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Lesión de la esquina posterolateral

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Qué está sintiendo

El ángulo posterolateral está formado por un pequeño grupo de ligamentos y tendones en la parte posterior externa de la rodilla. Cuando estas estructuras se lesionan, el dolor suele localizarse en la parte externa o posterior de la rodilla. La rodilla puede sentirse inestable, como si fuera a ceder al girar o cambiar de dirección.

Esta lesión suele ocurrir junto con daños en otros ligamentos de la misma rodilla, especialmente los ligamentos cruzados situados en el interior de la articulación. Por eso, al principio resulta difícil identificarla: los signos de varias lesiones se superponen, y el ángulo externo puede pasar desapercibido mientras la atención se centra en la lesión más evidente. Caminar en pendientes o escaleras, girar para alcanzar algo o mantenerse de pie sobre una sola pierna pueden resultar inseguros. Es posible que note que la rodilla se siente floja o gira hacia afuera al soportar peso.

El malestar suele intensificarse tras la actividad, cuando la rodilla ha soportado carga o ha sido sometida a torsiones. La hinchazón y la rigidez pueden impedir que la rodilla se doble por completo, convirtiendo en tareas complicadas cosas tan sencillas como agacharse para coger algo de un estante bajo, arrodillarse en el jardín o entrar en el coche. Caminatas largas o permanecer de pie durante un rato pueden provocar dolor en la zona externa de la rodilla.

Si la lesión se produjo a causa de un evento de alta energía, como una caída, un choque o una torsión brusca, toda la rodilla pudo haber dado la sensación de salirse de su sitio. En esos casos, las estructuras del ángulo externo suelen desgarrarse junto con otros ligamentos, dejando la rodilla inestable en general, en lugar de presentar dolor solo en un punto concreto.

Dado que este ángulo es fácil de pasar por alto en la evaluación inicial, es importante describirle al cirujano exactamente qué movimientos le resultan inseguros y dónde se localiza el dolor. Esa información ayuda a formar una imagen clara de qué estructuras se han lesionado y qué tratamiento es necesario.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

La esquina posterolateral es un pequeño conjunto de ligamentos y tendones situados en el borde posterior externo de la rodilla. Puede imaginarse como un grupo de amarras que anclan el lado externo de la articulación e impiden que esta se abra hacia afuera o gire en exceso. El ligamento principal de este grupo se extiende desde el extremo del fémur hasta la parte superior del hueso más pequeño en el lado externo de la pierna. Su función es mantener la rodilla estable cuando el peso se ejerce sobre el lado externo, así como limitar la rotación que desplaza la pierna hacia afuera.

Cuando esta esquina se lesiona, dichas “amarras” se aflojan o se desgarran. Entonces la rodilla puede deslizarse o rotar de formas para las que no fue diseñada, lo que explica la laxitud y la rotación externa que quizá haya notado. Dado que esta zona también contribuye a controlar la rotación al flexionar la rodilla, los movimientos en pendientes, escaleras o giros resultan inestables.

Esta lesión rara vez ocurre de forma aislada; con frecuencia se produce al mismo tiempo que daños en alguno de los ligamentos cruzados situados en el interior de la articulación. En esos casos, ambos problemas se agravan mutuamente: un ligamento cruzado reconstruido puede sobrecargarse y fallar si la esquina posterolateral sigue siendo inestable. Por eso es crucial identificar esta lesión en la evaluación inicial; su cirujano la examinará con especial cuidado.

La lesión suele clasificarse en grados. Un grado leve indica que los ligamentos están estirados pero aún mantienen su función. Un grado grave, a veces denominado desgarro completo, significa que las estructuras de la esquina posterolateral se han roto por completo y la rodilla es claramente inestable. Los grados graves, especialmente cuando hay desgarros en otros ligamentos, son los que generalmente requieren cirugía.

Un último dato relevante: un nervio que proporciona sensibilidad y movimiento a la pierna pasa justo al lado de esta esquina, alrededor de la parte superior de ese hueso externo. Este es uno de los motivos por los cuales esta lesión, así como cualquier intervención quirúrgica, exigen una planificación meticulosa.

Qué podemos hacer al respecto

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano ortopédico en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, adapta el tratamiento a la lesión específica que usted presenta. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En esa primera consulta, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su rodilla y ordenamos estudios de imagen cuando resultan necesarios. El examen minucioso de los ligamentos, junto con una resonancia magnética, constituyen el método estándar para determinar qué ligamentos se han desgarrado. Aun así, esta zona de la rodilla suele pasar desapercibida en las imágenes; por eso, si tenemos alguna duda, la revisamos directamente durante la cirugía artroscópica.

En lesiones leves, donde los ligamentos están simplemente estirados en lugar de desgarrados por completo, normalmente iniciamos con un tratamiento no quirúrgico. Esto implica modificar la forma en que carga la rodilla, así como seguir un programa de fisioterapia destinado a fortalecer los músculos de la cadera y el muslo, además de recuperar el equilibrio y el control necesarios para mantener la rodilla estable al caminar en pendientes, subir escaleras o girar. Le damos a este enfoque una oportunidad razonable antes de considerar cualquier otra opción.

