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Hinchazón y elevación después de la cirugía

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¿Por qué se hincha la mano o el brazo después de la cirugía? ¿Cuánto tiempo dura esa hinchazón? Asimismo, le explicamos las medidas sencillas — mantener la extremidad por encima del nivel del corazón, realizar movimientos suaves de los dedos y aplicar compresas frías — que ayudan a reducirla más rápidamente. También se detallan los signos de alarma que requieren atención médica inmediata.

Una mano y antebrazo reposando elevados sobre un montón de almohadas en casa.
Mantener la mano y el brazo elevados por encima del nivel del corazón es la forma más eficaz de controlar la hinchazón después de la cirugía. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Después de cualquier intervención quirúrgica en la mano o el brazo, la extremidad se hinchará. Esto es normal; le ocurre a casi todas las personas y no es señal de que algo haya salido mal. No obstante, la hinchazón es también el principal motivo por el cual los primeros días resultan incómodos y la extremidad se siente rígida. Por eso, comprender este proceso y adoptar algunos hábitos sencillos contribuyen enormemente a una recuperación más fluida.

¿Por qué se hincha la mano o el brazo?

Están ocurriendo dos cosas, y ambas son normales.

La primera es la curación propiamente dicha. La cirugía es una lesión controlada, y el cuerpo responde como lo haría ante cualquier lesión: enviando más flujo sanguíneo y líquido a la zona para iniciar la reparación. Esto constituye la respuesta inflamatoria; la hinchazón, el calor y la sensación de tirantez que la acompañan son simplemente las manifestaciones visibles de que la curación ha comenzado.

La segunda causa es la gravedad. La mano y el brazo se encuentran al final de un miembro largo, por lo que el líquido tiende a descender naturalmente. Cuando el brazo cuelga a lo largo del cuerpo o descansa sobre el regazo, el líquido se acumula en la mano y los dedos, y le resulta difícil volver a circular. Por eso, una mano que parecía normal a primera hora de la mañana puede parecer un globo por la noche si ha estado colgando todo el día.

¿Qué es normal y cuánto dura

Cierta hinchazón forma parte de toda recuperación. Por lo general, aumenta durante los primeros días, alcanza su punto máximo entre el segundo y el quinto día, y luego disminuye gradualmente en las semanas siguientes a medida que el líquido de cicatrización se reabsorbe y el miembro vuelve a moverse.

Algunos puntos que vale la pena tener en cuenta:

  • Es normal que la mano se vea y se sienta peor al final del día que a primera hora de la mañana (efecto de la gravedad); esta situación mejora durante la noche cuando el brazo permanece en posición horizontal.
  • La hinchazón persistente y la rigidez pueden durar meses, mucho después de que haya desaparecido la hinchazón intensa inicial. Es común que un dedo se sienta algo hinchado y rígido, o que la parte dorsal de la mano parezca más gruesa durante un tiempo; esto no representa un retroceso en la recuperación. La situación mejora progresivamente con el movimiento y la terapia de rehabilitación de la mano.
  • El factor más determinante para la rapidez con que disminuye la hinchazón es el cuidado que se tenga en mantener el miembro elevado y en movimiento de forma suave durante esos primeros días.

Elevación: lo más importante que puede hacer

Si solo va a recordar una cosa de esta página, que sea esta: mantenga la extremidad elevada por encima del nivel del corazón. La elevación es, sin duda, la forma más eficaz de controlar la hinchazón, y no le costará nada.

El objetivo es aprovechar la gravedad a su favor, de modo que el líquido drene de nuevo hacia el cuerpo en lugar de acumularse en la mano.

  • Al sentarse o acostarse, apoye todo el brazo sobre almohadas de modo que la mano quede por encima del codo, y el codo por encima del corazón. No se limite a apoyar el codo y dejar que la mano caiga; es precisamente la mano y los dedos los que más conviene mantener elevados.
  • Trate de mantenerla elevada tanto como sea posible durante los primeros días, especialmente los primeros dos o tres. Después de eso, elevarla unos veinte minutos cada pocas horas durante el día ayuda a mantener la circulación.
  • Una regla útil: cuando dejar que la mano cuelgue ya no provoque dolor pulsátil, podrá ir reduciendo la frecuencia de la elevación.
  • Por la noche, coloque las almohadas antes de acostarse para que el brazo permanezca apoyado y elevado mientras duerme; pasar toda la noche con la mano en posición plana es mucho tiempo.

