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Tendinopatía del tendón de Aquiles

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Qué está sintiendo

El dolor suele aparecer de forma gradual, en lugar de deberse a una lesión específica. Es posible que lo note en la parte posterior del tobillo, ya sea justo por encima del talón o en el punto donde el tendón se inserta en el hueso del talón. La zona situada justo por encima del talón es una zona problemática frecuente; se encuentra a unos 2 a 6 cm a lo largo del tendón, donde el flujo sanguíneo es menor y el tendón se desgasta con mayor facilidad.

El dolor suele intensificarse al levantarse por la mañana o después de permanecer sentado durante un rato. Tiende a disminuir al calentar el músculo y moverse, pero puede reaparecer tras realizar alguna actividad. Correr y otras actividades que implican cargas repetitivas, ya sea en el deporte o en el trabajo, suelen empeorarlo. Algunas personas también encuentran incómodos los zapatos con talón cerrado, ya que presionan sobre la zona dolorida del talón.

Es posible que note o vea una zona engrosada y abultada en el tendón. En algunos casos también hay enrojecimiento y calor en dicha zona. Con el tiempo, pueden depositarse depósitos de calcio dentro del tendón, o formarse un bulto óseo en el talón, en el punto de inserción del tendón; este bulto dificulta cada vez más el uso de calzado.

Las tareas cotidianas que implican carga sobre el tendón, como subir escaleras, caminar cuesta arriba o impulsarse para correr, pueden volverse difíciles de realizar. Con frecuencia, el problema persiste durante mucho tiempo sin mejorar rápidamente.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

El tendón de Aquiles es el cordón grueso que se puede sentir en la parte posterior del tobillo; es el tendón más grande del cuerpo. Une los músculos de la pantorrilla al hueso del talón; cada vez que empuja con el pie, tira de ese hueso para hacerlo avanzar.

Imagíneselo como una cuerda compuesta por numerosas fibras finas que van todas en la misma dirección. Con un uso intenso y repetido, pueden aparecer pequeñas roturas en esa “cuerda”. Si el tendón no logra repararlas con suficiente rapidez, su estructura se deteriora gradualmente y se engrosa. Se trata de un problema de desgaste, no de infección ni de hematoma; por eso el antiguo nombre “tendinitis” no resulta del todo adecuado.

El punto problemático suele ser la zona de la que ya hemos hablado: entre 2 y 6 cm por encima del talón. Esa parte del tendón recibe menos irrigación sanguínea que el resto, por lo que la reparación es lenta y el daño puede acumularse. En el lugar donde el tendón se inserta en el hueso del talón pueden surgir otros problemas, a menudo acompañados de un bulto óseo que roza con el calzado. Asimismo, las pequeñas bolsas de líquido que amortiguan el tendón cerca del talón también pueden irritarse y contribuir al dolor.

Dado que el tendón se está desgastando en lugar de inflamarse, el dolor proviene tanto de la estructura dañada como de los nervios finos que crecen en la zona deteriorada mientras el cuerpo intenta adaptarse. Por eso el simple reposo suele ser insuficiente, y por qué el dolor matutino y el engrosamiento que usted ha notado tienden a persistir.

La buena noticia es que la mayoría de estos problemas responden a tratamientos basados en ejercicios, en lugar de a la cirugía. El tendón puede adaptarse y fortalecerse si se somete a cargas adecuadas de forma gradual. La cirugía se reserva, por lo general, para ese pequeño grupo de pacientes cuyo dolor no mejora tras al menos 6 meses de tratamiento no quirúrgico adecuado.

Qué podemos hacer al respecto

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano ortopédico en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, comienza con las opciones menos invasivas que se adapten a su condición. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su primera visita, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos el tendón y programamos estudios de imagen si estos ayudan a planificar su tratamiento.

Para un problema crónico como este, normalmente iniciamos con tratamiento no quirúrgico. Puede empezar reduciendo las actividades que intensifican su dolor, descansando más y utilizando una pequeña cuña en el talón dentro de sus zapatos. Algunas personas necesitan usar una bota de marcha durante un breve período. La fisioterapia es el pilar del tratamiento: su programa se centrará en fortalecer la pantorrilla y el tendón bajo carga, mediante ejercicios lentos y controlados. Este enfoque funciona en aproximadamente el 50% al 70% de los pacientes. Inténtelo con constancia, pues el tendón se adapta lentamente y la mejoría se observa tras meses, no días. La terapia con ondas de choque, que consiste en dirigir ondas sonoras al tendón, es otra opción que podemos incorporar a su plan de tratamiento. Asimismo, la aplicación de un parche de nitroglicerina sobre la piel encima del tendón puede aliviar el dolor tanto durante la actividad como por la noche.

