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Lesión del ligamento cruzado posterior

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Qué está sintiendo

Una lesión del ligamento cruzado posterior ocurre cuando el ligamento situado en la parte posterior de la rodilla se estira o se rompe. Generalmente se produce por un golpe en la parte frontal de la tibia, como cuando la rodilla choca contra el tablero de un automóvil, o por una caída sobre una rodilla flexionada con los dedos de los pies apuntando hacia abajo. Las lesiones deportivas de este ligamento se deben a un impacto directo o a una fuerza externa, no a movimientos de torsión o de frenado que dañan otros ligamentos de la rodilla.

La mayoría de las personas con esta lesión experimentan dolor, hinchazón y rigidez en la rodilla. A diferencia de otras lesiones de ligamentos de la rodilla, es posible que no haya oído un “chasquido” en el momento del incidente, y su rodilla podría no sentirse inestable en absoluto. El dolor suele localizarse en la parte frontal de la rodilla, alrededor de la rótula, o a lo largo del lado interno o posterior de la rodilla. Generalmente aparece al caminar cuesta arriba o cuesta abajo. Las actividades cotidianas que ejercen presión sobre la parte frontal de la rodilla, como subir y bajar escaleras o levantarse de una silla baja, pueden resultar incómodas. Algunas personas notan sangrado dentro de la articulación poco después de la lesión, lo que provoca hinchazón y sensación de tensión en la rodilla.

Si la lesión es más antigua o afecta otras partes de la rodilla, el cuadro clínico puede variar. Algunas personas apenas sienten algo, mientras que otras perciben que la rodilla “cede”, especialmente si también se lesionó el lado externo de la rodilla o si sus piernas tienen una tendencia natural a curvarse hacia afuera. Con el tiempo, la articulación de la rótula y la zona interna de la rodilla pueden desarrollar artritis por desgaste; por eso es importante prestar atención al dolor persistente en esas zonas.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

Dentro de la rodilla, dos fuertes ligamentos se cruzan en el centro de la articulación. El que se encuentra en la parte posterior se llama ligamento cruzado posterior, o LCP. Puede imaginarse como una cuerda gruesa que impide que la tibia se deslice hacia atrás bajo el fémur. Este ligamento actúa en cualquier posición de la rodilla, ya sea extendida o flexionada, y también ayuda a estabilizarla frente a fuerzas laterales y de torsión.

En realidad, el LCP está compuesto por dos partes que trabajan conjuntamente: una se tensa cuando la rodilla se flexiona, y la otra se tensa cuando la rodilla se extiende. Cuando el ligamento se estira o se desgarra, una o ambas partes dejan de cumplir su función, permitiendo que la tibia se desplace hacia atrás más de lo normal. Esta laxitud, sumada a la carga adicional que recae sobre la parte anterior e interna de la rodilla, es lo que provoca el dolor y la rigidez mencionados anteriormente.

Los médicos clasifican la gravedad de la lesión mediante una escala. Un grado leve indica que el ligamento está estirado pero sigue intacto, como una cuerda con algunos hilos deshilachados. Un grado moderado significa que está parcialmente desgarrado y más laxo de lo normal. Un grado grave implica que el ligamento se ha roto por completo, por lo que ya no mantiene la tibia en su lugar. Las lesiones leves y moderadas suelen curarse sin cirugía, especialmente si el resto de la rodilla está sano. En cambio, un desgarro completo o aquellos en los que también se dañan otros ligamentos o la zona lateral de la rodilla suelen requerir intervención quirúrgica.

Cabe destacar que este ligamento es más grueso y resistente que el ligamento anterior, mucho más conocido; por eso, para lesionarlo suele ser necesaria una fuerza considerable. Esto explica también por qué estas lesiones suelen ir acompañadas de daños en otras estructuras de la rodilla, y por qué su cirujano examinará toda la articulación detenidamente antes de decidir cuál es el tratamiento más adecuado para usted.

¿Qué podemos hacer al respecto?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano ortopédico en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, adapta el tratamiento a la lesión específica que usted presenta. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido consultarnos, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su consulta, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su rodilla y solicitamos estudios de imagen cuando es necesario, a fin de determinar la gravedad de la lesión y si hubo otras lesiones simultáneas en la rodilla.

