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Liberación del codo del golfista

Updated Sep 2026

Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

¿Por qué se ha recomendado esta operación?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de extremidades superiores en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, comienza por ofrecer las opciones menos invasivas que se adapten a su condición. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su consulta, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su codo y, si es necesario, solicitamos estudios de imagen para confirmar el diagnóstico.

El codo de golfista consiste en desgaste e irritación en el punto donde los tendones encargados de flexionar la muñeca y realizar el agarre se unen al hueso en la parte interna del codo. Suele aparecer de forma gradual, y el dolor puede persistir incluso en reposo. Normalmente iniciamos con tratamientos no quirúrgicos, como modificaciones en las actividades, fisioterapia o terapia de la mano, y el uso de férulas. La cirugía se considera cuando estos tratamientos no logran mejoría suficiente a largo plazo.

La operación consiste en separar el tendón dañado de su inserción ósea, de modo que esa zona dolorida deje de sufrir tracción cada vez que se realiza un agarre o levantamiento. Se indica para personas cuyo dolor no ha remitido con los demás tratamientos. En la mayoría de los casos, el codo mejora tras este procedimiento; se reportan tasas de éxito de entre el 72 % y el 94 %. El objetivo es lograr un alivio duradero del dolor y una mejor funcionalidad del codo en la vida diaria y en la práctica deportiva.

Antes de la operación

Antes de la cirugía, será necesario realizar algunas pruebas de imagen para planificar la intervención. Estas pueden incluir radiografías, ecografías o resonancias magnéticas, que utilizan imanes para visualizar los tejidos blandos alrededor del codo. En la mayoría de los casos no se requieren otras pruebas. Si padece otras enfermedades, es posible que necesite análisis de sangre o una consulta con el anestesista, el médico encargado de administrarle la anestesia.

El día de la operación, no debe ingerir alimentos durante siete horas antes de la hora programada. Pedimos que sea un período de siete horas en lugar de seis para poder adelantar la cirugía si el programa quirúrgico lo permite. Su cirujano le indicará qué medicamentos habituales puede tomar y cuáles debe suspender. Lleve consigo una lista de todos los fármacos que toma. Organice que alguien lo lleve a casa después de la intervención, y vístase con ropa holgada y cómoda.

El día de la intervención

Llega usted a la unidad de admisiones quirúrgicas del hospital, donde se le registra y prepara para el quirófano. A continuación, conoce al anestesista, el médico encargado de administrarle la anestesia. Esta operación se realiza bajo anestesia general. En ocasiones se añade un bloqueo nervioso regional para aliviar el dolor postoperatorio; el anestesista hablará con usted al respecto ese mismo día. Posteriormente, se le lleva al quirófano, donde se realiza la intervención.

Despierta usted en la sala de recuperación, donde las enfermeras lo vigilan mientras la anestesia va desapareciendo. Una vez que su estado sea estable, será trasladado a la planta de hospitalización o podrá volver a casa, según el tipo de intervención y su recuperación. Muchas personas que se someten a esta operación regresan a casa el mismo día. Antes de que se marche, le explicaremos cómo cuidar su codo y cuándo deberá asistir a su cita de seguimiento.

Qué implica la operación

La operación se centra en el punto situado en la parte interna del codo donde los tendones doloridos se unen al hueso. El cirujano realiza una pequeña incisión sobre ese punto óseo y libera la unión dañada del tendón, de modo que ya no quede sometida a tensión cada vez que se realiza un agarre o levantamiento. Se elimina el tejido fibroso y anormal del tendón, permitiendo que el tendón sano vuelva a asentarse sobre el hueso y cicatrice.

En algunos casos, es necesario aplicar un enfoque ligeramente distinto. Si el nervio que discurre por la parte interna del codo también está irritado, el cirujano puede liberarlo del túnel de tejido por el que transita, o bien mover un pequeño fragmento óseo que ejerce presión sobre él. Si la articulación está rígida o contiene fragmentos de tejido sueltos que se atascan en su interior, la operación puede realizarse mediante dos o tres pequeñas incisiones quirúrgicas, utilizando una cámara delgada para visualizar el interior del codo.

La incisión se cierra con puntos de sutura y se cubre con un apósito. En general, toda la operación dura menos de una hora, y la mayoría de los pacientes pueden volver a casa el mismo día.

