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Instabilidad crónica del tobillo

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Qué está usted sintiendo

El principal signo de inestabilidad crónica del tobillo es la sensación de que el tobillo podría “ceder” en cualquier momento. Esto suele ocurrir al caminar sobre terreno irregular o al practicar deporte. Muchas personas con este problema también sufren repetidos esguinces del tobillo hacia adentro.

El dolor se localiza en la parte externa del tobillo, a lo largo del borde óseo situado debajo del maléolo. Tiende a intensificarse al caminar por pendientes, grava o césped, o al cambiar de dirección rápidamente durante la actividad física. El tobillo puede presentar cierta hinchazón alrededor de la línea articular, aunque no se trata de un hematoma o edema grave, ya que se trata de un problema crónico y no de una lesión reciente. Algunas personas notan una ligera hinchazón que persiste tras el ejercicio.

Con el tiempo, los repetidos esguinces pueden afectar la capacidad de percibir la posición del pie. Esto hace que el tobillo parezca menos estable al subir escaleras, al trepar por escaleras de mano o al bajar del bordillo de la acera sin mirar hacia abajo. Tareas sencillas se vuelven más difíciles: permanecer de pie junto a la encimera para cocinar, pasear al perro por un sendero natural o moverse por un centro comercial sin prestar atención a cada paso. Para personas activas y atletas esto supone una gran limitación; para otros, sigue siendo un obstáculo en la vida cotidiana.

Estos síntomas suelen aparecer tras un esguince de tobillo que nunca se curó por completo. Aproximadamente una de cada tres personas sigue presentando síntomas en el tobillo tras un esguince grave, y muchas experimentan cambios duraderos en la articulación. También es posible que note que la rodilla del mismo lado se siente menos estable, ya que ambas articulaciones trabajan en conjunto durante el movimiento.

Si algo de esto le resulta familiar, merece la pena que le examinen el tobillo. Su cirujano podrá revisar la zona externa del tobillo y analizar las imágenes médicas para determinar qué ligamentos están relajados y si hay alguna otra alteración dentro de la articulación.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

La articulación del tobillo está unida por fuertes bandas llamadas ligamentos. En la parte externa del tobillo hay tres de ellos, y evitan que la articulación se incline hacia adentro. El que se encuentra en la parte delantera es el más débil de los tres; por eso es el que se desgarra con mayor frecuencia cuando se produce un esguince.

Cuando se sufre un esguince por primera vez, uno o más de estos ligamentos se estiran o desgarran. En la mayoría de las personas, estos vuelven a sanar y se tensan de nuevo. Sin embargo, en aproximadamente una de cada tres personas permanecen flojos. Un ligamento flojo no puede mantener la articulación firmemente en su lugar, por lo que el tobillo sigue inclinándose hacia adentro durante la actividad física. Eso es lo que se percibe como una pérdida de estabilidad.

Existe otro factor en este problema: el tobillo también depende de los nervios para detectar la posición del pie y reaccionar rápidamente si comienza a inclinarse. Tras sufrir varios esguinces, este sistema de detección se debilita, de modo que los músculos no se contraen a tiempo para estabilizar la articulación. Ambos problemas se retroalimentan: una articulación floja confunde a los nervios, y las reacciones lentas permiten que la articulación se incline de nuevo.

El resultado es un ciclo: cada nueva inclinación estira un poco más los ligamentos y debilita aún más el sistema de detección. Con el tiempo, el tobillo también puede volverse rígido o presentar alteraciones en la alineación del talón y el antepié, lo cual facilita aún más que se produzcan nuevas inclinaciones.

Por eso los síntomas mencionados anteriormente se repiten constantemente. La flacidez ligamentosa provoca las inclinaciones, y la disminución de la sensibilidad nerviosa explica por qué el tobillo parece inestable al subir escaleras o caminar sobre terrenos irregulares, incluso cuando no se produce una pérdida de estabilidad evidente. Algunas personas también notan hinchazón persistente, ya que las superficies articulares sufren estrés cada vez que el tobillo se inclina.

La buena noticia es que ambos aspectos del problema pueden abordarse. Los ejercicios pueden reentrenar el sistema sensorial y fortalecer los músculos que estabilizan la articulación. Si, a pesar de ello, los ligamentos siguen siendo demasiado flojos, la cirugía puede tensarlos de nuevo.

