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Deformidades de los dedos menores del pie

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Qué está sintiendo

Las deformidades de los dedos menores del pie alteran la posición y el movimiento de dichos dedos. Uno o más de esos dedos pueden curvarse hacia abajo, quedar por encima o debajo de un dedo vecino, o presionar contra el calzado. La piel que cubre la protuberancia ósea puede engrosarse y endurecerse; ese roce provoca inflamación y dolor en la zona. En algunos casos, la piel se ulcera.

El dolor suele localizarse en la parte anterior del pie o en la parte superior de un dedo doblado. Tiende a intensificarse cuando los dedos quedan comprimidos en zapatos ajustados o estrechos, pues el calzado presiona el hueso y frota los tejidos blandos circundantes. Un calzado más holgado alivia esa presión y, con frecuencia, reduce el dolor. Este tipo de dolor en el pie y el tobillo limita la movilidad y puede afectar tanto el estado de ánimo como el cuerpo.

Las actividades cotidianas que implican carga en la parte delantera del pie se vuelven más difíciles: caminar hasta las tiendas, permanecer de pie mientras se cocina, subir escaleras o trabajar de pie durante toda una jornada pueden desencadenar el dolor. Es posible que modifique su forma de caminar para evitar cargar peso sobre los dedos doloridos.

Algunas personas con estos problemas en los dedos también presentan alteraciones más arriba en el pie: un arco plantar excesivamente elevado o un talón fuera de su posición normal. Si este es su caso, ello influye en cómo todo el pie soporta el peso corporal.

Si padece artritis reumatoide, la parte delantera del pie también puede verse afectada: los dedos pierden su forma normal y se producen cambios en el dedo gordo del pie.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

Los dedos del pie se mantienen rectos gracias al equilibrio entre dos grupos de músculos. Un grupo se extiende por la parte superior del pie y tira de los dedos hacia arriba; el otro grupo se extiende por la planta del pie y los tira hacia abajo. Cuando ese equilibrio se rompe, las articulaciones de un dedo dejan de funcionar en conjunto: el dedo se dobla hacia abajo en una articulación mientras se dobla hacia arriba en otra, lo que genera esas formas curvadas que se pueden ver y sentir.

El problema suele comenzar con una pequeña almohadilla de tejido en la parte inferior del dedo, donde este se une a la parte anterior del pie. Imagínela como una especie de junta que sella y estabiliza la articulación. Cuando esa junta se desgasta o se rompe, el dedo pierde su punto de anclaje. El tendón situado en la parte superior gana entonces la “lucha”, el dedo se eleva desde su base y las articulaciones intermedias se doblan hacia abajo. A medida que el dedo se curva, su extremo presiona el hueso largo del pie contra la planta. La almohadilla de grasa que normalmente amortigua esa zona queda desplazada hacia adelante, por lo que terminas apoyándote sobre hueso sin suficiente protección. De ahí el dolor en la parte anterior del pie, así como la aparición de callos y úlceras en ese lugar.

Los zapatos también influyen. El calzado ajustado o estrecho comprime los dedos y mantiene el roce que inflama la piel sobre la protuberancia. Algunas personas nacen con una forma de pie que favorece este problema, y ciertas afecciones que afectan a los nervios o músculos también pueden desencadenarlo. Por ejemplo, un arco plantar elevado se debe a un desequilibrio muscular en un pie en desarrollo, y modifica la forma en que todo el pie soporta el peso corporal.

Si el dedo gordo también se desvía hacia un lado, ocurre lo mismo: los tejidos que lo mantienen recto se debilitan progresivamente, el dedo gira y se desliza hacia los dedos más pequeños; estos, a su vez, pueden doblarse debido al estrechamiento del espacio.

Qué podemos hacer al respecto

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano ortopédico especializado en pie y tobillo en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, comienza con las opciones menos invasivas que se adapten a su condición. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido consultarnos, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su consulta, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su pie y solicitamos estudios de imagen cuando resulta necesario. Las radiografías con carga son el punto de partida habitual; se toman mientras usted está de pie y pueden incluir vistas detalladas de los dedos. La resonancia magnética se utiliza cuando necesitamos una imagen más clara de los tejidos blandos alrededor de la articulación.

