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Reemplazo de disco cervical

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

¿Por qué se ha recomendado esta operación?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de extremidades superiores en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, comienza por proponer las opciones menos invasivas que se adapten a su condición. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su primera visita, tomamos su historia clínica, lo examinamos y, si es necesario, solicitamos estudios de imagen. En el caso de problemas crónicos de cuello, normalmente probamos primero tratamientos no quirúrgicos, como cambios en las actividades cotidianas, fisioterapia o terapia manual, así como el uso de férulas. La cirugía se plantea únicamente cuando estas medidas no logran mejorar suficientemente su estado.

El reemplazo de disco cervical consiste en sustituir un disco desgastado en el cuello por uno artificial que mantiene su movilidad. Se trata de una alternativa aprobada a la cirugía de fusión, en la cual se extirpa el disco y se unen sólidamente los huesos cervicales. Normalmente lo recomendamos para casos de desgaste articular en uno o dos niveles del cuello. La razón principal por la que podríamos sugerírselo es que mantener el movimiento en el nivel tratado reduce la probabilidad de que surjan problemas en los discos adyacentes. En estudios realizados, más de uno de cada cuatro pacientes necesitaron una cirugía adicional dentro de los diez años posteriores a una fusión, debido a complicaciones en niveles cercanos. Esta operación tiene como objetivo aliviar su dolor en el brazo y el cuello, además de ayudarle a recuperar su funcionalidad normal.

Antes de la operación

Una vez programada la cirugía, le daremos instrucciones claras para que el día transcurra sin contratiempos. Deberá abstenerse de comer y beber durante siete horas antes del procedimiento. Solicitamos esas siete horas en lugar de las seis habituales para poder adelantar su operación si la lista de quirófanos lo permite. Es posible que deba suspender algunos medicamentos antes de la cirugía; le indicaremos cuáles y cuándo hacerlo. Lleve consigo una lista por escrito de todos los fármacos que toma, incluyendo pastillas, gotas y remedios naturales. Organice que alguien lo lleve a casa después de la operación, ya que no podrá conducir por sí mismo. Use ropa holgada y cómoda que sea fácil de quitarse. Las imágenes diagnósticas, como radiografías o resonancias magnéticas, nos ayudan a planificar la operación; normalmente ya contamos con ellas de sus visitas anteriores. Si padece otras enfermedades, es posible que necesite análisis de sangre o una evaluación con el anestesista antes del día de la cirugía.

El día de la intervención

Llega usted a la unidad de admisiones quirúrgicas del hospital, donde se le registra y se le prepara para la cirugía. Conocerá al anestesista, el médico encargado de sedarle para la operación y de cuidarle durante el procedimiento. Esta operación se realiza bajo anestesia general. En ocasiones, se añade un bloqueo nervioso regional para aliviar el dolor postoperatorio; el anestesista hablará con usted al respecto ese mismo día. A continuación, se le lleva al quirófano, donde se lleva a cabo la intervención.

Una vez finalizada, despierta usted en la sala de recuperación. Allí, las enfermeras le vigilan mientras la anestesia va desapareciendo. Cuando su estado sea estable, será trasladado a una planta de hospital o se le dará el alta para volver a casa, según el tipo de intervención y cómo evolucione su recuperación. Si le dan el alta el mismo día, la persona que haya contratado para llevarle a casa lo hará.

Qué implica la operación

El reemplazo de disco cervical se realiza por la parte frontal del cuello. El cirujano hace una pequeña incisión en ese lugar y separa los tejidos blandos para acceder a la columna vertebral. Se extrae el disco dañado y se coloca en su lugar un disco artificial que conserva la movilidad. Finalmente, se cierra la incisión.

El objetivo es aliviar la presión sobre los nervios del cuello, manteniendo la movilidad de esa zona, en lugar de unir los huesos de forma rígida, como se hace en la cirugía de fusión.

Después de la operación

Despertará en la sala de recuperación, donde las enfermeras lo vigilarán mientras el efecto de la anestesia desaparece. Es posible que sienta molestias en el cuello y que la deglución le resulte un poco extraña al principio; esto se normalizará con el tiempo. Se le administrarán analgésicos antes de que se vaya, y su equipo médico le explicará cuáles debe tomar. Por lo general, podrá levantarse y caminar unas pocas horas después, aunque al principio necesitará ayuda. Su equipo le indicará si podrá volver a casa el mismo día o si deberá permanecer una noche en el hospital. Alguien debe acompañarlo durante las primeras 24 horas después de regresar a casa. Dejaremos el vendaje puesto durante unos 10 días; por favor, no lo retire antes de ese plazo a menos que se lo indiquemos. Lo cambiaremos o lo quitaremos cuando vengamos a verlo.