No utilizamos inyecciones de plasma rico en plaquetas (PRP) para esta afección. El PRP se prepara a partir de su propia sangre, pero la evidencia científica no demuestra que sea más eficaz que un placebo en el tratamiento de la tendinopatía de Aquiles.

Si su dolor no mejora tras al menos 6 meses de tratamiento no quirúrgico adecuado, conversaremos con usted sobre la posibilidad de una cirugía. La intervención que recomendamos dependerá de la zona del tendón afectada y del grado de daño. Puede incluir la limpieza del tejido dañado, la extirpación de un bulto óseo en el talón, el alargamiento de un músculo de la pantorrilla tenso o la reconstrucción del tendón mediante un injerto de otro tendón cercano. Antes de tomar cualquier decisión, le explicaremos en detalle el procedimiento, sus pasos y el proceso de recuperación. La cirugía es una decisión conjunta entre usted y nuestro equipo; solo la proponemos cuando las medidas menos invasivas ya no son suficientes.

Qué esperar

En la mayoría de las personas, esta afección responde al tratamiento adecuado sin necesidad de cirugía. Los programas basados en ejercicios resultan eficaces para la mayoría, y muchas personas logran una recuperación total tanto en síntomas como en función únicamente mediante ejercicios. El requisito indispensable es la paciencia: el tendón se adapta lentamente, por lo que la mejoría se produce a lo largo de meses y no de días; además, deberá mantenerse fiel al programa incluso cuando los avances parezcan lentos.

También es justo reconocer que no todos logran una recuperación completa. Algunas personas siguen sintiendo dolor años después de iniciar el tratamiento, incluso cuando han realizado los ejercicios correctamente. El pronóstico también depende de la ubicación del desgaste tendinoso: la terapia con ondas de choque suele ser más eficaz en problemas que afectan al cuerpo principal del tendón que en aquellos situados en su inserción con el hueso del talón. En el caso de mujeres con esta afección, a veces se obtienen menos beneficios de un programa de 12 semanas de ejercicios de elongación lenta y controlada que en los hombres. Nada de esto significa que el tratamiento no valga la pena; simplemente es importante conocerlo antes de comenzar.

Dejarlo sin tratar tampoco suele ser una buena opción. La simple espera no ha demostrado ser eficaz en casos crónicos que no mejoran por sí solos. El problema tiende a persistir, y el engrosamiento del tendón así como el dolor matutino que ya ha leído sobre él suelen mantenerse sin un tratamiento activo.

Si el dolor no ha disminuido tras al menos 6 meses de tratamiento no quirúrgico adecuado, la cirugía se convierte en una alternativa. La mayoría de las personas que llegan a este punto obtienen buenos resultados, y muchas vuelven a realizar las actividades que disfrutan. No obstante, la cirugía conlleva riesgos reales, como complicaciones en la herida y, en casos muy raros, la rotura del propio tendón. La recuperación postquirúrgica requiere tiempo y no es rápida.

Sea cual sea el camino que elija, lo realista es esperar una mejora gradual que se mida en meses, no en días o semanas. Algunas personas recuperan por completo sus actividades previas; otras logran controlar sus síntomas a largo plazo y adaptan sus actividades en consecuencia. Su cirujano le explicará en qué punto de este espectro se encuentra usted, teniendo en cuenta su tendón, sus objetivos de actividad y la respuesta de su cuerpo al tratamiento.

¿Cuándo consultar a un especialista?

Acuda a su médico de cabecera si la parte posterior del tobillo le duele desde hace más de tres meses, o si el dolor y el engrosamiento que ya ha notado no mejoran con el reposo y la reducción de la actividad física. Solicite una evaluación especializada si medidas sencillas, como usar zapatos más blandos o colocar una alza en el talón, no surten efecto, o si el bulto en el tendón sigue creciendo. Consulte lo antes posible si el dolor le impide correr, trabajar o dormir. Asimismo, acuda a urgencias si siente un chasquido o estallido repentino en el tobillo, o si de repente no puede empujar con ese pie ni ponerse de puntillas; en esos casos es necesaria una evaluación inmediata.


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