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Fractura del calcáneo

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Qué está sintiendo

Una fractura del calcáneo es una rotura en el hueso del talón. El dolor se localiza en la parte posterior del pie, debajo y detrás del tobillo. Por lo general, aparece en el momento mismo de la lesión, y cualquier carga de peso sobre ese pie lo empeora considerablemente. Al principio, incluso permanecer de pie, caminar hasta el buzón o subir dos o tres escalones puede resultar muy difícil.

El talón y la zona alrededor del tobillo se hincharán. Esta hinchazón suele aumentar durante el primer día y puede hacer que el pie parezca hinchado y amoratado. Suele intensificarse después de estar de pie, y a veces duele de forma pulsátil por la noche o al quitarse el zapato. Elevar el pie y descansar lo alivia. Algunas personas notan que el talón se siente rígido y adolorido al levantarse por la mañana, especialmente en la parte posterior del tobillo donde se acumula la hinchazón.

Las tareas cotidianas que requieren el uso del talón se vuelven complicadas. Es posible que necesite muletas o un andador, ya que estar de pie junto a la encimera de la cocina o tender la ropa implica cargar peso sobre la zona lesionada. Conducir, llevar las compras o ir al baño sin ayuda también pueden resultar difíciles. Dado que el talón soporta todo el peso corporal al estar de pie, esta lesión suele limitar más al paciente que otras fracturas del pie.

En algunos casos, el dolor en el talón aparece de forma gradual, sin que haya habido una caída específica. Si el talón le ha dolido durante semanas sin una causa evidente, merece la pena que lo haga revisar un especialista. Una fractura por estrés es una pequeña grieta producida por esfuerzos repetidos; si no se detecta a tiempo, puede derivar en dolor persistente, cicatrización lenta e incluso en la necesidad de cirugía.

La recuperación del talón depende en gran medida de la ubicación exacta de la fractura. Las fracturas que afectan a la articulación situada por encima del talón, donde este se une al resto del pie, suelen causar rigidez y problemas a más largo plazo que aquellas que se producen fuera de dicha articulación. Muchas personas perciben que esta lesión les supone cambios duraderos; es frecuente que el talón se sienta distinto a como era antes.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

El hueso del talón, el calcáneo, es el hueso más grande en la parte posterior del pie. Se encuentra debajo de la articulación del tobillo y soporta el peso del cuerpo cada vez que uno se pone de pie. Su superficie superior presenta zonas lisas y curvas donde se une al hueso situado encima; estas zonas permiten que el pie gire y se mueva al caminar.

La mayoría de estas fracturas se producen al aterrizar bruscamente sobre los pies, generalmente tras una caída desde cierta altura. La fuerza se transmite a lo largo de la pierna, y el hueso situado por encima del talón empuja hacia abajo contra el calcáneo, como un martillo que golpea un bloque. El calcáneo tiene una estructura interna similar a un panal: es resistente en ciertas direcciones pero más frágil en otras; por eso, un impacto lo suficientemente fuerte puede aplastarlo. La fractura puede acortar y ensanchar el talón, e incluso provocar grietas en la superficie articular donde este se une al resto del pie.

La ubicación de la fractura es muy importante. Algunas fracturas se producen fuera de la articulación y, por lo general, sanan sin mayores complicaciones. Otras, en cambio, afectan la superficie articular y la desalinean, algo similar a romper los azulejos lisos de un suelo. Los azulejos rotos no se deslizan con facilidad, sino que se rozan; por eso estas fracturas suelen provocar rigidez y dolor en la articulación situada por encima del talón. Cuanto más desalineada quede dicha superficie articular, mayor será el impacto en la funcionalidad del pie y en la calidad de vida del paciente a lo largo del tiempo.

El cirujano puede medir mediante una radiografía cuánto se ha aplastado el talón. Un talón sano presenta un ángulo de 25 a 40 grados; un talón fracturado pierde parte de esa altura. Restaurar la forma normal del talón, incluyendo la curvatura del arco plantar y su altura respecto al otro pie, es un objetivo fundamental del tratamiento, pues así se maximizan las posibilidades de que el pie vuelva a funcionar adecuadamente.

¿Qué podemos hacer al respecto?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de extremidades superiores en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, adapta el tratamiento a la lesión específica que usted presente. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su primera visita, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su pie y solicitamos estudios de imagen cuando resultan necesarios. Las radiografías muestran la fractura, mientras que la tomografía computarizada, que es un estudio detallado del hueso, nos ayuda a decidir si es precisa una intervención quirúrgica.

