Skip to content

Patients › Rehabilitation

Excisión de la extremidad distal de la clavícula

Rehabilitation after isolated arthroscopic distal clavicle excision; combined cases follow the rotator cuff repair protocol.

Updated Jun 2026
Ilustración del extremo externo de la clavícula donde se une al omóplato.
El extremo externo de la clavícula, en la articulación acromioclavicular. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Este protocolo le servirá de guía para su recuperación tras la excisión artroscópica de la extremidad distal de la clavícula (también denominada excisión de la articulación AC o procedimiento de Mumford) realizada por el Dr. Kieran Hirpara en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton. Cada fase comienza con una explicación sencilla en lenguaje coloquial sobre lo más importante, seguida del protocolo estructurado destinado a su fisioterapeuta. Lleve esta página o su versión en PDF a su primera sesión de fisioterapia para garantizar una rehabilitación coordinada. Su fisioterapeuta hará avanzar cada fase según la evolución de su hombro, no en función del calendario.

Este protocolo es válido únicamente para una excisión aislada de la extremidad distal de la clavícula. Si en su intervención también se realizó una reparación del manguito rotador, deberá seguir el protocolo de reparación del manguito rotador, ya que el tendón reparado requiere un ritmo de recuperación más lento. (La excisión de la extremidad distal de la clavícula también se combina frecuentemente con una descompresión subacromial; en ese caso, el presente protocolo sigue siendo aplicable.)

Si tiene alguna duda o inquietud respecto a su herida postoperatoria, no dude en contactar con nuestra consulta. A menudo resulta útil tomar una fotografía de la herida y enviarla por correo electrónico para su evaluación.

Qué esperar

La excisión de la extremidad distal de la clavícula consiste en retirar unos pocos milímetros de hueso del extremo de la clavícula, de modo que las superficies desgastadas de la articulación acromioclavicular (la pequeña articulación situada en la parte superior del hombro) dejen de rozarse entre sí. No hay ninguna estructura que requiera protección durante la cicatrización, por lo que la rehabilitación avanza rápidamente: el cabestrillo se usa únicamente por comodidad; la mayoría de los pacientes lo dejan de usar en la primera o segunda semana. El movimiento se inicia de inmediato, y todos los protocolos publicados para esta intervención recomiendan el movimiento temprano en lugar del reposo.

Hay dos aspectos específicos de esta operación que determinan el protocolo de rehabilitación:

  • Los movimientos que cruzan el cuerpo son los más lentos en recuperarse. Los movimientos de aducción horizontal comprimen la zona donde se extrajo el hueso; por ello, suelen ser los últimos en resultar cómodos. Al principio se evitan deliberadamente y luego se reintroducen gradualmente.
  • Los ejercicios de presión intensa vienen al final. Los ejercicios que someten a la articulación acromioclavicular a una carga elevada (press de banca, fondos y flexiones) son los últimos en reintroducirse, generalmente tras tres o cuatro meses. La mayoría de las demás actividades se recuperan mucho antes.

Resumen del proceso de recuperación:

  • Fase I — Recuperación temprana y movilización — semana 0–2
  • Fase II — Restauración de la amplitud de movimiento — semana 2–6
  • Fase III — Fortalecimiento y retorno a la actividad — semana 6–12
  • Fase IV — Retorno a la actividad plena — a partir de la semana 12

La mayoría de los pacientes pueden utilizar el brazo para tareas cotidianas sencillas en las primeras dos semanas; vuelven a realizar la mayoría de sus actividades normales entre las cuatro y seis semanas, y retoman el deporte y trabajos más exigentes entre las ocho y doce semanas. Los atletas que practican deportes con movimientos repetitivos por encima de la cabeza (lanzamiento, natación, tenis) suelen necesitar un poco más de tiempo, aproximadamente entre dos y cuatro meses.

Fase I — Recuperación inicial y movilización (Semana 0–2)

Durante las dos primeras semanas, el objetivo es controlar el dolor y la hinchazón mientras se comienza a mover el hombro. Aplique hielo con regularidad: lo habitual es hacerlo tres o cuatro veces al día durante la primera o segunda semana. El cabestrillo sirve únicamente para mayor comodidad: úselo tanto como le resulte útil, saque el brazo con frecuencia y deje de usarlo en cuanto se sienta cómodo sin él. Muchas personas lo encuentran más útil fuera de casa, para evitar que alguien golpee el brazo. No debe conducir durante al menos seis semanas después de cualquier operación de hombro, incluso una vez retirado el cabestrillo; su cirujano le autorizará para conducir, normalmente en la revisión de la semana seis.

