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Revestimiento de cadera

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

¿Por qué se ha recomendado esta operación?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de cadera y rodilla en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, ofrece la resurfaciación de cadera a un grupo cuidadosamente seleccionado de pacientes. En esta intervención, las superficies dañadas de la cadera se recubren con metal en lugar de extraerse y reemplazarse, de modo que se conserva la mayor cantidad posible de hueso propio. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. Evaluamos su historial clínico, examinamos su cadera y, si es necesario, solicitamos estudios de imagen para determinar la causa de su dolor.

La resurfaciación de cadera suele indicarse en personas jóvenes y activas con artritis por desgaste, especialmente en hombres menores de 55 años. En casos de desgaste articular o problemas crónicos, primero intentamos tratamientos no quirúrgicos, como modificar sus actividades o seguir fisioterapia; la cirugía se considera únicamente cuando estos tratamientos no logran mejoría suficiente. El objetivo de la operación es aliviar el dolor y permitirle mantenerse activo. La mayoría de los pacientes que se someten a esta intervención continúan practicando deportes; de hecho, el 87 % sigue realizando actividades deportivas después de la operación. Analizaremos juntos si este procedimiento es adecuado para usted y tomaremos la decisión en conjunto.

Antes de la operación

Antes de la cirugía, planificamos cuidadosamente mediante radiografías de su cadera; en algunos casos, también mediante resonancia magnética (un estudio que muestra los tejidos blandos) o ecografía. Estos estudios nos ayudan a seleccionar el tamaño y la posición adecuados del implante. En los días previos a la operación, le proporcionaremos instrucciones claras. Deberá dejar de comer y beber siete horas antes del procedimiento. Pedimos que sea siete horas en lugar de un tiempo menor para poder adelantar la operación si el programa quirúrgico lo permite. Es posible que deba suspender algunos medicamentos; le indicaremos cuáles y cuándo. Si padece otras enfermedades, podría necesitar análisis de sangre o una consulta con el anestesista (el especialista que lo atenderá durante la cirugía). El día de la operación, lleve una lista de los medicamentos que toma actualmente, vístase con ropa cómoda y organice que alguien lo lleve a casa.

El día de la intervención

Llegará a la unidad de admisiones quirúrgicas del hospital, donde se le registrará y preparará para la cirugía. Conocerá al anestesista (el especialista que cuidará de usted durante la operación). Esta intervención se realiza bajo anestesia general. En ocasiones, se añade un bloqueo nervioso regional para aliviar el dolor postoperatorio; el anestesista hablará con usted al respecto ese mismo día. A continuación, será llevado al quirófano, donde se realiza la operación.

Despertará en la sala de recuperación, donde las enfermeras le vigilarán mientras la anestesia va desapareciendo. Una vez que su estado sea estable, será trasladado a la planta de hospitalización o podrá volver a casa, según el tipo de intervención y su recuperación.

¿En qué consiste la operación?

La resurfacing de cadera difiere de un reemplazo total de cadera. En lugar de extraer la parte superior del fémur y sustituirla, el cirujano moldea la cabeza ósea desgastada hasta darle forma de cúpula lisa y la recubre con una cubierta metálica. Asimismo, la cavidad acetabular desgastada de la pelvis se reviste con una fina cápsula metálica. Ambas piezas se fijan a los huesos propios del paciente, de modo que la mayor parte de la cadera permanece en su lugar.

Para acceder a la cadera, el cirujano realiza una incisión en la parte externa del muslo superior, desplazando los músculos en lugar de cortarlos. Se elimina el cartílago dañado (el revestimiento liso de los extremos óseos) y el hueso se prepara para recibir las piezas metálicas. La cápsula acetabular se presiona firmemente para que quede fija por sí sola. La cubierta del fémur se fija mediante cemento óseo, un material que se endurece y la ancla al hueso. El cirujano verifica que ambas piezas encajen correctamente y se muevan sin problemas antes de cerrar la incisión con puntos de sutura y un vendaje.

El objetivo de la operación es conservar la mayor cantidad posible de hueso propio. Al no extraerse la parte superior del fémur, se mantiene más hueso disponible para el organismo en el futuro. Este es uno de los motivos por los que la intervención resulta adecuada para personas jóvenes y activas, tal como se mencionó anteriormente en esta página.

El cirujano le explicará el plan de tratamiento para su cadera antes del día de la operación, basándose en sus estudios de imagen y en el examen físico. Si algo relacionado con la intervención le resulta poco claro, no dude en preguntar. Es útil conocer cada paso antes de dar su consentimiento.

Después de la operación

Despertará en la sala de recuperación, donde las enfermeras lo vigilarán de cerca mientras el efecto de la anestesia desaparece. Las enfermeras controlarán su dolor periódicamente y le administrarán medicación para mantenerlo cómodo. Sobre la incisión de su cadera habrá un vendaje que se mantiene en su lugar para preservar la limpieza de la herida. Dejamos el vendaje puesto durante unos 10 días; por favor, no lo retire antes de ese plazo a menos que se lo indiquemos. Lo cambiamos o lo retiramos cuando vengamos a verlo. En el primer día, generalmente pocas horas después de la operación, un fisioterapeuta le ayudará a levantarse y dar sus primeros pasos con una ayuda para caminar. Alguien debe acompañarlo durante las primeras 24 horas después de regresar a casa. Su equipo médico le informará si podrá volver a casa el mismo día o si deberá permanecer una noche en el hospital.

