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Reconstrucción del ligamento lateral

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

¿Por qué se ha recomendado esta operación?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano ortopédico en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, realiza reconstrucción de los ligamentos laterales cuando otros tratamientos no han logrado solucionar el problema en su tobillo. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su consulta, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su tobillo y, si es necesario, solicitamos estudios de imagen para confirmar el diagnóstico.

Esta operación reconstruye los ligamentos situados en la parte externa del tobillo, los cuales evitan que este se disloque. Generalmente se indica a personas con inestabilidad crónica del tobillo, es decir, síntomas que duran al menos 6 meses, como esguinces repetidos, dolor y sensación de inestabilidad durante la práctica deportiva. Normalmente intentamos primero tratamientos no quirúrgicos, como modificaciones en las actividades y fisioterapia; la cirugía se considera cuando estos no producen mejoría suficiente. También puede recomendarse la cirugía si los síntomas persisten tras 3 a 6 meses de aplicar dichas medidas. El objetivo de la operación es proporcionarle un tobillo estable, con menos dolor y mejor funcionalidad. Los resultados son buenos o muy buenos en entre el 80 y el 95 % de los casos.

Antes de la operación

En las semanas previas a la cirugía, confirmamos el plan mediante estudios por imagen. Estos pueden incluir una radiografía, una resonancia magnética (un estudio que muestra los tejidos blandos como los ligamentos) o una ecografía. Estas imágenes nos ayudan a planificar la operación y a detectar otros problemas en el tobillo, como daños en el cartílago.

El día de la cirugía, no debe ingerir alimentos ni bebidas durante siete horas antes del procedimiento. Pedimos que sea un período de siete horas y no menos, para poder adelantar su operación si el programa quirúrgico lo permite. Su cirujano le indicará qué medicamentos habituales debe suspender y en qué momento. Lleve una lista escrita de todos los fármacos que toma, use ropa holgada y cómoda, y organice que alguien lo lleve a casa después de la intervención. Si padece otras enfermedades, es posible que también necesite análisis de sangre o una consulta con el anestesista (el especialista encargado de sedarlo).

El día de la intervención

Llega a la unidad de admisiones quirúrgicas del hospital, donde se le registra y prepara para el quirófano. A continuación, conoce al anestesista, el especialista encargado de sedarle. Esta operación se realiza bajo anestesia general. En ocasiones, se añade un bloqueo nervioso regional para aliviar el dolor postoperatorio; el anestesista hablará con usted al respecto ese mismo día. Posteriormente, se le lleva al quirófano, donde se lleva a cabo la intervención.

Una vez finalizada la operación, despierta en la sala de recuperación. Las enfermeras permanecen a su lado mientras la anestesia va desapareciendo y se aseguran de que se sienta cómodo. Cuando su estado sea estable, será trasladado a una sala de hospitalización o podrá volver a casa ese mismo día, según el tipo de intervención y cómo evolucione su recuperación. La persona que le lleve a casa debe estar lista para recogerle en cuanto el equipo médico autorice su salida.

Qué implica la operación

Existen dos métodos principales para reconstruir los ligamentos laterales del tobillo. Si el tejido ligamentoso propio del paciente se encuentra en buen estado, el cirujano puede tensarlo y volver a fijarlo. Para ello se realiza una incisión curva en la parte externa del tobillo, generalmente orientada hacia adelante, en dirección al centro del pie. El ligamento roto se sutura al pequeño hueso situado en la parte externa del tobillo (la fíbula) mediante pequeños anclajes o puntos de sutura que se pasan a través de diminutos túneles en el hueso. Además, se puede plegar tejido cercano sobre la zona reparada para reforzarla. Al mismo tiempo, se eliminan fragmentos óseos sueltos o pequeños huesos adicionales que causen dolor.

Si el tejido ligamentoso está demasiado deteriorado o estirado para soportar suturas, o si se trata de una operación de repetición, el cirujano podría optar por reconstruir el ligamento utilizando un fragmento de tendón. Este injerto tendinoso puede provenir del propio cuerpo del paciente o de tejido donado. Se perforan pequeños túneles en los huesos del tobillo y el injerto se introduce y fija en su lugar, siguiendo el trayecto del ligamento original.

En algunos casos, la reparación se realiza mediante cirugía artroscópica. El cirujano trabaja a través de pequeñas incisiones utilizando una cámara (artroscopio); de este modo puede examinar y tratar también cualquier lesión dentro de la articulación del tobillo, sin necesidad de abrir toda la zona.

Independientemente del método empleado, la incisión se cierra con puntos de sutura y se cubre con un vendaje. El cirujano también puede revisar los tendones situados detrás del hueso lateral del tobillo y repararlos si presentan daños, ya que dichas lesiones suelen aparecer junto con las lesiones ligamentosas.