Comience a moverse de inmediato: el codo, la muñeca y la mano deben moverse desde el primer día, junto con ejercicios pendulares suaves y movimientos asistidos del hombro (utilizando el otro brazo, un palo o un sistema de poleas para elevar y rotar el brazo operado hacia afuera). Tome los analgésicos antes de hacer los ejercicios y antes de las sesiones de fisioterapia. El único movimiento que debe evitar por ahora es estirar el brazo a través del cuerpo hacia el hombro opuesto.

Para su fisioterapeuta:

Objetivos

  • Controlar el dolor y la hinchazón
  • Lograr un rango de movilidad temprano: aproximadamente 140° de flexión frontal y 40° de rotación externa lateral al final de esta fase
  • Lograr independencia en el programa de ejercicios en casa

Manejo

  • El cabestrillo es solo para comodidad: retirarlo gradualmente durante las primeras 1–2 semanas, según la tolerancia
  • Aplicar crioterapia 3–4 veces al día, especialmente después del ejercicio
  • Realizar inmediatamente movimientos activos de cuello, codo, antebrazo, muñeca y mano
  • Ejercicios pendulares desde el primer día
  • Movilización pasiva y asistida del hombro según tolerancia: elevación frontal, rotación externa y rotación interna detrás de la espalda, usando poleas, una vara o bastón, así como posiciones supinas con asistencia de la gravedad
  • Ejercicios de fijación escapular y movilidad periescapular; prestar atención al ritmo escapulohumeral desde el inicio
  • Fortalecimiento de la prensión; ejercicios isométricos suaves del hombro según permita el dolor
  • Administrar analgésicos antes de los ejercicios y sesiones de fisioterapia
  • Realizar el programa domiciliario 3–5 veces al día

Precauciones

  • Evitar la adducción horizontal a través del cuerpo
  • No realizar ejercicios de resistencia en el hombro, salvo isométricos suaves
  • No levantar objetos más pesados que artículos cotidianos ligeros; no soportar peso con el brazo (por ejemplo, empujarse hacia arriba desde una silla o cama)
  • No conducir durante seis semanas (esto aplica a cualquier operación de hombro)

Criterios para avanzar

  • Se ha abandonado el uso del cabestrillo y el dolor está disminuyendo
  • Se logra una elevación asistida cómoda de aproximadamente 140° y una rotación externa de alrededor de 40°

Fase II — Restauración del rango de movimiento (Semana 2–6)

Ahora que ya no se usa el cabestrillo, esta fase tiene como objetivo lograr un movimiento completo del hombro en todas las direcciones: primero mediante movimientos asistidos y luego impulsados por la propia fuerza del brazo. Una vez que el rango de movimiento se acerque a lo normal, se inicia un fortalecimiento suave de los músculos del manguito rotador y de la escápula, utilizando bandas elásticas y pesos ligeros. Utilice el brazo con normalidad para las actividades diarias, pero limite las cargas a un nivel moderado (no más de 5 kg aproximadamente) y evite cualquier actividad que ejerza presión o carga excesiva sobre el brazo. El movimiento de estiramiento hacia el otro lado del cuerpo se reintroduce gradualmente según su tolerancia; es común sentir cierta molestia al final de ese movimiento, que suele desaparecer con el tiempo. Muchas personas consideran útil aplicar calor antes del estiramiento y hielo después; además, desde la semana cuatro aproximadamente se puede retomar el ejercicio físico de intensidad ligera en la parte inferior del cuerpo, como caminar, usar una bicicleta estática o trotar.

Para su fisioterapeuta:

Objetivos

  • Alcanzar un rango de movimiento activo completo o casi completo en todos los planos al final de esta fase
  • Normalizar la cinemática escapulohumeral
  • Iniciar el fortalecimiento del manguito rotador y de los músculos periescapulares una vez que el rango de movimiento activo sea casi completo