Recuperación

En los primeros días después de la operación, sentirá dolor en la cadera y la zona alrededor de la incisión estará hinchada. Esto es normal y se irá resolviendo gradualmente. Los analgésicos le ayudarán a sentirse cómodo en los primeros días; con el paso de los días, la mayoría de las personas necesitan menos medicación. El descanso, el movimiento suave y seguir las indicaciones de su fisioterapeuta contribuyen a aliviar la molestia.

Un fisioterapeuta le guiará en su recuperación desde el inicio. Realizará ejercicios sencillos para fortalecer la zona y mantener la movilidad de la cadera. Al principio, caminará con ayuda de un andador; posteriormente, irá cargando más peso sobre la pierna a medida que esta se vaya estabilizando. En casa, podrá moverse y realizar actividades cotidianas ligeras, pero deberá evitar flexiones profundas, giros bruscos o levantar objetos pesados hasta que su cirujano le dé el visto bueno. Al principio, dormir boca arriba suele ser más cómodo; algunas personas colocan una almohada entre las rodillas.

Los hitos de recuperación se definen por acontecimientos, no por fechas concretas. Una vez que la hinchazón desaparezca, los movimientos resultarán más fáciles. Cuando su cirujano le autorice conducir, podrá volver a hacerlo; nuestra guía específica sobre conducción detalla las normas aplicables. Cuando el cirujano considere que su fuerza y movilidad son adecuadas, podrá reincorporarse al trabajo y a la práctica deportiva de forma gradual.

La recuperación varía de una persona a otra. Su cronograma personal puede diferir; su cirujano y fisioterapeuta le guiarán en cada etapa.

Qué puede salir mal

La mayoría de los pacientes evolucionan bien, pero en ocasiones pueden surgir problemas. Su cirujano y el equipo lo vigilarán de cerca para detectar cualquier anomalía a tiempo.

La causa más frecuente de necesidad de una cirugía adicional es un problema con la tapa metálica colocada en el fémur. A veces dicha tapa se afloja o el hueso situado justo debajo se fractura. Es posible que note un dolor profundo y palpitante en la ingle o el muslo, distinto al dolor artrítico habitual, o un dolor que aparece repentinamente tras un tropiezo. La cadera puede sentirse inestable o hacer ruido al moverse. Si esto ocurre, comuníquese con la clínica; es posible que necesite realizarse pruebas de imagen y, en algunos casos, se deba sustituir la tapa metálica.

Algunas personas presentan reacción a las superficies metálicas del implante. Con el tiempo, pequeñas partículas metálicas se desprenden del componente y penetran en el tejido circundante o en el torrente sanguíneo. Esto puede provocar dolor, hinchazón o acumulación de líquido alrededor de la cadera, así como una sensación de roce al moverla. Si observa cualquiera de estos síntomas, mencione ello en su próxima consulta para que el cirujano pueda solicitar análisis de sangre y estudios de imagen.

En comparación con el reemplazo total de cadera, este procedimiento tiende a presentar más complicaciones tempranas; dichas complicaciones guardan relación con la experiencia del cirujano en esta técnica. La formación y el volumen de casos tratados por su cirujano son factores relevantes; es razonable preguntar al respecto durante la consulta.

Si finalmente es necesario sustituir la tapa metálica, normalmente se coloca una nueva o se opta por un reemplazo total de cadera. Tras esa intervención, la capacidad para caminar y las actividades cotidianas suelen ser similares a las que se logran tras un reemplazo de cadera convencional.

Este procedimiento preserva el hueso propio del paciente, lo cual resulta importante si en el futuro fuera precisa otra cirugía. El hueso que queda en el fémur y la pelvis brinda al cirujano más margen de maniobra.

En la tabla de complicaciones de esta página se detallan las tasas habituales; si desea conocer los datos específicos, puede consultarla.

¿Cuándo deben llamarnos?

La mayoría de los problemas aparecen en las primeras etapas, por lo que es útil saber qué señales hay que vigilar. Llámenos si tiene fiebre, si la piel alrededor de la incisión se vuelve más roja o comienza a exudar líquido, o si el dolor empeora en lugar de mejorar. Acuda a urgencias si experimenta dolor intenso y repentino, hinchazón en la pantorrilla o dificultad para respirar. También debe acudir a urgencias si pierde la sensibilidad en la pierna o no puede moverla. Si nota dolor en la ingle, similar al dolor profundo y palpitante descrito anteriormente, o si hay hinchazón o acumulación de líquido alrededor de la cadera, comuníquese con la clínica. Preferimos que nos contacte antes de que se preocupe en casa.


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