La mayoría de las lesiones leves y moderadas se resuelven sin necesidad de cirugía. Comenzamos con fisioterapia para fortalecer el músculo del muslo situado en la parte anterior de la pierna, llamado cuádriceps. Este músculo mantiene la tibia en posición adelantada e impide que se desplace hacia atrás, lo cual es el problema principal cuando este ligamento está flojo. También existe un aparato ortopédico especial que ayuda a mantener el hueso en su lugar. En el caso de lesiones leves o moderadas, la mayoría de las personas vuelven a practicar deportes en un plazo de 2 a 4 semanas. Una rotura completa tratada sin cirugía suele requerir mantener la rodilla recta mediante un aparato ortopédico o escayola durante 4 semanas, para luego iniciar el programa de fortalecimiento muscular. Con ejercicios regulares del cuádriceps, el 80 % de estas lesiones logran un buen resultado sin intervención quirúrgica.

La cirugía se considera cuando el ligamento se ha roto por completo y la rodilla sigue dolorida o inestable, o cuando se han lesionado otros ligamentos al mismo tiempo. Si hay múltiples ligamentos rotos, normalmente recomendamos operar de inmediato en lugar de esperar. La intervención consiste en sustituir el ligamento dañado por un nuevo fragmento de tejido, denominado injerto, de modo que la tibia vuelva a quedar fijada en su posición. Si parte del hueso se desprendió junto con el ligamento, también podemos volver a fijarlo en su sitio. En otra página explicaremos en detalle en qué consiste la operación, y usted decidirá junto con nosotros si es la opción adecuada para usted.

Qué esperar

En el caso de lesiones leves o moderadas, el pronóstico suele ser favorable. Con ejercicios de fortalecimiento y, cuando es necesario, el uso de una rodillera, el dolor y la hinchazón suelen disminuir en cuestión de semanas, no meses; muchas personas vuelven a practicar deportes rápidamente. Los resultados a largo plazo sin cirugía muestran que los pacientes mantienen su actividad física, con buena fuerza muscular y rango de movimiento completo en la rodilla. Incluso si persiste cierta laxitud, esto no siempre genera problemas; algunas personas con laxitud persistente no presentan dificultades funcionales en absoluto.

Un desgarro completo es otra historia. Si no se trata, un ligamento totalmente roto no se vuelve a unir por sí solo, y la laxitud tiende a mantenerse. Con el paso de los años, ese exceso de movilidad puede afectar las zonas anterior e interna de la rodilla, provocando artrosis por desgaste; por eso el dolor crónico en esa zona es importante. En niños, demorar demasiado la cirugía aumenta el riesgo de dañar el cartílago de amortiguación de la rodilla, lo cual puede derivar en peores resultados a largo plazo.

Si finalmente se requiere cirugía, es útil saber qué puede y qué no puede corregir. La reconstrucción del ligamento mejora la sensación en la rodilla y aumenta las posibilidades de volver a practicar deportes. En lesiones en las que se rompieron varios ligamentos, todos los pacientes presentaron un ligamento estable en su última revisión; el 77 % no mostraba ninguna laxitud. En el caso de un desgarro completo aislado, los resultados son buenos aunque no perfectos: el ligamento vuelve a ser totalmente estable en aproximadamente la mitad de las rodillas, mientras que en otras persiste una laxitud leve o moderada. Las lesiones combinadas que afectan la zona lateral de la rodilla suelen tener peores resultados que las lesiones de un solo ligamento; en general, los resultados no alcanzan el nivel observado tras la reparación de los ligamentos anteriores. En los primeros 2 años posteriores a la cirugía, las tasas de fracaso son similares tanto si se reconstruye un solo ligamento como si se reconstruyen varios. La mayoría de los pacientes conservan la percepción natural de la posición de la rodilla en el espacio; tanto las puntuaciones funcionales como el grado de laxitud mejoran tras la intervención.

¿Cuándo consultar a un especialista?

Acuda a su médico de cabecera si presenta dolor, hinchazón o rigidez en la rodilla después de recibir un golpe en la parte frontal de la espinilla o de caerse con la rodilla doblada; especialmente si la rodilla se hincha rápidamente y se siente tensa debido a la acumulación de sangre en la articulación. Solicite una evaluación especializada si el dolor en la parte frontal, interna o posterior de la rodilla sigue molestándole al subir colinas o escaleras; o si la rodilla comienza a sentirse inestable o a “ceder”, situación más probable cuando también se han lesionado otras partes de la rodilla. Diríjase de inmediato a urgencias si la rodilla se dislocó o si en una caída o accidente se rompieron varios ligamentos, pues los vasos sanguíneos y nervios situados en la parte posterior de la rodilla podrían haberse dañado y requieren evaluación el mismo día. Asimismo, si ya se le ha reconstruido algún ligamento y la rodilla se vuelve caliente, roja, hinchada y febril, también es necesario realizar una evaluación urgente.


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