Después de la operación

Despertará en la sala de recuperación, donde las enfermeras lo vigilarán mientras el efecto de la anestesia desaparece. Su codo quedará cubierto con un vendaje, y es posible que su brazo se apoye en un cabestrillo para mayor comodidad. Poco después de despertar podrá moverse, y las enfermeras lo ayudarán en todo lo que necesite. Se le administrará analgésico antes de que se vaya, y el equipo le explicará cómo manejar cualquier molestia en casa. Debe haber alguien con usted durante las primeras 24 horas. Su equipo le indicará si podrá volver a casa el mismo día o si deberá permanecer una noche en el hospital. Dejamos el vendaje puesto durante unos 10 días; por favor, no lo retire antes de ese plazo a menos que se lo indiquemos. Lo cambiaremos o lo retiraremos cuando vengamos a verlo.

Recuperación

Durante los primeros días, sentirá dolor en el codo y es posible que esté hinchado. El descanso, mantener la mano elevada cuando pueda y los analgésicos que le hemos indicado ayudarán a aliviarlo. El dolor disminuirá gradualmente a medida que el tejido en proceso de cicatrización se calme.

Comenzará a realizar movimientos suaves desde el principio. Su terapeuta de mano, Ruby Doolan de Extend Rehabilitation, le guiará en los ejercicios y le confeccionará cualquier férula que necesite. El objetivo en esta fase inicial es recuperar la capacidad de doblar y estirar el codo por completo. Posteriormente, trabajaremos en fortalecer su agarre y la fuerza del brazo; esto es fundamental para volver a sus actividades habituales.

En casa, podrá utilizar el brazo para tareas ligeras según le resulte cómodo. Evite levantar objetos pesados hasta que se lo autoricemos, pues el tendón en proceso de curación necesita tiempo para adherirse de nuevo al hueso. Si algún movimiento le provoca dolor intenso, reduzca la intensidad y coménteselo a su terapeuta.

La recuperación varía según cada persona. Su cronograma puede ser distinto, y nosotros, junto con su terapeuta, le guiaremos en cada revisión.

Qué puede salir mal

La mayoría de los pacientes evolucionan bien, pero en ocasiones pueden surgir problemas. Su cirujano y el equipo lo vigilarán de cerca para detectar cualquier incidencia a tiempo.

El nervio que discurre por la cara interna del codo se encuentra muy cerca del sitio quirúrgico. Si resulta irritado tras la operación, podría notar hormigueo, sensación de pinchazos o entumecimiento en el dedo meñique y el anular. Infórmenos en su próxima consulta si esto ocurre; si los síntomas son graves, llame a la clínica de inmediato.

Después de la cirugía, algunos codos se vuelven rígidos. Es posible que le resulte difícil estirar el brazo por completo o que el codo se sienta tenso al doblarlo. Los ejercicios suaves guiados por un terapeuta de mano suelen ser de ayuda. Si el codo sigue rígido, podremos analizar otras opciones para recuperar la movilidad en una futura revisión.

Los tendones responsables de doblar la muñeca y de la prensión se insertan cerca del mismo lugar. La debilidad al agarrar o levantar objetos es poco frecuente; no obstante, si nota algún cambio en su capacidad de agarre, mencione esto en su próxima cita.

Cualquier intervención quirúrgica conlleva riesgo de infección. Esté atento a dolores profundos y pulsátiles que no ceden con analgésicos comunes, enrojecimiento que se extiende desde la herida o secreción de líquido a través del vendaje. Ante cualquiera de estos signos, llame a la clínica sin demora, en lugar de esperar a la próxima revisión.

La formación de coágulos sanguíneos en venas cercanas al codo es poco frecuente, pero requiere tratamiento inmediato. La hinchazón y sensibilidad repentinas en el brazo o en la pantorrilla deben ser evaluadas con urgencia; en tal caso, acuda al servicio de urgencias.

En casos excepcionales, el codo puede volver a dislocarse o pueden formarse masas óseas duras dentro de la articulación tras una lesión. Cualquier sensación de chasquido, fricción o pérdida súbita de movilidad debe ser comunicada a nuestro equipo.

Algunas personas siguen experimentando dolor leve en el sitio quirúrgico meses después. Si su dolor no mejora según lo previsto, háganoslo saber en la próxima revisión para que podamos investigarlo.

En la tabla de complicaciones de esta página se detallan las tasas habituales; si desea conocer los datos específicos, puede consultarla.

¿Cuándo deben llamarnos?

Llame a la clínica de inmediato si tiene fiebre, o si la herida se vuelve más roja, hinchada o segrega líquido. Acuda a urgencias si experimenta dolor intenso y repentino, hinchazón o sensibilidad en el brazo o la pantorrilla, o dificultad para respirar. Estos pueden ser signos de un coágulo sanguíneo. También debe acudir a urgencias si no siente nada en la mano o si no puede mover el brazo en absoluto. En caso de hormigueo o entumecimiento leve en el dedo meñique y el anular, llámenos o indíquelo en su próxima consulta.


Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

Bony Anatomy

  • The elbow is a trocho-ginglymoid joint consisting of medial and lateral articulations that provide bony stability [3].
  • The medial articulation involves the trochlea and the ulna within the greater sigmoid notch, forming the ulnohumeral hinged portion [3].
  • The ulnohumeral joint exhibits highly congruent anatomy through almost 180° of articular contact, with the exception of a bare area on the greater sigmoid notch devoid of cartilage [3].
  • The coronoid process possesses medial and lateral facets that buttress the trochlea anteriorly [3].
  • The sublime tubercle is located just distal and medial to the coronoid and serves as the attachment site for the anterior bundle of the medial ulnar collateral ligament [3].
  • The medial epicondyle serves as the attachment site for the origins of the flexor pronator mass and is larger and more posteriorly oriented than the lateral epicondyle [3].
  • The lateral articulation involves the capitellum and radial head, forming the radiocapitellar joint [3].
  • The radius is held in close approximation to the ulna at the proximal radioulnar joint by the annular ligament [3].
  • The area of the ulna that articulates with the margin of the radial head at the proximal radioulnar joint is known as the lesser sigmoid notch [3].
  • The radial head is a concave elliptical structure covered with articular cartilage along the radiocapitellar joint and approximately 270° of the articular margin [3].
  • The radial head articulates with both the capitellum and the lesser sigmoid notch [3].
  • The lateral epicondyle is the origin of the lateral extensor musculature [3].
  • The origin of the lateral ulnar collateral ligamentous complex is located just distal to the lateral epicondyle at the geometric center of the radiocapitellar articulation [3].
  • The distal humeral articulation is angled 30° from the longitudinal axis [3].
  • The anterior humeral line should pass through the center of the axis of rotation [3].
  • The axis of rotation is angulated 5° to 7° in the coronal plane relative to the epicondylar axis, with the medial side more distal than the lateral side [3].
  • The angulation of the distal humeral articulation accounts for the change from a valgus carrying angle to a more varus position as the elbow is flexed [3].
  • There is a high correlation between the size of the radius and capitellum on the left and right sides within the same individual [3].
  • The olecranon provides a broad attachment site for the triceps [3].
  • The ulna bends approximately 8° medially at 8 cm from the tip of the olecranon [3].
  • The articulation to the tip of the coronoid is approximately 30° from the long axis of the ulna in the sagittal plane [3].

Ligaments & Stability

  • Elbow stability is determined by primary and secondary stabilizers [1].
  • The three primary stabilizers of the elbow are the ulnohumeral articulation, the medial ulnar collateral ligament, and the lateral ulnar collateral ligament complex [1].
  • Secondary stabilizers include the radiocapitellar articulation, the common flexor tendon, the common extensor tendon, and the joint capsule [1].
  • The medial ulnar collateral ligament is the primary valgus stabilizer of the elbow [4].
  • The anterior bundle of the medial ulnar collateral ligament is the most important component for stability [4].
  • The posterior bundle of the medial ulnar collateral ligament exhibits the greatest change in length and becomes taut at flexion beyond 120 degrees [4].
  • The lateral ulnar collateral ligament acts as a posterolateral stabilizer [4].
  • Osborne’s ligament stabilizes the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel [4].
  • The ligament of Struthers is a variant anatomy arising from the supracondylar process to attach to the medial epicondyle and is a potential site of median nerve compression [4].
  • Tensile forces are present at the medial elbow, while compressive forces are present at the lateral elbow [4].
  • The joint capsule allows maximum distension at approximately 70 to 80 degrees of flexion [4].
  • The anterior capsule attaches at a point approximately 6 mm distal to the tip of the coronoid [4].
  • The coronoid tip is an intraarticular structure that is visualized during elbow arthroscopy [4].

Muscles & Tendons

  • The brachialis is the strongest elbow flexor and attaches to the coronoid 11 mm distal to the tip [4].
  • The biceps brachii inserts at the ulnar margin of the radial tuberosity, with the long head inserting proximally and the short head distally [4].
  • The biceps brachii is a powerful supinator of the forearm [4].
  • The triceps is the primary elbow extensor and inserts on the olecranon process [4].
  • The mobile wad consists of the brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, and extensor carpi radialis brevis [4].
  • The flexor-pronator mass consists of the pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, and flexor digitorum superficialis [4].
  • The common origin of the extensor muscles is attached to the lateral condylar fragment [6].
  • The common origin of the extensor muscles can be separated from the lateral epicondyle with a thin flake of bone or divided just distal to the lateral epicondyle [6].

Biomechanics & Motion

  • The normal elbow has a range of motion from 0° to 140° from extension to flexion [1].
  • The normal elbow has a range of motion of 75° in pronation and 85° in supination [1].
  • A functional arc for the elbow is 100° for flexion and extension [1].
  • A functional arc for the elbow is 100° for forearm rotation [1].