Después de la operación

Al despertar, se encontrará en la sala de recuperación; las enfermeras permanecerán a su lado mientras el efecto de la anestesia desaparece. Su tobillo estará cubierto con un vendaje, y su equipo médico controlará cualquier dolor para que se sienta cómodo. Por lo general, podrá apoyar peso en el pie poco después de la cirugía, aunque al principio deberá usar muletas para desplazarse con seguridad. Durante las primeras 24 horas después de volver a casa, debería tener a alguien a su lado. Su equipo le indicará si podrá irse a casa el mismo día o si deberá permanecer una noche en el hospital. Dejamos el vendaje puesto durante unos 10 días; por favor, no lo retire antes de ese plazo a menos que se lo indiquemos. Lo cambiaremos o lo quitaremos cuando venga a la consulta.

Recuperación

Durante los primeros días, el tobillo le dolerá y se hinchará. Esto es normal y mejorará gradualmente. El descanso, mantener el pie elevado y los analgésicos recetados por el equipo médico aliviarán la molestia. La hinchazón aparecerá y desaparecerá durante un tiempo; suele ser más pronunciada después de estar de pie.

Poco después de la cirugía, comenzará a moverse. La mayoría de las personas pueden apoyar peso en el pie desde el principio, utilizando muletas al inicio para desplazarse con seguridad. Su fisioterapeuta le guiará en ejercicios para recuperar el movimiento y la fuerza, aumentando progresivamente la dificultad según lo permita su tobillo. Deberá llevar el vendaje durante unos 10 días; revisaremos la herida en su próxima consulta. En casa, mantenga el vendaje seco, haga caminatas cortas según las indicaciones y evite girar o torcer el tobillo.

A medida que la hinchazón disminuya y recupere el movimiento, las tareas cotidianas le resultarán más fáciles. Irá pasando de usar muletas a caminar por su cuenta. Una vez que su cirujano le autorice a conducir, podrá volver a hacerlo; consulte nuestra guía sobre conducción tras cirugía de miembro superior para conocer las normas aplicables. La práctica deportiva se reanudará de forma gradual: primero actividades lineales, y luego los movimientos de torsión y giro que antes realizaba su tobillo. Su fisioterapeuta le indicará cuándo es seguro avanzar a cada etapa.

Cada persona cicatriza a un ritmo distinto, por lo que su cronograma puede diferir del de otros pacientes. Su cirujano y fisioterapeuta le guiarán en cada visita y ajustarán el plan según su evolución.

Qué puede salir mal

La mayoría de los pacientes evolucionan bien, pero en ocasiones pueden surgir problemas. Su cirujano y el equipo lo vigilarán de cerca para detectar cualquier anomalía a tiempo.

Durante la cirugía, los nervios situados cerca de la parte externa del tobillo pueden irritarse. Si esto ocurre, podría notar entumecimiento, hormigueo, sensación de ardor o una sensación eléctrica aguda a lo largo de la parte superior o lateral del pie. En la mayoría de los casos, esta irritación nerviosa desaparece por sí sola en cuestión de semanas o meses. Comuníquenos si en su próxima consulta observa alguno de estos síntomas.

En ocasiones, la herida quirúrgica puede presentar complicaciones. Esté atento a enrojecimiento que se extienda desde el corte, secreción de líquido o pus, o piel que se vea oscura o deteriorada. También podría sentir un dolor profundo y palpitante que no mejora con analgésicos comunes, o presentar fiebre. Si observa cualquiera de estos signos, llame de inmediato a la clínica. Algunas infecciones de la herida requieren antibióticos o un procedimiento mínimo para drenarlas; por eso es fundamental una evaluación temprana.

Los puntos de sutura o los pequeños anclajes empleados para fijar la reparación pueden, en raras ocasiones, rozar o presionar bajo la piel. Esto se percibe como un punto sensible, un bulto o una sensación de “clic” cerca de alguna de las cicatrices. Por lo general es leve; sin embargo, si le resulta molesto, mencione este hecho en su próxima consulta. Un procedimiento sencillo bajo anestesia local permite retirar la zona irritada.

En casos muy excepcionales, el ligamento reparado puede volver a desgarrarse o estirarse. Notaría que el tobillo recupera su inestabilidad, con frecuentes torceduras o esguinces, hinchazón y dolor en la parte frontal del tobillo. Si tras un período de estabilidad el tobillo vuelve a “ceder”, comuníquese con la clínica para que lo evaluemos.

Algunas personas experimentan rigidez después de la operación. Esto se siente como tensión al flexionar el tobillo hacia arriba o girar el pie hacia adentro, limitando su amplitud de movimiento. Por lo general, la fisioterapia resulta útil. Indique si la movilidad no mejora durante su próxima revisión.

En la tabla de complicaciones de esta página se detallan las tasas típicas; si desea conocer los datos específicos, puede consultarla.

¿Cuándo deben llamarnos?

Llámenos de inmediato si tiene fiebre, o si la piel alrededor de la herida se vuelve más roja, hinchada o comienza a segregar líquido. Acuda a urgencias si experimenta dolor intenso y repentino, hinchazón en la pantorrilla o dificultad para respirar; estos pueden ser signos de un coágulo sanguíneo. Asimismo, acuda a urgencias si pierde la sensibilidad en el pie o no puede moverlo. En caso de entumecimiento, hormigueo o sensación de ardor que aparezcan de forma gradual, llame a la clínica para que podamos evaluarlo.


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