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Fractura de rótula

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Qué está sintiendo

La rótula se encuentra justo en la parte frontal de la rodilla, debajo de la piel. Por eso es fácil lesionarla. Una caída sobre las rodillas o el impacto de la rodilla contra el tablero de un automóvil pueden fracturarla. A veces, el músculo de la parte anterior del muslo se contrae con mucha fuerza mientras la rodilla está doblada; esa fuerza por sí sola puede causar una fractura.

El dolor se localiza en la parte frontal de la rodilla. Generalmente, la rodilla se hincha rápidamente, ya que el sangrado dentro de la articulación es común en esta lesión. La hinchazón puede ser muy dolorosa y hacer que la rodilla quede rígida. Después de una caída así, resulta difícil caminar; muchas personas tienen problemas para levantarse de una silla, subir escaleras o arrodillarse.

Es posible que sienta una zona sensible o un “hueco” donde el hueso se ha fracturado. Si la fractura ha separado los fragmentos óseos, es posible que no pueda enderezar la rodilla por sí mismo. Ese es un signo importante. No obstante, el hecho de poder enderezar la rodilla no descarta una fractura, pues algunos tejidos de soporte pueden seguir manteniendo los fragmentos unidos.

También preste atención a la piel sobre la rótula. Los cortes o rasguños en esa zona pueden indicar que la fractura ha llegado hasta la superficie, lo cual modifica el tratamiento a seguir.

Algunas lesiones cercanas a la rótula presentan síntomas similares. El tendón situado debajo de la rótula, o el tendón por encima de ella que conecta el músculo del muslo con el hueso, pueden desgarrarse en lugar de fracturarse. Cuando eso ocurre, también se pierde la capacidad de enderezar la rodilla, y la rótula puede quedar más elevada de lo normal. Estos desgarros suelen producirse al caer desde un salto o al bajar escaleras; además, suele haber una zona sensible que se puede palpar donde antes estaba el tendón.

Si después de una caída o tropiezo la parte frontal de su rodilla “cede”, se hincha y no se puede enderezar adecuadamente, es necesario que la revise un profesional de inmediato. Por lo general, las radiografías confirman qué está ocurriendo.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

La rótula funciona como una polea en la parte frontal de la rodilla. El músculo del frente del muslo tira a través de ella; esa tensión estira la rodilla cuando uno se pone de pie, sube escaleras o camina. La rótula mantiene el tendón ligeramente separado de la articulación, lo que permite al músculo ejercer mayor fuerza. Cuando se fractura, este sistema de polea pierde su función, y estirar la rodilla se vuelve difícil o imposible.

La fractura se produce de dos maneras. Un impacto directo, como caerse sobre las rodillas o chocar contra el tablero del coche, aplasta el hueso en varios fragmentos. Un tirón brusco y fuerte del músculo del muslo, con la rodilla flexionada, puede partir el hueso en dos por el centro. La mayoría de las fracturas son de este segundo tipo: una fractura limpia a lo largo del hueso. Ese mismo tirón fuerte también puede desgarrar los tejidos de soporte a ambos lados de la rótula; por eso, a menudo no se logra estirar la rodilla.

Los médicos describen estas fracturas según su ubicación y la distancia a la que se han separado los fragmentos. Algunas fracturas permanecen en su sitio, con los fragmentos alineados. Otras se separan más de 3 milímetros, o la superficie articular queda desnivelada en más de 2 milímetros. Las fracturas que no se mueven suelen tratarse sin cirugía. En cambio, aquellas en las que los fragmentos se han separado, o en las que no se puede estirar la rodilla contra la gravedad, generalmente requieren una operación para unir los fragmentos y restaurar el funcionamiento de la “polea”.

La rótula se encuentra justo debajo de la piel, sin ningún músculo que la proteja; por eso es tan vulnerable a los golpes directos. Al formar parte del mecanismo que estira la rodilla, una fractura aquí afecta no solo al hueso, sino también a los tejidos de soporte circundantes. Este daño es lo que impide que la rodilla funcione correctamente.

¿Qué podemos hacer al respecto?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de extremidades superiores en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, adapta el tratamiento a su lesión específica. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su primera visita, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su rodilla y, si es necesario, solicitamos radiografías o una tomografía computarizada. Esta última permite visualizar líneas de fractura y fragmentos pequeños que las radiografías convencionales no detectan.