Manejo

  • Progresar desde el rango de movimiento pasivo y asistido hasta el rango activo en todos los planos: flexión y elevación en el plano escapular hasta alcanzar el máximo posible; rotación externa lateral y a 90° de abducción según tolerancia; rotación interna detrás de la espalda con un suave estiramiento capsular posterior
  • Reintroducir gradualmente el rango de adducción cruzada del cuerpo, guiándose por los síntomas
  • Aplicar terapia manual y movilización glenohumeral según sea necesario
  • Pasar de ejercicios isométricos a fortalecimiento del manguito rotador y de los estabilizadores escapulares con bandas elásticas una vez que el rango de movimiento activo sea casi completo; realizar muchas repeticiones con carga baja
  • Aplicar calor antes y hielo después de las sesiones según preferencia; administrar analgésicos antes de los ejercicios
  • Retorno gradual a las actividades diarias normales; iniciar ejercicios de intensidad ligera para la parte inferior del cuerpo (caminar, bicicleta estática, trotar) a partir de la semana 4 aproximadamente

Precauciones

  • Mantener las cargas ligeras: no más de 5 kg en el lado operado
  • Evitar la adducción horizontal extrema bajo carga y cualquier posición que provoque pinzamiento
  • No realizar ejercicios de compresión: press de banca, fondos, flexiones
  • Postergar el estiramiento combinado de abducción y rotación (posición 90/90) si el hombro resulta sensible o irritable

Criterios para avanzar

  • Rango de movimiento activo completo o casi completo sin molestias significativas
  • Tolerancia al fortalecimiento con bandas elásticas sin reaparición del dolor

Fase III — Fortalecimiento y retorno a la actividad (Semana 6–12)

Una vez recuperado el rango completo de movimiento, la atención se centra en reconstruir la fuerza y permitirle volver a sus actividades habituales. El entrenamiento de resistencia avanza desde el uso de bandas elásticas hasta mancuernas, enfocándose en el manguito rotador, el deltoides y los músculos de la escápula. Los ejercicios se vuelven más funcionales: entrenamiento en gimnasio, natación, un programa progresivo de lanzamientos para atletas lanzadores, y un retorno gradual a las tareas laborales y deportivas. La mayoría de las personas retornan al deporte y a trabajos más exigentes durante esta fase, entre las ocho y doce semanas, guiados por su nivel de confort y fuerza más que por el calendario. Los ejercicios de empuje que más carga ejercen sobre la articulación acromioclavicular (press de banca, fondos y flexiones) son los últimos en reintroducirse, comenzando con cargas ligeras y amplitudes reducidas.

Para su fisioterapeuta:

Objetivos

  • Restaurar la fuerza, la resistencia y el control neuromuscular del cinturón escapular
  • Retorno gradual a las tareas laborales, actividades recreativas y entrenamiento deportivo específico

Manejo

  • Entrenamiento de resistencia progresivo para el manguito rotador, deltoides y estabilizadores de la escápula: desde bandas elásticas hasta mancuernas ligeras; habitualmente 2–3 series de 8–15 repeticiones
  • Incorporar ejercicios excéntricos, ejercicios en cadena cerrada y, hacia el final de la fase, ejercicios pliométricos según sea pertinente para el deporte del paciente
  • Entrenamiento funcional y deportivo específico: natación, programa de lanzamientos progresivo para atletas lanzadores, ejercicios deportivos bajo condiciones controladas
  • Retorno gradual a todas las tareas laborales y actividades deportivas, basado en criterios específicos

Precauciones

  • Introducir al final los ejercicios de empuje que cargan la articulación acromioclavicular (press de banca, fondos, flexiones): comenzar con cargas ligeras y amplitudes reducidas; evitar que los codos desciendan por debajo o detrás de la línea del cuerpo
  • La progresión debe guiarse por los síntomas: si la articulación acromioclavicular se vuelve sensible, se debe reducir temporalmente la carga en lugar de insistir con el esfuerzo

Criterios para avanzar

  • Rango de movimiento funcional completo y sin dolor
  • Ausencia de dolor o sensibilidad en la zona operada al aplicar carga
  • Fuerza similar en el lado operado comparado con el lado no operado, según las pruebas realizadas

Fase IV — Retorno a la actividad plena (a partir de la semana 12)

La fase final consiste en el retorno a una actividad sin restricciones. La vida cotidiana y la mayoría de los deportes suelen haberse recuperado mucho antes de este punto; lo que queda es el mayor nivel de carga. La fuerza en ejercicios de presión en el gimnasio se recupera progresivamente; volver a alcanzar el rendimiento previo en el press de banca puede tardar hasta unos cuatro meses. En el caso de atletas que practican deportes con movimientos repetitivos por encima de la cabeza, el retorno a la actividad se realiza gradualmente durante un periodo de dos a cuatro meses tras la cirugía. El retorno completo al deporte y al trabajo de gran esfuerzo se confirma en su revisión de seguimiento, basándose en la amplitud de movimiento, la tolerancia a la carga y los resultados satisfactorios del examen clínico.

