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Fractura periprotésica (rodilla)

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Qué está sintiendo

Una fractura cerca de una prótesis de rodilla significa que el hueso cercano al implante se ha roto. El dolor suele sentirse justo por encima o por debajo de la rodilla, en la parte inferior del muslo o en la parte superior de la tibia. Al principio suele ser intenso y luego se convierte en un dolor sordo. Ponerse de pie, caminar y doblar la rodilla suelen empeorarlo; en cambio, descansar con la pierna apoyada suele aliviarlo.

El dolor puede intensificarse por la noche o al empezar a moverse después de estar sentado o acostado. Muchas personas lo notan más al despertar y al dar los primeros pasos. Levantarse de una silla, subir escaleras, caminar hasta el buzón o entrar y salir del coche pueden volverse difíciles. Es posible que no confíe en que la pierna lo sostenga, por lo que evita apoyar todo su peso en ella.

Este tipo de fractura puede afectarlo mucho más allá del período de curación. La calidad de vida puede seguir disminuida hasta 12 meses después de la lesión, incluso una vez que la fractura ya haya sanado. Esto es un patrón normal, no indica que haya algún problema en su recuperación.

Estas fracturas ocurren con mayor frecuencia en personas mayores cuyos huesos ya no son tan fuertes como antes. Son poco comunes, pero cuando suceden requieren un tratamiento cuidadoso. Su cirujano examinará detenidamente sus radiografías y tomará un historial clínico completo para descartar infección alrededor de la prótesis antes de decidir el tratamiento. La mayoría de estas fracturas pueden tratarse manteniendo el hueso inmóvil mientras sana, dejando la prótesis de rodilla en su lugar. La cirugía para reemplazar el implante solo se considera cuando este se ha aflojado o está mal alineado.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

Una prótesis de rodilla se inserta dentro del hueso, similar a una barra colocada en un poste de valla. La parte metálica es resistente, pero es el hueso que la rodea el que mantiene todo en su sitio. En una fractura periprotésica, ese hueso circundante se rompe mientras la prótesis permanece en su lugar. Por lo general, la fractura se produce justo por encima de la prótesis, en el fémur, o justo debajo de ella, en la tibia.

Estas fracturas suelen darse en huesos que con el tiempo se han vuelto más delgados y débiles. Algunas enfermedades y el uso prolongado de corticoides también pueden reducir la capacidad del hueso para sujetar firmemente la prótesis. En ocasiones, el hueso cercano a la prótesis se ha desgastado gradualmente, dejando menos material óseo para soportar la carga. Cuando un hueso débil se enfrenta a un tropezón o una caída, puede fracturarse allí donde un hueso más fuerte no lo haría.

El dolor que siente se debe a que el hueso roto se mueve ligeramente cada vez que carga peso con la pierna. Al ponerse de pie o caminar, los bordes fracturados se juntan, motivo por el cual esos movimientos son los que más duelen. La rodilla también puede sentirse inestable, ya que el hueso que sujeta la prótesis ya no se mueve como una sola pieza sólida junto con el resto de la pierna.

Su cirujano examinará detenidamente sus radiografías, pues el metal de la prótesis puede ocultar la línea de fractura en una imagen convencional. Si las radiografías no son claras, una gammagrafía ósea puede revelarla. Estas fracturas son poco frecuentes; ocurren en un pequeño porcentaje de pacientes con prótesis de rodilla, pero requieren un tratamiento cuidadoso cuando se presentan. En la mayoría de los casos, se logra la curación manteniendo el hueso inmóvil, sin necesidad de retirar la prótesis. Solo se considera reemplazar la prótesis cuando esta se ha aflojado o se encuentra fuera de posición.

¿Qué podemos hacer al respecto?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de rodilla en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, adapta el tratamiento a su fractura específica. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En la clínica, tomamos un historial completo, examinamos su rodilla y solicitamos estudios de imagen para determinar dónde se ha roto el hueso y si la prótesis sigue en su lugar.

Dado que este tipo de fractura es una lesión estructural, normalmente se recomienda la cirugía de inmediato, en lugar de intentar un tratamiento no quirúrgico primero. Dejar que el hueso se cure por sí solo rara vez es una opción viable para este tipo de fracturas. El objetivo principal es mantener el hueso roto inmóvil mientras cicatriza, sin mover la prótesis de rodilla. Antes de cualquier intervención, revisamos cuidadosamente si hay infección alrededor de la prótesis, pues eso influye en el procedimiento a seguir.

La intervención principal se denomina reducción abierta y fijación interna: consiste en volver a alinear el hueso y fijarlo con una placa metálica y tornillos. En fracturas que ocurren justo por encima de la prótesis, en el fémur, se suele emplear una placa bloqueante; sus tornillos se fijan a la propia placa, lo que proporciona mayor estabilidad en huesos más delgados. Otra opción para ciertas fracturas femorales es colocar una varilla dentro del canal óseo. Ambos métodos mantienen el hueso estable mientras cicatriza; le explicaremos cuál es el más adecuado para su caso.

