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Dolor lumbar

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Qué está sintiendo

El dolor lumbar se refiere al dolor que se localiza entre las costillas inferiores y el pliegue glúteo. Puede permanecer en la espalda o extenderse hacia la pierna. Si dura más de 3 meses, se denomina crónico; si comenzó recientemente y ha durado menos de 6 semanas, se considera agudo.

La mayoría de los dolores de espalda son de tipo mecánico, es decir, se originan por la forma en que la espalda se mueve y soporta cargas, y no por algún daño nervioso. Es probable que lo note más al agacharse, levantar objetos o permanecer sentado durante mucho tiempo. Con frecuencia empeora tras realizar actividad física o al levantarse de la cama por la mañana. En algunas personas, este dolor interfiere con el sueño; cuanto más a menudo aparece, mayor es su impacto en el descanso.

El dolor puede dificultar las tareas cotidianas: levantarse de una silla, ponerse zapatos y calcetines, llevar bolsas de compras o permanecer de pie mientras cocina pueden volverse complicados. El trabajo, especialmente aquellos que implican levantar pesos o estar sentado largos periodos, puede resultar especialmente arduo.

Hay algunos aspectos que vale la pena conocer. Si ya ha sufrido dolor lumbar anteriormente, es más probable que vuelva a presentarse. El hecho de sentir dolor al inicio de la jornada laboral también aumenta la probabilidad de que persista. Otras afecciones médicas pueden dificultar el tratamiento del dolor de espalda; además, el dolor lumbar suele ir acompañado de molestias en otras zonas, como las caderas o el cuello.

A la mayoría de las personas que consultan al médico por dolor lumbar se les diagnostica dolor lumbar mecánico o inespecífico, lo que significa que no se ha identificado una estructura dañada ni un nervio comprimido. Este es un hallazgo frecuente y no indica que se haya pasado por alto algún problema. En ocasiones, el dolor proveniente de la articulación sacroilíaca, donde la columna vertebral se une a la pelvis, también se percibe como dolor lumbar.

Su cirujano evaluará no solo la intensidad del dolor, sino también su forma de moverse, dormir, afrontar la situación y desenvolverse en el día a día; todos estos factores son relevantes para determinar el tratamiento más adecuado.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

Su columna vertebral está formada por una serie de huesos llamados vértebras. Hay 33 en total, agrupadas en cinco secciones: el cuello, el tórax, la zona lumbar y dos secciones fusionadas en la base. El sacro y el cóccix están completamente fusionados, por lo que quedan 24 segmentos móviles. Los huesos de la zona lumbar son los más grandes, ya que soportan la mayor parte del peso.

Entre esos huesos móviles se encuentran unas almohadillas llamadas discos intervertebrales. Cada disco posee un centro blando y gelatinoso, rodeado por un anillo externo resistente compuesto de fibras superpuestas; es similar a un neumático con una pared lateral fuerte que envuelve un núcleo blando. El centro retiene agua y distribuye la presión de manera uniforme al levantar o doblarse; el anillo externo evita que el contenido se escape. Detrás de cada disco hay pequeñas articulaciones, y músculos y ligamentos fuertes envuelven toda la columna para mantenerla estable.

Los huesos soportan la mayor parte de la carga, entre el 70 % y el 90 %. Las pequeñas articulaciones posteriores asumen otro 10 % a 20 % cuando usted está de pie. La zona lumbar presenta una curvatura natural hacia adelante; los músculos que recorren la columna actúan como tensores que mantienen dicha curvatura y protegen los nervios que pasan por el centro.

Con el paso del tiempo, los discos pierden agua y su capacidad amortiguadora disminuye. El espacio intervertebral se estrecha, los huesos quedan más próximos entre sí y las pequeñas articulaciones posteriores deben soportar una carga superior a la prevista. Este proceso de desgaste en la zona lumbar es muy frecuente: afecta a entre el 40 % y el 85 % de las personas. Es una de las razones por las que la zona lumbar suele ser un punto problemático: las articulaciones donde la columna se une a la pelvis reciben mayor demanda, y su rigidez puede sobrecargar los segmentos circundantes.

Cuando estas estructuras dejan de moverse con fluidez y de distribuir la carga de forma equitativa, los tejidos circundantes se irritan. Ese es el dolor que siente al doblarse, levantar objetos o sentarse; por eso el malestar suele intensificarse tras la actividad, en lugar de deberse a una lesión concreta.

Qué podemos hacer al respecto

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de extremidades superiores en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, comienza con las opciones menos invasivas que se adapten a su condición. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su primera visita, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su espalda y solicitamos estudios de imagen únicamente cuando esto modificará el tratamiento posterior.