Para su fisioterapeuta:

Objetivos

  • Retorno sin restricciones al trabajo, al gimnasio y al deporte
  • Mantener a largo plazo la fuerza y la mecánica del cinturón escapular

Manejo

  • Aumentar progresivamente el entrenamiento específico para el gimnasio y el deporte, según la tolerancia del paciente; esto incluye ejercicios de presión con carga, prestando atención a la técnica para minimizar la tensión en la articulación acromioclavicular (profundidad controlada, codos que no se desplacen más allá de la línea del cuerpo)
  • Realizar progresivamente ejercicios de lanzamiento y actividades propias del deporte por encima de la cabeza, cuando sea pertinente

Precauciones

  • La progresión debe guiarse por los síntomas: cualquier dolor recurrente en la zona de la articulación acromioclavicular durante un ejercicio determinado indica la necesidad de ajustar la carga o la técnica antes de seguir avanzando

Después de seguir el protocolo

Las fases descritas anteriormente se han adaptado de protocolos de rehabilitación publicados para la excisión de la extremidad distal de la clavícula (Departamento de Cirugía Ortopédica de la Universidad de Saint Louis, Medicina Deportiva de la Universidad de Utah, Sports Surgery New York, Palm Beach Orthopaedic Institute, OrthoVirginia y Specialty Physicians of Illinois). Los rangos de semanas indicados son valores típicos, no fijos. Su rehabilitación será guiada de forma individual por su fisioterapeuta, en colaboración con nuestra clínica, según la evolución de su hombro. Esta página complementa las indicaciones generales de recuperación de nuestra clínica; consulte control del dolor postoperatorio y cuidado de la herida. Para información sobre la intervención quirúrgica en sí, consulte excisión de la extremidad distal de la clavícula.

La evidencia clínica que sustenta esta operación y su rehabilitación (incluida la comparación entre técnicas abiertas y artroscópicas, la cantidad de hueso que se extirpa y los motivos para ello, así como los protocolos publicados en los que se basa esta página) se resume con todas las referencias correspondientes en la sección de evidencia, disponible en formato PDF en la parte superior de esta página.


Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Distal Clavicle Excision (Mumford) — Surgical Rationale & Post-operative Rehabilitation

Topic scope: the evidence underpinning distal clavicle excision (DCE) — also called distal clavicle resection, AC joint excision, or the Mumford procedure — for the two main indications (acromioclavicular [AC] joint osteoarthritis and distal clavicular osteolysis, the "weightlifter's shoulder"), and the post-operative rehabilitation that follows. Covers open vs arthroscopic technique, direct vs indirect (bursal) approach, how much bone to resect, the iatrogenic-instability risk of over-resection, and the (consensus-based) phased rehab timeline.

Defining principle of the rehab here: DCE removes a few millimetres of worn bone from the end of the collarbone and repairs nothing that needs months of protection — provided the AC ligaments and superior/posterior capsule are preserved. So (like a debridement or subacromial decompression, and unlike a cuff repair, labral repair or AC-joint stabilisation) this is an early-motion pathway: a short sling for comfort only, movement from day one, strengthening as range returns. The single important caveat runs the other way: if the surgeon resects too much bone, or the stabilising AC ligaments/capsule are violated, the joint can become iatrogenically unstable — which is why technique (resection amount, ligament preservation) matters more here than the rehab calendar. The two operation-specific quirks the rehab respects are that cross-body (horizontal adduction) movement compresses the resected area and is the slowest to settle, and heavy pressing (bench press, dips, push-ups) loads the AC joint hardest and returns last.


A. THE OPERATION & ITS INDICATIONS

DCE removes the worn or eroded outer end of the clavicle so the acromion and clavicle no longer grind at the AC joint. Two indications dominate:

  • AC joint osteoarthritis — degenerative wear, often with a history of prior AC injury or simply age-related change. Surgery follows failed non-operative care (activity modification, analgesia, AC joint corticosteroid injection).
  • Distal clavicular osteolysis ("weightlifter's shoulder") — atraumatic, repetitive-microtrauma resorption of the distal clavicle seen in weightlifters and overhead athletes. Activity modification and rehabilitation are first-line; injection or surgery is reserved for refractory cases or athletes unwilling to stop loading [StatPearls 2023; Charron 1998].

DCE is frequently combined with subacromial decompression (for room/co-existing impingement) and the rehab is unchanged by that addition. If a rotator cuff repair is also performed, the slower protected cuff-repair pathway takes over.