Recuperación

Durante los primeros días, sentirá molestias y rigidez en el cuello; además, tragar podría resultar un poco extraño. Esto es normal y desaparecerá a medida que disminuya la hinchazón. Siga tomando los analgésicos que su equipo médico le haya indicado, y muévase con suavidad en lugar de permanecer inmóvil en la cama.

Para esta intervención no se utiliza collarín. Su cuello podrá moverse libremente, y ese movimiento forma parte del funcionamiento previsto del disco artificial. Su fisioterapeuta le guiará en ejercicios sencillos a medida que avance la recuperación. Se recomienda caminar desde el principio, aumentando progresivamente la distancia según su propio ritmo. Evite levantar objetos pesados o realizar cualquier movimiento brusco o de torsión del cuello hasta que su cirujano le autorice a hacerlo.

A medida que disminuyan las molestias, notará que la sensibilidad en el brazo y el cuello mejora. Cuando pueda sujetar y controlar el volante cómodamente con ambas manos, así como reaccionar en una frenada de emergencia, podrá considerar volver a conducir. Nuestra guía específica sobre la conducción tras una cirugía de miembro superior aborda este tema con mayor detalle. El regreso al trabajo dependerá de las características de su puesto; normalmente se retoma el trabajo de oficina antes que las tareas más exigentes físicamente.

La recuperación varía de una persona a otra. Su cronograma puede diferir del de otros pacientes; su cirujano y fisioterapeuta le guiarán en cada revisión.

Qué puede salir mal

La mayoría de los pacientes evolucionan bien, pero en ocasiones pueden surgir problemas. Su cirujano y el equipo lo vigilarán de cerca para detectar cualquier incidencia a tiempo.

Una de las razones por las que se elige esta operación en lugar de una cirugía de fusión es que puede reducir la probabilidad de que se presenten problemas en los discos adyacentes. No obstante, esto no es seguro; algunas personas aún necesitan otra cirugía posterior debido a un desgaste discal en un nivel cercano. Si aparece nuevo dolor en el brazo o el cuello meses o años después de la operación, infórmenos en su próxima revisión para que podamos examinar los niveles superior e inferior.

Como esta operación se realiza por la parte frontal del cuello, los nervios de la laringe se encuentran cerca de la zona quirúrgica. Algunas personas notan que su voz se vuelve ronca o más débil, o que se cansa con facilidad durante las primeras semanas. La mayoría de estos cambios desaparecen con el tiempo. Si su voz no vuelve a la normalidad después de unas semanas, mencione este punto en la revisión para que podamos brindarle la atención adecuada.

Las infecciones son poco frecuentes, pero pueden ocurrir alrededor de la herida o en zonas más profundas del cuello. Esté atento a un dolor profundo y palpitante que no mejore con analgésicos comunes, enrojecimiento que se extienda desde la incisión, secreción, fiebre o escalofríos. También podría sentirse malestar general o notar hinchazón en el cuello que dificulte la deglución. Si observa alguno de estos signos, llame a la clínica ese mismo día. Si durante el horario nocturno presenta fiebre y malestar general, acuda al servicio de urgencias.

Es normal sentir ansiedad antes de la cirugía, pero esto influye en la recuperación. La ansiedad previa a la operación se relaciona con más complicaciones posteriores, incluyendo problemas médicos y reingresos no planificados al hospital. Comuníquele a su cirujano cómo se siente para que podamos brindarle apoyo antes del procedimiento.

El consumo de nicotina, incluso mediante vapeo, aumenta el riesgo de complicaciones tras una cirugía cervical. Si consume nicotina, informe a su equipo con antelación para que le ayudemos a dejarla antes de la operación.

Someterse a una segunda cirugía en el cuello implica un riesgo mayor que la primera. Si en algún momento se plantea realizar otra intervención, se lo explicaremos detalladamente.

En la tabla de complicaciones de esta página se detallan las tasas habituales, por si desea conocer los datos específicos.

¿Cuándo debemos contactarnos?

La mayoría de los problemas aparecen en las primeras semanas, por lo que es útil saber a qué hay que prestar atención. Llámenos si tiene fiebre, o si la piel alrededor de la incisión se vuelve más roja, hinchada o comienza a supurar. Llámenos si el dolor empeora repentinamente, o si el dolor nuevo no mejora con los analgésicos que suele tomar. Acuda a urgencias si presenta hinchazón o dolor en la pantorrilla, o dificultad para respirar, ya que estos pueden ser signos de un coágulo sanguíneo. Acuda a urgencias de inmediato si pierde la sensibilidad en el brazo o la mano, o si no puede moverlos. Si no está seguro de si un síntoma es grave, llame a la clínica y le ayudaremos a decidir qué hacer a continuación.


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