Si los fragmentos óseos aún están alineados y usted puede enderezar la rodilla, normalmente tratamos la lesión sin cirugía. Esto implica el uso de un corsé o férula que mantiene la rodilla recta durante 4 a 6 semanas. En algunos casos, se requiere un yeso que cubra toda la pierna, sobre todo cuando resulta difícil llevar un corsé. Desde el principio, se inician ejercicios sencillos mientras el paciente sigue usando el corsé o el yeso: tensar el músculo del muslo y levantar la pierna recta. Esto evita la atrofia muscular. La mayoría de los protocolos de tratamiento modernos permiten cargar algo de peso sobre la pierna desde el inicio, siempre que la rodilla permanezca completamente recta. Una vez que las radiografías confirman que el hueso se ha soldado, se comienza a flexionar la rodilla con cuidado. En el caso de fracturas que permanecen en su lugar y se tratan de esta forma, el 98 % de los pacientes obtienen un buen resultado al final del seguimiento.

Si lo necesita, le explicaremos cómo aliviar el dolor de manera sencilla. El reposo, el hielo y mantener la pierna elevada ayudan a reducir la hinchazón en los primeros días.

La cirugía se considera cuando la fractura se ha desplazado, cuando la superficie articular presenta una irregularidad de más de unos pocos milímetros, cuando no se puede enderezar la rodilla o cuando la fractura ha atravesado la piel. El objetivo de la operación es volver a alinear los fragmentos y fijarlos mientras sanan, de modo que el sistema de poleas situado en la parte frontal de la rodilla vuelva a funcionar. A veces, algún fragmento óseo en la parte superior o inferior de la rótula es demasiado pequeño para fijarlo con tornillos; en ese caso se extrae y el tendón se repara directamente al hueso. Si la rótula se ha fragmentado en demasiados pedazos como para reconstruirla, puede ser necesario extirparla por completo. Analizaremos todas las opciones con usted y decidiremos conjuntamente cuál se adapta mejor a su fractura y a su estilo de vida.

Qué esperar

La mayoría de las fracturas de rótula sanan. El hueso se une y la rodilla vuelve a funcionar. Pero que el hueso sane no significa que la rodilla vuelva a sentirse como antes. Es importante saber esto desde el principio.

Muchas personas siguen sintiendo algo de dolor en la parte frontal de la rodilla un año después de la lesión. En un grupo de 30 pacientes tratados quirúrgicamente, 24 de ellos (el 80 %) aún presentaban ese dolor a los 12 meses. El metal utilizado para fijar el hueso queda justo debajo de la piel y puede causar roce o molestias. Más de un tercio de ese mismo grupo optó posteriormente por retirar dicho metal. También puede persistir cierta debilidad en el músculo del muslo, así como dificultad para subir escaleras o arrodillarse. La fuerza muscular y el grado de flexión de la rodilla lesionada suelen ser menores que en el lado sano, incluso años después.

Existen riesgos asociados. En una amplia revisión de 737 casos de fracturas de rótula tratadas quirúrgicamente, el hueso no se unió en el 1,9 % de los casos y se produjo infección en el 3,2 %. Aproximadamente una de cada tres personas (33,6 %) necesitó cirugía adicional, generalmente porque el metal se aflojó o resultó doloroso. Si la fractura se trata sin cirugía, el yeso puede debilitar el propio hueso, lo que conlleva un mayor riesgo de nueva fractura posterior, a veces en otro punto.

Con el paso de los meses, se observa una mejora gradual en lugar de una recuperación repentina. Primero suelen recuperarse la flexión y la extensión; luego, la fuerza muscular; y finalmente la confianza para subir escaleras o caminar sobre terrenos irregulares. Algunas personas vuelven a hacer todo lo que hacían antes; otras, en cambio, notan que arrodillarse o caminar largas distancias nunca vuelve a ser igual.

Hay dos aspectos a largo plazo que merecen atención: una fractura de rótula aumenta la probabilidad de necesitar una prótesis de rodilla en el futuro, y ese riesgo permanece de por vida. Por otro lado, en personas mayores de 65 años esta lesión no se asoció a un mayor riesgo de mortalidad.

Si la fractura se produjo junto con daño en otras estructuras de la rodilla, como los ligamentos, la recuperación resulta más difícil que cuando solo la rótula resulta afectada.

¿Cuándo consultar a un especialista?

Existen ciertos signos que indican que debe acudir al médico de inmediato. Diríjase a urgencias si su rodilla está muy hinchada tras una caída o un golpe, y no puede enderezarla contra la gravedad. Lo mismo aplica si siente una zona sensible o hueca por encima de la rótula, o si la piel sobre ella está cortada o arañada, ya que la fractura podría haber llegado a la superficie. Una rodilla caliente, cada vez más dolorosa y enrojecida también requiere evaluación el mismo día, pues una infección postquirúrgica puede propagarse rápidamente en una articulación.

Solicite una valoración especializada si presenta dolor persistente en la parte frontal de la rodilla, o si la rodilla “cede” al ponerse de pie o al subir escaleras. Asimismo, si ha sido sometido a cirugía y el material metálico bajo la piel le causa dolor o roce, también merece ser revisado.


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