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Veretroplastia y cifoplastia

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

¿Por qué se ha sugerido esta operación?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de columna de nuestra clínica, realiza vertebroplastia y cifoplastia para tratar fracturas por compresión dolorosas en la región media e inferior de la espalda. Se trata de procedimientos mínimamente invasivos. Se introduce cemento óseo dentro de un cuerpo vertebral agrietado —uno de los componentes estructurales de la columna— para estabilizarlo y aliviar el dolor. En la vertebroplastia, el cemento se inyecta directamente; en la cifoplastia, primero se crea un pequeño espacio dentro del hueso y luego se rellena.

Por lo general, sugerimos estas operaciones cuando una fractura sigue siendo dolorosa a pesar de haber recibido tratamiento no quirúrgico sin mejoría suficiente. Ese tratamiento puede incluir reposo, uso de férula, analgésicos y una recuperación gradual de la actividad física. Algunos pacientes requieren cirugía antes si la fractura es inestable o comprime los nervios.

Generalmente, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; no obstante, si un fisioterapeuta le ha recomendado consultarnos, seguirá necesitando una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. Evaluamos su historial clínico, lo examinamos y solicitamos estudios de imagen para confirmar la fractura y valorar la resistencia ósea.

El objetivo es aliviar el dolor y permitirle volver a moverse. La vertebroplastia proporciona un alivio rápido del dolor en aproximadamente el 90 % de los pacientes con fracturas osteoporóticas, es decir, fracturas causadas por huesos frágiles y debilitados. Ambos procedimientos pueden reducir el dolor y restablecer la movilidad con mayor rapidez que el tratamiento no quirúrgico por sí solo.

Antes de la operación

Será necesario realizar algunas pruebas de imagen antes de planificar el procedimiento. Estas pueden incluir radiografías, resonancia magnética o tomografía computarizada. Dichas pruebas confirman la fractura y nos muestran la forma del hueso roto. Además, antes de cualquier procedimiento con cemento, tomamos una pequeña muestra de tejido óseo, conocida como biopsia; esto nos ayuda a confirmar qué estamos tratando.

En los días previos a la cirugía, siga tomando sus medicamentos habituales, a menos que le indiquemos lo contrario. Deberá abstenerse de comer y beber durante siete horas antes de la operación. Pedimos este tiempo para poder adelantar su turno si la lista de cirugías avanza antes de lo previsto. Organice que alguien lo lleve a casa después del procedimiento. Use ropa holgada y cómoda, y lleve consigo una lista de sus medicamentos actuales. Si padece otras enfermedades, es posible que necesite análisis de sangre o una consulta con el anestesista, el médico encargado de administrarle la anestesia.

El día de la intervención

Llegará a la unidad de admisiones quirúrgicas del hospital, donde se le registrará y preparará para la cirugía. A continuación, conocerá al anestesista, el médico encargado de administrarle la anestesia. Esta operación se realiza bajo anestesia general. En ocasiones, se añade un bloqueo nervioso regional para aliviar el dolor postoperatorio; el anestesista hablará con usted al respecto ese mismo día.

Posteriormente, será llevado al quirófano, donde se realiza la intervención. Después, despertará en la sala de recuperación, donde las enfermeras le vigilarán mientras la anestesia va desapareciendo. Una vez que su estado sea estable, será trasladado a la planta de hospitalización o podrá volver a casa, según el tipo de procedimiento y su recuperación.

Descripción del procedimiento

Tanto la vertebroplastia como la cifoplastia son procedimientos mínimamente invasivos que se realizan mediante una pequeña incisión en la espalda, sobre el hueso fracturado. El cirujano utiliza guía por rayos X para asegurarse de que los instrumentos lleguen al lugar correcto dentro de la columna vertebral.

En la vertebroplastia, el cemento óseo se introduce directamente en el cuerpo vertebral fracturado para estabilizarlo. En la cifoplastia, el cirujano primero crea un pequeño espacio dentro del hueso, a menudo mediante un minúsculo balón que se infla y luego se retira, y posteriormente llena ese espacio con cemento. El cemento se solidifica firmemente dentro del hueso, manteniendo la fractura en su lugar.

La incisión se cierra con puntos de sutura y se cubre con un apósito. Dado que el procedimiento se realiza a través de una abertura tan pequeña, no se genera una incisión grande que deba cicatrizar.

Qué puede salir mal

Estos procedimientos suelen ser seguros y las complicaciones son relativamente poco frecuentes. La más común es la fuga leve de cemento fuera del hueso fracturado. Esto ocurre con mayor frecuencia en la vertebroplastia que en la cifoplastia, y también cuando la fractura es causada por la propagación del cáncer en lugar de por fragilidad ósea. La mayoría de estas fugas no provocan ningún síntoma.

Cualquier intervención quirúrgica en la columna conlleva ciertos riesgos generales, como infección, hemorragia y reacciones al anestésico. También existe una pequeña probabilidad de que se produzca una nueva fractura en un cuerpo vertebral cercano posteriormente. Los factores más determinantes para la aparición de nuevas fracturas son la fragilidad de los huesos y si la columna permanece flexionada hacia adelante en el lugar de la fractura. Someterse a alguno de estos procedimientos no aumenta el riesgo de fracturas en otros niveles en comparación con el tratamiento no quirúrgico.