Mantenga los dedos en movimiento: la bomba muscular

El movimiento suave complementa la elevación de la mano. Cada vez que mueve los dedos, los músculos comprimen las venas y los conductos linfáticos, impulsando el líquido de vuelta hacia el brazo, de forma similar a cuando se exprime una esponja.

  • Salvo que le hayamos indicado específicamente que mantenga un dedo inmóvil, haga un puño suavemente y luego estire por completo los dedos, de forma lenta y repetida, varias veces por hora mientras esté despierto.
  • Para obtener mejores resultados, realice este movimiento con la mano elevada, de modo que la acción de bombeo y la gravedad actúen conjuntamente.
  • También mantenga en movimiento las articulaciones que pueden moverse libremente. Si tiene el puño vendado, mueva el hombro y el codo realizando círculos y flexiones suaves para evitar que se vuelvan rígidos mientras la mano sana.
  • Realice los movimientos dentro de lo que le resulte cómodo. Un estiramiento suave está bien; si siente dolor agudo, reduzca la intensidad. Siempre siga las indicaciones de ejercicios que le haya dado su cirujano o terapeuta de mano.

Compresas frías y compresión ligera

Una compresa fría puede aliviar la hinchazón y el dolor en los primeros días. Envuélvala en una toalla fina; nunca aplique el hielo directamente sobre la piel, y evite colocarla en zonas que estén entumecidas o con disminución de la sensibilidad. Mantenga los vendajes y escayolas secos. En nuestra página calor vs. frío encontrará más detalles, incluyendo cuándo resulta útil el frío y cuándo es mejor utilizar calor suave.

Una manga o venda de compresión ajustada también puede ser de ayuda, pero solo utilice compresión si se lo hemos indicado específicamente. Una venda inadecuada o aplicada con demasiada fuerza puede ser más perjudicial que beneficiosa, al comprimir una extremidad que ya está hinchada.

Un cabestrillo, y no dejar que el brazo cuelgue

Cuando está de pie y caminando, el brazo tiende a caer naturalmente a un lado del cuerpo, y la mano vuelve a llenarse de líquido. Un cabestrillo mantiene el brazo apoyado y elevado frente al cuerpo mientras se está en movimiento, de modo que los beneficios obtenidos al mantenerlo elevado durante el reposo no se pierdan. Utilice el cabestrillo para sostener el brazo cuando esté de pie y en movimiento; sin embargo, saque el brazo del cabestrillo para realizar suaves movimientos de dedos y codo, y evite dejarlo colgando durante largos períodos.

Cuándo buscar ayuda: no espere

La mayoría de las hinchazones son simplemente parte del proceso de curación y desaparecen con la elevación del miembro y el movimiento. Sin embargo, en ocasiones la hinchazón puede ser señal de un problema, y existen ciertos signos de alerta que requieren atención inmediata. Confíe en su instinto: siempre es mejor hacer que algo sea revisado y descubrir que todo está bien.

Una escayola, férula o vendaje demasiado apretado es algo que no puede esperar. A medida que el miembro se hincha por debajo, el vendaje puede empezar a comprimir los nervios y el flujo sanguíneo. Comuníquese con nosotros el mismo día, o acuda al servicio de urgencias más cercano, si nota:

  • Dolor que aumenta, es intenso o peor de lo esperado: en especial aquel dolor que no mejora con los analgésicos habituales.
  • Una escayola, férula o vendaje que se siente más apretado con el paso del tiempo, en lugar de más holgado.
  • Entumecimiento, hormigueo o sensación de ardor en los dedos.
  • Dedos que se vuelven pálidos, blancos, azulados, oscuros o fríos, o que no mejoran al elevar el miembro.

La combinación de estos síntomas (en particular dolor intenso junto con entumecimiento o cambio de color en los dedos) debe considerarse una emergencia.

Los signos de infección también requieren evaluación el mismo día:

  • Hinchazón que está caliente, enrojecida y en expansión, en lugar de disminuir.
  • Fiebre o sensación general de malestar.
  • Pus, secreción o mal olor proveniente de la herida o el vendaje.

Los signos de posible coágulo sanguíneo constituyen una emergencia: llame a una ambulancia o acuda de inmediato a urgencias si nota:

  • Hinchazón, dolor o sensación de tensión repentinos en una pantorrilla o pierna.
  • Dificultad para respirar o dolor torácico, especialmente si van acompañados de los síntomas anteriores.

En el caso de una hinchazón normal que disminuye al elevar el miembro y mejora día a día, continúe haciéndolo, mantenga los dedos en movimiento y plantee cualquier duda en su próxima visita al consultorio. Cuando tenga dudas, llame al consultorio; preferimos recibir noticias suyas.


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