Dado que una fractura de talón es una lesión aguda, a menudo se recomienda la cirugía de inmediato, en lugar de intentar primero un tratamiento no quirúrgico. Los objetivos son los mismos, sea cual sea el enfoque elegido: alinear la superficie articular donde el talón se une al resto del pie, restaurar su altura, devolver al talón su anchura normal y liberar el espacio por donde discurren dos tendones junto al tobillo. En algunas fracturas que permanecen fuera de la articulación, o en aquellas cuyos fragmentos no se han desplazado, un tratamiento conservador sin cirugía puede ser eficaz: descanso, uso de una bota protectora o yeso, y evitar cargar peso sobre el pie mientras cicatriza. La fisioterapia busca recuperar el movimiento y la fuerza una vez que el hueso se haya estabilizado.

La conveniencia de la cirugía depende tanto de la fractura como de usted. Algunas fracturas afectan la superficie articular y la desplazan; en muchos de estos casos la cirugía resulta beneficiosa, pues permite recolocar los fragmentos y fijarlos. Tenemos en cuenta su edad, su estado de salud general, la calidad de su hueso, su nivel de actividad física y si fuma, ya que el tabaquismo incrementa el riesgo de complicaciones en la cicatrización postquirúrgica. Determinadas condiciones médicas, como la diabetes con pérdida de sensibilidad en el pie o una infección activa, hacen que la cirugía no sea recomendable. Cuando resulta adecuado, empleamos técnicas menos invasivas, que suelen generar menos problemas en la cicatrización que las incisiones más extensas. En los casos más graves, donde la superficie articular queda gravemente aplastada, la cirugía puede tener como fin preparar el hueso para una futura artrodesis, procedimiento mediante el cual se inmoviliza la articulación para aliviar el dolor.

Esta es una decisión compartida. Le explicaremos qué implica cada opción para su pie, y usted decidirá qué aspectos son más importantes para usted.

Qué esperar

Una fractura de talón es una lesión grave; es justo decir que la recuperación es un proceso largo. La mayoría de las personas perciben que esta lesión tiene efectos duraderos en su vida cotidiana; es frecuente que el talón se sienta distinto a como era antes. Las fracturas que afectan la superficie articular, es decir, la zona donde el talón se une al resto del pie, suelen provocar rigidez y dolor persistentes, en comparación con las fracturas que ocurren fuera de la articulación. Estas últimas, que representan aproximadamente una de cada tres fracturas de talón, suelen curarse sin mayores complicaciones.

La recuperación se mide en meses, no en semanas. Al principio, deberá evitar cargar peso sobre el pie y, posteriormente, ir aumentando esa carga de forma gradual. Colocar algo de peso sobre el pie dentro de las primeras seis semanas tras la operación no parece generar los problemas que antes se temían; por ello, su cirujano podría autorizarlo a hacerlo antes de lo esperado. Aun así, es normal experimentar hinchazón, rigidez y una cojera que desaparece lentamente. Muchas personas siguen notando molestias en el talón al final del día; algunas incluso observan que su forma de caminar nunca vuelve a ser la misma.

Los resultados dependen del tratamiento elegido. La cirugía que reubica los fragmentos óseos en su posición correcta suele arrojar mejores resultados a largo plazo, al restaurar la forma del talón; además, se observan buenos resultados en cuanto a funcionalidad y calidad de vida en los meses y años posteriores a la intervención. No obstante, la cirugía conlleva un riesgo real de complicaciones en la cicatrización, y la tasa general de complicaciones es elevada. El tratamiento no quirúrgico, basado en reposo y el uso de una bota o escayola, también puede producir resultados satisfactorios con menos complicaciones. En el caso de fracturas que afectan la articulación, el seguimiento durante quince años ha demostrado que los resultados son similares, independientemente de si se realizó cirugía o no.

Lo que realmente influye es la ubicación de la fractura, su estado de salud general y la experiencia del equipo médico encargado de su tratamiento. Las fracturas de talón son lesiones complejas; lo ideal es que sean atendidas por cirujanos y centros con amplia experiencia en este tipo de casos. Su cirujano le explicará qué indican las evidencias clínicas respecto a su pie en particular, y juntos podrán evaluar las ventajas y desventajas de cada opción de tratamiento.

¿Cuándo consultar a un especialista?

Una fractura de talón suele ser evidente: una caída desde cierta altura, seguida de un dolor tan intenso que impide caminar. Debe ser evaluada el mismo día. Acuda a urgencias si el talón presenta hinchazón y hematomas graves, si el dolor es muy intenso o si no puede apoyar ningún peso en el pie. Solicite una valoración especializada si el talón le ha dolido durante semanas sin que haya habido una lesión clara; una fractura por estrés detectada tarde puede provocar dolor persistente, una cicatrización lenta e, incluso, la necesidad de cirugía. Busque atención urgente si la hinchazón es severa y la piel se siente tensa, o si también se ha lesionado la misma pierna en otra zona, ya que la presencia de varias fracturas en el mismo pie o tobillo constituye una situación grave.


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