Antes de que tome una decisión, analizaremos todos estos riesgos con usted; además, podrá plantear cualquier pregunta en cualquier momento.

Después de la operación

Despertará en la sala de recuperación, donde las enfermeras lo vigilarán mientras el efecto de la anestesia desaparece. El alivio del dolor forma parte de su plan de cuidados; nos aseguraremos de que se sienta cómodo mientras el cemento óseo se asienta y la pequeña incisión en su espalda comienza a cicatrizar. La mayoría de los pacientes pueden levantarse y moverse poco después del procedimiento, a menudo el mismo día. Durante las primeras 24 horas después de regresar a casa, debería haber alguien con usted. Su equipo médico le indicará si podrá irse a casa ese mismo día o si deberá permanecer una noche en el hospital. Dejamos el vendaje puesto durante unos 10 días; por favor, no lo retire antes de ese plazo a menos que se lo indiquemos. Lo cambiaremos o lo retiraremos cuando vengamos a verlo.

Recuperación

La mayoría de los pacientes se levantan y comienzan a moverse poco después de la intervención, a menudo el mismo día. La pequeña incisión en la espalda puede estar sensible durante unos días. Es normal que aparezca algo de hematoma alrededor del sitio de la incisión; este desaparece por sí solo. El uso de analgésicos sencillos y paseos cortos y suaves resultan de gran ayuda. Mantenga el vendaje seco y déjelo puesto durante unos 10 días; lo cambiaremos o lo retiraremos cuando venga a la consulta.

En los primeros días, haga paseos cortos por la casa, descansando cuando lo necesite. Su fisioterapeuta le guiará en movimientos suaves, aumentando gradualmente la intensidad según su tolerancia. Puede dormir en la posición que le resulte más cómoda. Evite levantar objetos pesados, doblarse o girar hasta que le indiquemos que es seguro hacerlo. Una vez que el dolor disminuya, tareas cotidianas como cocinar o ducharse resultarán más fáciles.

El cemento óseo se solidifica dentro del hueso durante la propia operación, estabilizando así la fractura desde el interior. A medida que el dolor disminuya, notará que puede permanecer de pie y caminar durante periodos más largos. La vuelta a sus actividades habituales se produce de forma gradual; le daremos autorización para cada una de ellas a medida que las vaya logrando, incluido el uso del automóvil, una vez que haya dejado de tomar analgésicos fuertes y pueda reaccionar adecuadamente en caso de una parada de emergencia.

La recuperación varía de una persona a otra. Su cronograma personal puede diferir; su cirujano y fisioterapeuta le guiarán en cada revisión.

Qué puede salir mal

La mayoría de los pacientes evolucionan bien, pero en ocasiones pueden presentarse problemas. Su cirujano y el equipo lo vigilarán de cerca para detectar cualquier anomalía a tiempo.

En algunos casos, el cemento puede filtrarse ligeramente fuera del hueso fracturado. La mayoría de estas fugas no provocan síntomas, por lo que usted no notaría nada. No obstante, si tras la intervención experimenta dolor nuevo, entumecimiento o debilidad, llame a la clínica para que lo evaluemos.

Posteriormente, podría producirse una fractura en un cuerpo vertebral cercano. Esto se manifestaría como un episodio nuevo del mismo problema: un dolor súbito en la zona media o baja de la espalda, que empeora al ponerse de pie o moverse. Si esto ocurre, comuníquese con la clínica en lugar de esperar a su próxima cita de seguimiento.

El hueso tratado también podría colapsar nuevamente, perdiendo parte de la altura que se había recuperado. Notaría el regreso del dolor o una mayor curvatura hacia adelante de la columna. Comente esto en su próxima revisión, o llame antes si el dolor es intenso.

Algunas situaciones conllevan mayor riesgo que otras. Las fracturas causadas por metástasis tumorales, en lugar de por debilidad ósea, tienen mayor probabilidad de presentar fugas de cemento. Un colapso severo en el borde anterior del hueso, acompañado de curvatura de la columna, incrementa los riesgos asociados únicamente a la vertebroplastia. Si alguno de estos casos le aplica, lo discutiremos antes de que tome una decisión.

En la tabla de complicaciones de esta página se detallan las tasas típicas, por si desea conocer los datos específicos.

¿Cuándo debemos ser contactados?

Llámenos si tiene fiebre, o si la piel alrededor del pequeño corte en su espalda se vuelve más roja, hinchada o comienza a exudar líquido. Llámenos si nota dolor nuevo, entumecimiento o debilidad, o si el dolor de su fractura empeora repentinamente. Acuda a urgencias si presenta hinchazón o dolor en la pantorrilla, dificultad para respirar, dolor en el pecho, pérdida de sensibilidad en las piernas o problemas para moverlas. Estos síntomas requieren evaluación inmediata.


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