B. EVIDENCE BY THEME

1. Open vs arthroscopic — equivalent long-term outcome, faster arthroscopic recovery

A randomised, prospective trial (Robertson et al., corpus, DOI 10.1016/j.jse.2006.10.006) and a systematic review (Pensak et al., Arthroscopy 2010) found similar long-term functional outcomes for open and arthroscopic DCE, with both arthroscopic techniques exceeding 90% good/excellent results. Across measures there was a trend toward earlier or better outcomes after arthroscopic treatment — less post-operative pain and a quicker return to daily activities — without a difference in the final result [Robertson RCT; Pensak SR 2010]. A second comparative cohort reached the same conclusion (corpus, DOI 10.1177/0363546511419633). Moderate (RCT + SR + cohort).

2. Direct vs indirect (bursal) arthroscopic approach — direct is faster

Among arthroscopic techniques, the direct (superior, top-down) approach permits a quicker return to athletic activity than the indirect/bursal approach, with equivalent long-term results — one comparison reporting a mean return to sport of ~21 days (direct) vs ~42 days (indirect) [Pensak SR 2010; arthroscopic-approach comparison]. Moderate.

3. How much bone to resect — and why over-resection is dangerous

This is the central technical controversy and the reason DCE rehab cannot be reduced to a calendar:

  • The stabilising superior and posterior AC ligament/capsule runs from the anterior acromion to the posterior distal clavicle, and the coracoclavicular (trapezoid) ligament inserts on the clavicle undersurface roughly 22–25 mm from the tip [Renfree; capsule/ligament-insertion cadaveric study, corpus DOI 10.1016/j.arthro.2009.04.072; clavicular-strut cadaveric study, corpus DOI 10.1016/j.jse.2013.01.004].
  • Anatomic work suggests as little as ~2.3–2.6 mm of resection can begin to violate the superior AC ligament [Renfree, via PMC6930955]; biomechanical models show AC joint anteroposterior translation increases after either open or arthroscopic excision, and stability falls as the resection lengthens [Blazar; resection-length biomechanical model, corpus DOI 10.1016/j.arthro.2007.07.004; DCE-vs-symmetric-resection biomechanics, corpus DOI 10.1177/0363546512469873].
  • The practical consensus is to resect enough to abolish bony contact but no more — commonly quoted as ~5 mm (sufficient to clear contact in cadaveric models) up to ~8 mm, and not beyond ~8 mm, preserving the posterior/superior capsule and AC ligaments [PMC6930955; StatPearls 2023; resection-length biomechanics, corpus DOI 10.1016/j.arthro.2007.07.004].
  • Over-resection or capsular violation can produce iatrogenic AC instability — a recognised (though uncommon) cause of persistent pain after DCE that may itself require ligament reconstruction [iatrogenic-instability case, PMC6930955; Painful Conditions of the AC Joint, corpus DOI 10.5435/00124635-199905000-00004].

Moderate (cadaveric/biomechanical + anatomic + expert consensus); exact safe threshold is debated.

4. Outcomes & return to activity

DCE is a reliable, high-satisfaction operation for the right indication — arthroscopic series report >90% good/excellent results [Robertson RCT; Pensak SR 2010]. For osteolysis in weightlifters, an arthroscopic-resection series reported return to sport at a mean of ~3 days and to the preoperative weight-training program at ~9 days, remaining asymptomatic and able to progress load beyond pre-operative levels at ~19-month follow-up [Charron, Am J Sports Med 1998, PMID 9548111]. Across the literature, most everyday activity returns within weeks and heavy pressing/overhead sport over ~3–4 months, consistent with the published rehab protocols. Moderate (cohort). A noted exception: worse ("poor") results cluster in patients with pre-existing post-traumatic AC instability or Workers'-Compensation claims [Pensak SR 2010] — DCE alone does not fix an unstable joint.


C. PHASED POST-OPERATIVE TIMELINE (isolated DCE ± subacromial decompression)

Week ranges are typical, not fixed — progression is criteria-based, guided by the physiotherapist.

