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Hallux valgo

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Qué está sintiendo

El término médico para el juanete es “hallux valgus”. Significa que su dedo gordo del pie se ha desplazado hacia los lados, en dirección a los demás dedos, mientras que el hueso largo situado detrás de él se ha movido en sentido opuesto. La protuberancia que se forma en la parte interna del pie se denomina “eminencia medial”.

El síntoma más frecuente es el dolor en esa zona, donde el zapato ejerce presión. Muchas personas también sienten dolor en la propia articulación situada en la base del dedo gordo. Otro lugar común de dolor es la parte inferior de la planta del pie, justo debajo del segundo dedo. Esto ocurre porque el dedo gordo no soporta la carga que le corresponde normalmente, por lo que la presión se desplaza hacia los dedos más pequeños.

Esta deformidad puede dificultar el uso de zapatos. Los zapatos estrechos o ajustados rozan la protuberancia, lo que puede provocar enrojecimiento e hinchazón de la piel en esa zona. Además, la piel puede engrosarse formando callos debido a la fricción continua. Algunas personas notan entumecimiento en la parte interna del dedo gordo por la presión constante dentro del zapato. De pie, al caminar o al practicar deporte, puede sentir molestias; por eso, muchas optan por zapatos más anchos o evitan caminatas largas.

Con el tiempo, el dedo gordo puede desplazarse aún más. A medida que se inclina, los tendones encargados de estirarlo y doblarlo se desalinean, lo que lo empuja aún más en esa dirección. La cápsula articular, es decir, la cubierta de tejido que rodea la articulación, se estira en el lado interno y se tensa en el externo, manteniendo al dedo en su nueva posición. Los dos pequeños huesos situados bajo la articulación del dedo gordo, llamados “sesamoideos”, también pueden desplazarse de su posición normal.

Se examinará su pie mientras está de pie y caminando, ya que la deformidad suele verse diferente bajo carga. Para medir los ángulos del dedo gordo y del hueso largo situado detrás de él, se realizan radiografías en condiciones de carga. Estas mediciones ayudan a determinar qué tipo de corrección es la más adecuada para su pie.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

El juanete es un desplazamiento gradual del equilibrio en la articulación del dedo gordo del pie. El hueso largo situado detrás del dedo, el primer metatarsiano, se desplaza hacia adentro, mientras que el dedo se inclina en dirección opuesta, hacia los dedos más pequeños. El extremo de ese hueso empuja hacia afuera en la parte interna del pie; ese es el bulto que se puede ver y palpar.

Esto ocurre porque los tejidos blandos que mantienen el dedo en posición recta poco a poco ceden. Pueden compararse con las cuerdas de sujeción que mantienen erguido un poste de tienda de campaña. La capa de tejido en el lado interno de la articulación se estira, mientras que los tejidos del lado externo se tensan. Una vez que esto sucede, los tendones encargados de doblar y enderezar el dedo quedan situados en el lado externo de la articulación en lugar de quedar justo en el centro; por eso, con cada paso el dedo se desplaza aún más. Los dos pequeños huesos situados bajo la articulación, los sesamoideos, también se desplazan desde debajo del dedo; en consecuencia, el dedo gordo soporta menos peso y la parte delantera del pie, bajo el segundo dedo, soporta más. Por eso el dolor en esa zona suele acompañar a la presencia de un juanete.

Varios factores aumentan la probabilidad de que esto ocurra. Es hereditario: alrededor del 70 % de las personas con juanete tienen algún familiar que también lo padece. Es aproximadamente diez veces más frecuente en mujeres que en hombres, y suele aparecer entre los treinta y los cincuenta años. Los zapatos con puntera estrecha contribuyen a ello, ya que aprietan los dedos. También influyen los ligamentos laxos, la forma misma de la articulación y enfermedades como la artritis reumatoide, que consiste en un desgaste articular provocado por inflamación y no por el uso.

A medida que el dedo se inclina más, puede comprimir y presionar al segundo dedo, llegando a deformarlo en forma de dedo en martillo. El dedo también puede rotar, de modo que la uña quede orientada hacia los demás dedos. Estos cambios suelen producirse lentamente a lo largo de los años; por eso el bulto y el desplazamiento del dedo parecen ir aumentando poco a poco en lugar de aparecer de repente.

Qué podemos hacer al respecto

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano ortopédico especializado en pie y tobillo en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, comienza con las opciones menos invasivas que se adapten a su pie. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha recomendado consultarnos, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su primera visita, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su pie y utilizamos radiografías en carga para medir los ángulos de la deformidad. Esas mediciones, junto con la capacidad de volver a alinear el dedo del pie, nos ayudan a elegir el tratamiento más adecuado para usted.