En casos en que las estructuras de esta zona de la rodilla se han desgarrado por completo, especialmente cuando también hay desgarros en otros ligamentos de la misma rodilla, solemos recomendar la cirugía sin demora. La operación reconstruye los ligamentos dañados en la parte posterior externa de la rodilla; si además está desgarrado el ligamento cruzado, ambos se reconstruyen en un mismo procedimiento. En lesiones recientes, reconstruir estos ligamentos suele ser más eficaz que simplemente suturarlos. Aun cuando el problema persista desde hace tiempo y la rodilla haya ido perdiendo estabilidad gradualmente, la cirugía puede ser útil: al enderezar la alineación de la pierna y reconstruir los ligamentos, se logra una estabilidad suficiente para realizar actividades cotidianas y deportes de bajo impacto. Dado que esta zona se encuentra próxima a un nervio que controla la sensibilidad y el movimiento de la parte inferior de la pierna, planificamos la intervención con sumo cuidado para respetar su integridad.

Ya sea que recomendemos la cirugía de inmediato o tras un periodo de fisioterapia, dependerá de qué estructuras estén dañadas, del grado de inestabilidad de su rodilla y de las actividades que usted necesite realizar. Analizaremos juntos todas las opciones y tomaremos una decisión conjunta.

Qué esperar

El pronóstico depende de cuán grave sea el desgarro en esa zona y de si otros ligamentos también se han dañado. Un estiramiento leve, en el que los ligamentos aún mantienen su función, suele mejorar con fisioterapia y con un cambio en la forma de cargar el peso sobre la rodilla. En cambio, un desgarro completo, especialmente aquel provocado por una caída, un golpe o una torsión brusca, generalmente no mejora por sí solo. Si no se trata, la inestabilidad tiende a persistir y, con el tiempo, puede dañar el cartílago articular.

El momento en que se realiza la intervención es crucial. Cuando la cirugía se retrasa más de 4 semanas tras la lesión, los resultados son menos predecibles que cuando se opera de forma temprana. Este mismo patrón se observa en la rodilla en general: cuanto mayor sea el intervalo entre la lesión y la reconstrucción de los ligamentos, mayor es la probabilidad de que las superficies articulares hayan sufrido daños. Por eso su cirujano querrá obtener un diagnóstico claro cuanto antes, en lugar de esperar a ver cómo evoluciona la situación.

Cuando se reconstruye esa zona junto con los ligamentos cruzados dañados, la mayoría de los pacientes recuperan la estabilidad. En un grupo de pacientes a quienes se reconstruyeron ambos elementos, el 80 % reportó buenos resultados y una rodilla que permanecía estable en la vida cotidiana. La rotación externa, es decir, el movimiento que gira la pierna hacia afuera, se restaura en la mayoría de los pacientes. La capacidad de enderezar la pierna a pesar de la desviación lateral se recupera en la mayoría, aunque no en todos. Los resultados suelen ser mejores cuando los ligamentos se reconstruyen poco después de la lesión, en lugar de años después; además, quienes ya han sido sometidos a cirugía de ligamentos de rodilla suelen presentar una calidad de vida inferior a quienes no han pasado por este procedimiento.

Sea realista respecto al trabajo y las actividades físicas. En un grupo de pacientes con múltiples desgarros ligamentosos, el 10 % en total tuvo que cambiar de empleo debido a su rodilla; en el caso de los trabajadores manuales, ese porcentaje ascendió al 25 %. Muchas personas vuelven a sus actividades diarias y a deportes de bajo impacto; sin embargo, una rodilla que ha sido sometida a varias reconstrucciones ligamentosas quizá no sea idéntica a como era antes de la lesión. Su cirujano le explicará cuál es un proceso de recuperación realista para su rodilla, su trabajo y las actividades que desea retomar.

Cuándo consultar a un especialista

Acuda a su médico de cabecera de inmediato tras cualquier lesión de rodilla en la que haya sentido que la rodilla “se salía de su sitio”, o cuando la parte posterior externa de la rodilla le duela y la rodilla le parezca inestable o “se le vaya”. Esta zona de la rodilla suele pasar desapercibida, y los estudios de imagen no siempre la detectan; por eso es recomendable hacerse una evaluación a tiempo en lugar de esperar. Solicite una valoración especializada si, tras unas pocas semanas, la rodilla sigue sintiéndose inestable al caminar por pendientes, subir escaleras o realizar giros, o si una reconstrucción previa del ligamento cruzado ahora le parece poco estable. El momento de la intervención es crucial: la cirugía en esta zona arroja mejores resultados si se realiza dentro de las primeras 4 semanas posteriores a la lesión; si se retrasa más, los resultados son menos predecibles.


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