En la mayoría de los casos de dolor de espalda, no se identifica una sola estructura dañada; por ello, el tratamiento busca reducir el dolor y mejorar la funcionalidad, en lugar de “reparar” una parte concreta. Normalmente iniciamos con terapias que no requieren medicación ni cirugía. Mantenerse activo y adaptar los movimientos y hábitos laborales puede aliviar los síntomas. La fisioterapia emplea ejercicios para disminuir el dolor y aumentar la capacidad funcional; existen numerosos tipos de ejercicios útiles, incluido el yoga. Otras opciones que podríamos proponer son tratamientos manuales como la osteopatía y la acupuntura, así como programas que analizan cómo el dolor afecta el sueño, el estado de ánimo, la vida cotidiana y el cuerpo del paciente. Estos programas implican la colaboración de varios profesionales de la salud junto con usted. Ponemos a prueba cada enfoque de manera justa antes de pasar al siguiente, y le explicamos cuál es el objetivo de cada uno y qué puede esperar de él.

Los analgésicos pueden ayudarle a mantenerse activo mientras los demás tratamientos hacen efecto; actúan en conjunto con el ejercicio y los cambios en las actividades, no como sustituto de estos. No ofrecemos inyecciones para esta condición.

La cirugía se considera únicamente cuando el tratamiento no quirúrgico no ha producido mejoría suficiente y existe una razón clara para que la operación sea beneficiosa. En el caso del dolor de espalda sin afectación nerviosa, la utilidad de intervenciones como la fusión vertebral o el reemplazo de disco es limitada; por ello, tomamos estas decisiones con sumo cuidado junto con usted. Cuando la cirugía es una opción viable, le explicamos en detalle en qué consiste, qué puede y qué no puede cambiar, así como cómo será su recuperación, de modo que la decisión sea tomada en colaboración entre usted y nosotros.

Qué esperar

El dolor de espalda rara vez sigue un patrón lineal. Algunas personas se recuperan en cuestión de semanas; otras experimentan dolores intermitentes, con días buenos y días malos, durante un año o más. La recuperación total en 6 meses es poco frecuente; por eso es útil planificar un progreso gradual en lugar de esperar una solución rápida.

A largo plazo, la mayoría de los casos permanecen prácticamente iguales o mejoran lentamente. Aproximadamente 4 de cada 10 personas descubren que, con el tiempo, pueden realizar muchas más de sus actividades habituales. Unas pocas siguen sintiendo dolor molesto casi todos los días; muchas otras no experimentan dolor alguno durante semanas enteras. No existe un patrón único; cada caso es distinto.

Lo que realmente determina el curso del dolor no es lo que se observa en las imágenes médicas. Los cambios visibles en los estudios de imagen no permiten predecir quién se recuperará y quién no. Lo más importante es cómo usted percibe su espalda y hasta qué punto el dolor le impide realizar sus actividades. Preocuparse de que el movimiento cause daños, o sentirse deprimido o estresado, está relacionado con mayores dificultades cotidianas. Además, haber padecido dolor de espalda previamente aumenta la probabilidad de sufrir otro episodio, tal como ya mencionamos.

Si se deja sin tratamiento, el dolor de espalda puede persistir y limitar sus actividades. Si se gestiona adecuadamente, el pronóstico suele ser positivo. Mantenerse activo, controlar el miedo al movimiento y seguir un programa de ejercicios adaptado a sus necesidades son factores clave. Las personas que se incorporan a un programa estructurado suelen cumplirlo rigurosamente, asistiendo a casi todas las sesiones durante unas 10 semanas; esa constancia es parte esencial del éxito del tratamiento.

También conviene saber qué no hace el dolor de espalda: no provoca directamente depresión ni ansiedad, aunque ambas pueden coexistir. Asimismo, pocas personas terminan por dejar de trabajar a largo plazo o por recibir una pensión por discapacidad debido a su espalda.

En resumen: su espalda podría molestarle durante meses, pero con el plan adecuado la mayoría de las personas siguen trabajando, siguen siendo activas y siguen haciendo lo que les importa.

¿Cuándo consultar a un especialista?

La mayoría de los dolores de espalda mejoran con el tiempo y con cuidados sencillos; usted puede manejarlos con la ayuda de su médico de cabecera. Consulte a su médico si el dolor persiste más de 6 semanas sin mejorar, si le impide dormir o si le impide trabajar o realizar sus actividades diarias. Solicite una evaluación especializada si ya ha tenido dolores de espalda anteriormente y estos siguen reapareciendo, o si se sospecha que el dolor proviene de la articulación sacroilíaca, donde la columna vertebral se une a la pelvis. Acuda a urgencias si presenta debilidad o entumecimiento reciente en las piernas, o pérdida del control de la vejiga o los intestinos. Estos síntomas indican un problema nervioso que requiere evaluación inmediata.


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