El tratamiento no quirúrgico no puede enderezar el dedo una vez que ya se ha desviado, pero sí puede aliviar los síntomas. Los zapatos más anchos con una puntera espaciosa reducen la presión sobre el bulto. Los separadores de dedos y las férulas que se usan por la noche pueden disminuir la molestia, aunque es poco probable que corrijan la deformidad. Los analgésicos y antiinflamatorios simples le ayudarán a mantenerse activo. Por lo general, recomendamos probar estas medidas durante un tiempo razonable antes de considerar la cirugía.

La cirugía se contempla cuando el tratamiento no quirúrgico no le brinda suficiente alivio, o cuando la deformidad es grave. La intervención se adapta a su pie: el tipo y grado de la deformidad determinan qué corrección se aplicará. Las opciones van desde cortar y realinear el metatarso mediante pequeñas incisiones, hasta fusionar articulaciones cuando la deformidad es importante o la articulación presenta artritis. En el caso de niños y adolescentes cuyos huesos aún están en crecimiento, normalmente se pospone la cirugía y se prueba primero el tratamiento no quirúrgico, ya que en este grupo de edad el dedo tiene más probabilidades de volver a desviarse tras la operación. Analizaremos juntos todas las opciones y decidiremos cuál se ajusta mejor a su pie y a sus objetivos.

Qué esperar

El juanete es un problema de evolución lenta. La deformidad tiende a desarrollarse gradualmente a lo largo de los años, en lugar de aparecer de repente, y normalmente no se corrige por sí sola. A medida que el dedo se desplaza más con el paso del tiempo, la molestia que siente ahora probablemente persistirá e incluso aumentará si no se abordan las causas subyacentes.

Los tratamientos no quirúrgicos pueden marcar una gran diferencia en cómo se siente su pie día a día. Los zapatos más anchos, los separadores y los analgésicos sencillos no pueden enderezar el dedo, pero sí alivian los síntomas lo suficiente para que muchas personas mantengan una vida activa sin necesidad de cirugía. Si estas medidas dejan de ser efectivas, o si la deformidad empeora, la cirugía es el único procedimiento capaz de corregir la posición del dedo.

La cirugía funciona bien en la mayoría de los pacientes. Las tasas de éxito reportadas oscilan entre el 80 % y el 95 %. El tipo de corrección se adapta a su pie; tanto para deformidades leves o moderadas como para casos graves existen opciones fiables. La edad por sí sola no influye en el resultado de uno de los procedimientos más comunes, y no hay evidencia de que el sobrepeso empeore el resultado de otro procedimiento. En el caso de deformidades graves, el 86 % de los pacientes afirmaron que la operación valió la pena ocho años después.

Es justo reconocer que los resultados no son perfectos para todo el mundo. Tras muchos años de seguimiento, alrededor del 25,9 % de los pacientes manifiestan insatisfacción. Las razones principales son una corrección incompleta de la deformidad o la aparición posterior de dolor en la parte anterior del pie. También existe una pequeña probabilidad de que el dedo vuelva a desviarse con el tiempo; esto es más frecuente en niños y adolescentes cuyos huesos aún están en crecimiento. En esos casos, se puede recurrir a otra cirugía; además, las técnicas quirúrgicas mínimamente invasivas permiten corregir un juanete recurrente con una tasa de complicaciones muy baja.

La recuperación tras la cirugía requiere semanas o incluso meses, no días; su cirujano le explicará cómo será este proceso en su caso concreto. El objetivo realista es obtener un pie más recto y cómodo, que le permita usar zapatos normales y caminar sin el dolor que experimenta actualmente.

Cuándo consultar a un especialista

Acuda a su médico de cabecera si el dolor en la protuberancia o debajo de la parte anterior del pie persiste a pesar de usar zapatos más anchos y analgésicos simples, o si le resulta realmente difícil usar zapatos. Solicite una evaluación especializada si su dedo gordo del pie se desvía cada vez más con el tiempo, si está comprimiendo o doblando el segundo dedo, o si el dedo ha empezado a rotar de modo que la uña apunta hacia los demás dedos. La sensación de entumecimiento en la cara interna del dedo gordo debido a la presión del calzado también merece ser evaluada. Busque atención médica con mayor urgencia si la piel sobre la protuberancia se vuelve roja, hinchada o presenta úlceras, o si observa cambios en la circulación o en la sensibilidad del pie, como ausencia de pulsos o piel de color oscuro.


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