En la mayoría de las deformidades de los dedos, iniciamos con tratamiento no quirúrgico. Lo más importante es cambiar el calzado: los zapatos con una puntera alta y espaciosa reducen la presión sobre el dedo deformado. Las fundas de espuma o gel de silicona para los dedos, así como las almohadillas especiales, ayudan a amortiguar las zonas doloridas. El acolchado bajo la parte anterior del pie, incluidas las almohadillas metatarsales, distribuye la carga lejos de la zona afectada. En el caso de un “bunionette” (bulto en el lado externo del dedo meñique), también podemos limar la callosidad endurecida. Si además padece pie plano, una plantilla o un dispositivo ortopédico personalizado puede ser de ayuda. La fisioterapia y estas medidas sencillas no enderezan el dedo en sí, pero sí pueden aliviar los síntomas. Por lo general, le pedimos que las pruebe durante un tiempo razonable antes de considerar la cirugía.

Las inyecciones de esteroides, a veces llamadas cortisona, tienen una indicación muy limitada en este contexto. En particular, en el caso del dedo en garra, pueden debilitar los ligamentos que mantienen el dedo estable, lo que podría agravar la deformidad. Por ello, las utilizamos con mucha cautela, o incluso evitamos su uso.

La cirugía se considera cuando el tratamiento no quirúrgico no le ha proporcionado suficiente alivio, o cuando el dedo se ha vuelto rígido en una posición fija. La intervención se adapta a su dedo y a las articulaciones afectadas. Puede consistir en enderezar el dedo liberando los tejidos blandos tensos, extirpando un pequeño fragmento óseo de una articulación doblada, o acortando un hueso del pie para reequilibrar la parte anterior del mismo. También se pueden reorientar o alargar los tendones para restaurar el equilibrio de tracción que mantiene el dedo recto. La almohadilla dañada en la base del dedo puede ser reparada. Cuando una articulación está muy desgastada, a veces se procede a su fusión para que el dedo quede recto y estable. Con frecuencia se emplea fijación temporal con alambres para mantener todo en su sitio mientras cicatriza; en algunos casos, existen implantes permanentes más recientes como alternativa. Analizaremos juntos cuál es el enfoque más adecuado para su pie y tomaremos la decisión conjuntamente.

Qué esperar

Con zapatos más amplios, acolchado y otras medidas sencillas, el dolor en la parte anterior del pie y sobre el dedo doblado suele disminuir. Sin embargo, estas medidas no pueden enderezar un dedo que ya haya cambiado de forma. Si el dedo se ha vuelto rígido en una posición fija, generalmente permanecerá así sin necesidad de cirugía.

Si la cirugía es la opción adecuada para usted, el objetivo es obtener un dedo más recto y cómodo, así como una parte anterior del pie que distribuya el peso de manera más uniforme. La recuperación es gradual; necesitará tiempo para que el dedo sane y se asiente, hasta que vuelva a sentirse como parte de su pie. Algunos métodos permiten mover el dedo desde el principio, reduciendo así el riesgo de rigidez; otros implican una intervención más extensa y requieren más tiempo para la recuperación.

Toda intervención quirúrgica conlleva ciertos riesgos. Un riesgo poco frecuente pero inmediato tras la cirugía de dedos del pie es la reducción del flujo sanguíneo hacia el dedo; esto ocurre con mayor frecuencia en personas que fuman o en aquellas a quienes se les corrige el dedo por segunda vez. Su cirujano le explicará detalladamente los riesgos específicos de su operación.

El pronóstico depende de su pie y del tipo de cirugía elegida. Algunos procedimientos presentan un historial de pocas complicaciones; otros, especialmente aquellos que combinan varias técnicas en los dedos más pequeños, suelen acarrear más complicaciones, peores resultados y una recuperación más prolongada que las versiones más sencillas de la misma intervención. Su cirujano evaluará cuál método ofrece a su dedo la mejor probabilidad de obtener un buen resultado y una recuperación sin contratiempos.

¿Cuándo consultar a un especialista?

Acuda a su médico de cabecera si el dolor en la zona de un dedo doblado o en la parte delantera del pie no mejora tras varias semanas usando zapatos más amplios, o si la piel endurecida en esa zona se transforma en una úlcera. Solicite una evaluación especializada si el dolor le impide caminar, trabajar o dormir, o si sus dedos se doblan tanto que ya no quedan planos dentro del zapato. También mencione cualquier cambio en la forma del pie en zonas más altas, como un arco muy elevado o un talón que no se alinea correctamente, pues esto puede afectar a todo el pie y quizá requiera atención médica.


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