En fracturas que se producen justo debajo de la prótesis, en la tibia, a veces es posible introducir la placa mediante dos incisiones pequeñas en lugar de una sola incisión larga. De este modo se deja la zona de fractura intacta, preservando el riego sanguíneo necesario para la curación ósea. En casos excepcionales, cuando el hueso es muy delgado, se puede utilizar un armazón externo que mantiene el hueso estable desde el exterior de la pierna.

Si el hueso alrededor de la prótesis se ha desgastado o desintegrado en el punto de la fractura, quizás no quede suficiente hueso sólido para que la placa se fije. En tales casos, se pueden emplear hueso de donante para reforzar la zona, o bien sustituir el extremo inferior del fémur por un implante nuevo. Esta última opción implica una intervención más compleja, pero permite cargar peso sobre la pierna de inmediato.

Un número reducido de estas fracturas afectan a la rótula; en esos casos, normalmente se opta por un tratamiento no quirúrgico, con reposo y soporte hasta que el hueso se asiente.

Tras la cirugía, el movimiento y el fortalecimiento muscular suelen iniciarse pronto, a menudo en los primeros días. Al principio, utilizará muletas y cargará peso parcialmente en la pierna, según lo permita el dolor. Se permite cargar peso completo una vez que el hueso se haya consolidado, lo cual comprobamos mediante radiografía. Antes de que se vaya a casa, le explicaremos detalladamente su plan de recuperación.

Qué esperar

Estas fracturas representan un verdadero contratiempo; por eso es útil ir preparado con información clara. La mayoría se tratan manteniendo el hueso inmóvil mientras cicatriza, dejando el prótesis de rodilla en su lugar. Cuando esto se hace correctamente, el hueso suele unirse y la prótesis sigue funcionando sin problemas. Tras una cirugía adicional, 89 de cada 100 pacientes con este tipo de fractura lograron la consolidación ósea. No obstante, no todas las fracturas se unen según lo previsto: algunos huesos tardan más en consolidarse y un pequeño porcentaje nunca llega a unirse. Alrededor de 18 de cada 100 pacientes tratados con placa para esta fractura terminaron con una falta de consolidación ósea; además, cerca de 24 de cada 100 presentaron algún tipo de complicación durante el proceso.

La cicatrización requiere meses, no semanas. En casos en que el hueso necesita ayuda adicional para unirse, la consolidación puede tardar entre 3 y 8 meses. No volverá a la normalidad rápidamente; es importante tenerlo en cuenta desde ahora. Incluso cuando la fractura ya se haya estabilizado, sus efectos en la calidad de vida pueden persistir hasta 12 meses. Muchas personas notan que la pierna se cansa más rápido, que subir escaleras requiere planificación y que la confianza en la rodilla regresa lentamente. Esta es la evolución habitual de la recuperación; no indica que algo haya salido mal.

Existen, sin embargo, aspectos positivos. Cuando el hueso sí se une, la prótesis de rodilla suele seguir funcionando igual que antes. Las personas que sufren esta fractura no presentan peores tasas de supervivencia de la prótesis en comparación con quienes nunca la tuvieron. Algunas opciones de tratamiento también permiten cargar peso sobre la pierna de inmediato, lo que puede acortar la estancia hospitalaria y facilitar el retorno a las actividades cotidianas.

Si no se interviene, el hueso rara vez se consolida por sí solo; por eso, por lo general se recomienda la cirugía a tiempo. Los principales riesgos a vigilar son la falta de consolidación ósea o la necesidad de nuevas intervenciones quirúrgicas posteriormente. Su cirujano le explicará cómo se aplican estas cifras a su caso concreto, a la calidad de su hueso y a su estado de salud general.

Cuándo consultar a un especialista

Si se cae o tropieza y siente un dolor agudo justo por encima o por debajo de su prótesis de rodilla, debe hacerse una evaluación de inmediato. Acuda a urgencias si no puede soportar ningún peso con la pierna, o si la pierna parece deformada o más corta. Consulte a su médico de cabecera si presenta dolor persistente cerca de la prótesis que no mejora con el reposo, o si el dolor le despierta por la noche. Solicite una valoración por parte de un especialista si siente que la rodilla es inestable, o si no confía en que la pierna le sostenga al ponerse de pie. Estas fracturas ocurren en huesos que se han vuelto más delgados y débiles; por eso, un simple tropiezo puede ser suficiente para provocarlas. En caso de detectarse una fractura, normalmente se recomienda intervención quirúrgica cuanto antes, ya que el hueso rara vez se consolida por sí solo.


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