Investigations

History and Physical Examination

  • The physical examination of the elbow is directed by the history and the location of the patient's pain in the anterior, posterior, medial, or lateral aspect of the elbow [1].
  • The normal elbow has a range of motion of 75° and 85° in pronation and supination, respectively [1].
  • A functional arc for the elbow is 100° for flexion and extension and forearm rotation [1].
  • Elbow stability is determined by primary stabilizers, which include the ulnohumeral articulation, the medial ulnar collateral ligament (MUCL), and the lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL) complex [1].
  • Secondary stabilizers of the elbow include the radiocapitellar articulation, the common flexor tendon, the common extensor tendon, and the joint capsule [1].
  • The ulnar nerve is of utmost importance in the physical examination due to its anatomic proximity to the elbow [9].
  • The posterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) forms the floor of the cubital tunnel along the course of the ulnar nerve [9].
  • Electromyography and nerve conduction velocity studies should be performed if there is any question about neurologic dysfunction [9].
  • An assessment for ulnar nerve subluxation should be performed during the physical examination [9].
  • Subluxation of the ulnar nerve is a relative contraindication for an arthroscopic procedure secondary to possible iatrogenic nerve injury [9].
  • If the elbow has less than 90° to 100° of flexion, the posterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) is contracted and must be released to restore flexion [9].
  • Pain during the mid-arc of range of motion is more common with intrinsic disease and may not improve with contracture release alone [9].

Imaging

  • Plain radiographs remain the hallmark and the best screening test for elbow evaluation [1].
  • Standard radiographic views for the elbow include AP, lateral, and oblique views [9].
  • Serial radiography is used as follow-up when heterotopic ossification is present [9].
  • Primary bony landmarks identified on radiographs include the ulnohumeral joint, coronoid process, radial head, capitellum, radiocapitellar joint, olecranon tip, coronoid/olecranon fossae, and trochlear ridge [9].
  • CT is helpful when assessing for malunion architecture and the location and pattern of osteophytes and/or loose bodies [9].
  • Three-dimensional CT is used to check for heterotopic ossification [9].
  • CT is not necessary when the stiffness is entirely soft-tissue related [9].
  • CT is beneficial if any joint incongruity or abnormal bony anatomy is present [9].
  • MRI can be used to evaluate ligaments and tendons, but it is rarely indicated for elbow stiffness [9].
  • AP, lateral, oblique, and axillary views of the elbow may reveal posteromedial olecranon osteophytes and/or loose bodies in valgus extension overload syndrome [11].
  • CT with two-dimensional reconstruction and three-dimensional surface rendering best visualizes the pathology of valgus extension overload syndrome [11].
  • MRI may be most helpful in evaluating associated injuries including partial or complete tears of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) in valgus extension overload syndrome [11].
  • Radiographic evaluations are essential when diagnosing an osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesion of the elbow [12].
  • Important aspects of OCD lesions may be better seen with MRI [12].
  • Standard AP and lateral radiographs should be obtained for the evaluation of elbow osteoarthritis [13].
  • Radiographs for elbow osteoarthritis typically show osteophyte formation at the coronoid process, coronoid fossa, radial fossa, radial head, olecranon tip, and olecranon fossa [13].
  • Joint spaces at the ulnohumeral joint are usually preserved in elbow osteoarthritis [13].
  • Joint spaces at the radiocapitellar joint are mildly narrowed in elbow osteoarthritis [13].
  • Loose bodies may be evident on radiographs, which typically underestimate the number present [13].
  • CT may be useful for surgical planning of elbow osteoarthritis, allowing a detailed assessment of osteophytes and the presence of loose bodies [13].

References

[1] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 13 Ebook Without Multimedia. Anatomy, Biomechanics, Physical Examination, and Imaging of the Elbow > Summary and Conclusions.

[3] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 13 Ebook Without Multimedia. Anatomy, Biomechanics, Physical Examination, and Imaging of the Elbow > Anatomy > Bony Anatomy.

[4] Miller S Review Of Orthopaedics. SECTION 16 PATELLAR TRACKING IN TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY > TABLE 2.3 Shoulder Spaces.

[6] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. LATERAL APPROACHES.

[9] Aaos Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 3. Elbow Stiffness* > IV. Evaluation.

[11] Aaos Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 3. Elbow Injuries in the Athlete* > III. Valgus Extension Overload Syndrome and Posterior Impingement.

[12] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update. Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee and Elbow* > Summary.

[13] Aaos Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 3. Arthritis and Arthroplasty of the Elbow > I. Osteoarthritis.

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4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


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