la misma hora cada noche.
  • Duración: Desde la noche de la cirugía o la primera noche en casa, durante unas seis semanas, que es el período cubierto por el estudio clínico. Luego basta con suspenderlo; no es necesario reducir la dosis gradualmente.
  • ¿Por qué se necesita receta? En Australia, la melatonina es un medicamento de prescripción para la mayoría de los adultos. La única forma de venta libre, una tableta de liberación lenta de 2 mg que se consigue en la farmacia, está aprobada únicamente para personas mayores de 55 años con insomnio. Dado que la dosis y el motivo de uso son distintos después de la cirugía, emitimos una receta para que usted reciba el producto adecuado.

Tómelo junto con, pero no en sustitución de, las demás medidas que le ayudan a dormir: mantenerse semiincorporado durante las primeras semanas, usar el cabestrillo por la noche según las indicaciones, tomar sus analgésicos habituales a tiempo para que hagan efecto antes de acostarse, y aplicar hielo por la noche.

Efectos secundarios y precauciones

La melatonina es bien tolerada por la mayoría de las personas. Las quejas más frecuentes son sensación de somnolencia por la mañana, sueños vívidos, dolor de cabeza o náuseas leves. La somnolencia matutina suele desaparecer si se toma el comprimido un poco antes por la noche o si se reduce la dosis. No genera adicción y no hay síndrome de abstinencia al interrumpir su uso.

En cualquier caso, no podrá conducir durante las primeras semanas tras la cirugía de hombro; una vez que se le autorice conducir, tenga en cuenta que podría sentir somnolencia por la mañana durante los primeros días al volante. Evite el alcohol las noches en que tome melatonina.

Indíquenos si alguno de estos casos le aplica, para que podamos ajustar el plan de tratamiento:

  • toma warfarina u otro anticoagulante, ya que la melatonina puede afectar las pruebas de coagulación
  • padece epilepsia o alguna enfermedad autoinmune
  • está embarazada o en período de lactancia
  • ya toma somníferos o antidepresivos

Qué esperar

No espere quedarse dormido en la primera noche. Los beneficios observados en el estudio se manifestaron a lo largo de varias semanas, a medida que el sueño se fue consolidando gradualmente, en lugar de producirse como un cambio drástico ya en la primera noche. Si es el dolor lo que le despierta, lo primero que debe hacer es controlar el dolor y ajustar la posición; la melatonina no logrará que se sienta cómodo si su hombro sigue molestándole.

Si parece no ayudarle, o si prefiere no tomarla, está bien. Es un elemento opcional en su recuperación, no esencial. Indíquenoslo en su revisión y lo eliminaremos de su plan de tratamiento.

Conclusión

Es frecuente experimentar problemas para dormir tras una cirugía de hombro; sin embargo, esto es temporal y merece ser tratado. Un estudio riguroso demostró que seis semanas de tratamiento con melatonina facilitan las primeras semanas postoperatorias y podrían mejorar la funcionalidad del hombro posteriormente; además, este fármaco es suave y no genera adicción. Por ello figura en su receta médica.

¿Cuándo debemos ser contactados?

  • Dolor que empeora en lugar de mejorar, o que no se controla con los medicamentos
  • Somnolencia diurna o confusión que va más allá de lo leve
  • Erupción cutánea, hinchazón en la cara o los labios, o dificultad para respirar después de tomar una dosis: suspenda el uso de las tabletas y acuda al servicio de urgencias
  • Los signos habituales de complicaciones en la herida y demás advertencias generales que se detallan en la página de sueño, dolor y recuperación

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