Phase Window Sling ROM / use Strengthening Operation-specific notes
I — Early recovery & movement Week 0–2 Comfort only; weaned/discarded within 1–2 weeks Elbow/wrist/hand + pendulums from day 1; passive + active-assisted shoulder elevation/ER/behind-the-back IR; scapular setting Grip; gentle isometrics as pain allows Avoid cross-body (horizontal) adduction — it compresses the resected area. No driving in the sling; no weight-bearing through the arm
II — Restoring range Week 2–6 Off Progress assisted → active ROM to full in all planes; reintroduce cross-body adduction gradually (end-range pinching is common, settles) Begin cuff + scapular band work once active range near full; lifting ≤ ~5 kg Light lower-body conditioning (walk/bike/jog) from ~wk 4
III — Strengthening & return Week 6–12 Off Full functional ROM Bands → dumbbells; functional + sport-specific; most return to sport/heavier work ~8–12 wk Reintroduce AC-loading presses (bench/dips/push-ups) last — light, shallow depth, elbows not behind the body line
IV — Return to full activity Week 12+ Off Full Progressive heavy pressing; return to previous bench performance can take ~4 months; overhead athletes progressed over ~2–4 months Symptom-guided — recurrent AC ache with a lift = adjust load/technique before progressing

The phased structure is drawn from published surgeon/physiotherapy protocols (Saint Louis University; University of Utah Sports Medicine; Sports Surgery New York; Palm Beach Orthopaedic Institute; OrthoVirginia; Specialty Physicians of Illinois — see Citations). These are consensus/expert documents; no rehab RCT defines the optimal post-DCE regimen.


D. KEY CONTROVERSIES / EVIDENCE QUALITY

  1. How much bone to resect is the real debate, not the rehab. Too little leaves residual bony contact; too much risks iatrogenic instability. The safe window (~5–8 mm, capsule preserved) is supported by cadaveric/biomechanical and anatomic work, not by an RCT — exact thresholds vary by source. Moderate, technique-dependent.
  2. Open vs arthroscopic, direct vs indirect. Long-term outcomes converge; arthroscopic (and specifically the direct approach) recovers faster. Moderate (RCT + SR).
  3. Patient selection matters more than approach. Pre-existing AC instability and Workers'-Compensation status predict poorer results — DCE treats a worn/eroded joint, not an unstable one. Moderate.
  4. The rehab protocol itself is consensus. Phase timings come from surgeon patient-guidance protocols, not a rehab trial. Weak/consensus.

E. EVIDENCE STRENGTH FLAGS (summary)

  • MODERATE (RCT / SR): open vs arthroscopic equivalence with faster arthroscopic recovery (Robertson RCT; Pensak SR 2010, >90% good/excellent); direct > indirect for return speed.
  • MODERATE (cadaveric / biomechanical / anatomic): resection-length vs stability relationship and the iatrogenic-instability mechanism (resection-length model, corpus DOI 10.1016/j.arthro.2007.07.004; DCE-vs-symmetric biomechanics, corpus DOI 10.1177/0363546512469873; capsule/ligament insertions, corpus DOI 10.1016/j.arthro.2009.04.072).
  • MODERATE (cohort): osteolysis-in-weightlifters return-to-sport (Charron 1998); high overall satisfaction; poorer results with pre-existing instability / WorkCover.
  • WEAK / CONSENSUS: the post-operative rehabilitation protocol (surgeon patient-guidance documents; no defining rehab RCT); the exact "safe" resection threshold.

CITATIONS

RAG corpus (180,000+ Orthopaedic articles)

  • Robertson WJ, et al. Arthroscopic versus open distal clavicle excision: comparative results at six months and one year from a randomized, prospective clinical trial. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2006.10.006
  • Arthroscopic versus open distal clavicle excision (comparative cohort). Am J Sports Med. 2011. DOI: 10.1177/0363546511419633
  • The biomechanical stability of distal clavicle excision versus symmetric acromioclavicular joint resection. Am J Sports Med. 2013. DOI: 10.1177/0363546512469873
  • Arthroscopic distal clavicle resection: a biomechanical analysis of resection length and joint compliance in a cadaveric model. Arthroscopy. 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2007.07.004
  • Analysis of the capsule and ligament insertions about the acromioclavicular joint: a cadaveric study. Arthroscopy. 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2009.04.072
  • Acromioclavicular joint ligamentous system contributing to clavicular strut function: a cadaveric study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2013.01.004
  • Painful conditions of the acromioclavicular joint. J Am Acad Orthop Surg (JAAOS). 1999. DOI: 10.5435/00124635-199905000-00004

Literature (URLs)

Published rehab protocols (patient-guidance — basis for the phase structure)

Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0

CC Creative Commons licence
BY Attribution — you must credit the source
NC NonCommercial — not for commercial use

Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International


Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.

Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees


Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.