Qué podemos hacer al respecto

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano ortopédico en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, comienza con las opciones menos invasivas que se adapten a su condición. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido consultarnos, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su primera visita, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su tobillo y solicitamos estudios de imagen cuando es necesario, para determinar qué ligamentos están flojos y si hay alguna otra afectación en la articulación.

Dado que se trata de un problema crónico, normalmente iniciamos con tratamiento no quirúrgico. La fisioterapia es el pilar fundamental: fortalece los músculos del lado externo del tobillo y reentrena el equilibrio, de modo que el pie reaccione más rápidamente cuando el tobillo empieza a girar. También podemos añadir un tobillero o vendaje para mantener el tobillo estable durante la actividad, así como una plantilla con una cuña en el borde externo si su talón se inclina hacia adentro. Pruebe este tratamiento durante un tiempo razonable antes de considerar la cirugía, pues se requieren semanas de ejercicios constantes para modificar el comportamiento de su tobillo.

Cuando estas medidas no logran mejorar la situación, la cirugía podría ser el siguiente paso. La intervención habitual consiste en tensar los ligamentos estirados del lado externo del tobillo y reforzarlos con tejido cercano, de modo que la articulación vuelva a quedar bien sujeta. Si el propio tejido ligamentoso está demasiado deteriorado, se puede utilizar un injerto tendinoso para reconstruirlo. Algunas de estas reparaciones se realizan mediante pequeñas incisiones y el uso de una cámara dentro de la articulación, lo que también nos permite detectar y tratar otros problemas del tobillo en la misma sesión. Analizaremos juntos qué opción se adapta a su tobillo, a la calidad de su tejido y a sus objetivos de actividad, y decidiremos si la cirugía es adecuada para usted.

Qué esperar

La inestabilidad crónica del tobillo rara vez mejora por sí sola. La laxitud ligamentosa y la disminución de la sensibilidad que provocan los tropiezos tienden a persistir; los síntomas suelen aparecer y desaparecer según la actividad, pero no desaparecen por completo. Hay personas cuyo tobillo aguanta durante meses, pero luego vuelve a torcerse en terrenos irregulares o durante la práctica deportiva. Sin tratamiento, este ciclo de torceduras y nuevas lesiones puede continuar, y el estrés repetido sobre la articulación puede generar cambios duraderos con el tiempo.

Con el cuidado adecuado, la mayoría de las personas experimentan una mejora real. Los ejercicios que fortalecen el tobillo y reeducan el equilibrio pueden aliviar los síntomas en muchas personas, sobre todo si se inician a tiempo y se realizan de forma constante. Si estas medidas no son suficientes, la cirugía puede tensar los ligamentos laxos y restaurar la estabilidad. Quienes se someten a esta intervención suelen recuperar un tobillo estable y sin dolor, capaz de soportar tanto la actividad diaria como el deporte; además, los ligamentos reparados protegen la articulación de un desgaste posterior en los años siguientes.

La recuperación requiere paciencia. Ya sea que el tratamiento consista en ejercicios o cirugía, el tobillo necesita varias semanas de entrenamiento constante para recuperar fuerza y estabilidad. Algunas personas notan que su tobillo se vuelve más fiable en cuestión de meses; otras, en cambio, necesitan más tiempo para confiar en él al subir escaleras, caminar por pendientes o en terrenos irregulares. El programa de rehabilitación es tan importante como el tratamiento en sí; por eso, vale la pena completarlo íntegramente en lugar de interrumpirlo una vez que el tobillo parezca mejorar.

También es justo reconocer que no todos los tobillos vuelven a su estado previo a la primera torcedura. Algunas personas siguen presentando síntomas leves incluso tras el tratamiento, y un pequeño número continúa percibiendo su tobillo menos estable de lo deseado. En general, el pronóstico es mejor cuando se aborda el problema a tiempo, en lugar de esperar años de repetidas torceduras. Si sus síntomas persisten más de unos meses a pesar de realizar los ejercicios adecuados y recibir el soporte necesario, merece la pena conversar con su cirujano para decidir cuál es el mejor camino según su tobillo y sus objetivos deportivos.

¿Cuándo consultar a un especialista?

Acuda a su médico de cabecera si su tobillo sigue cediendo o girando hacia adentro, especialmente en terrenos irregulares o durante la práctica deportiva, y si no mejora tras varios meses de ejercicios adecuados y uso de soporte. Solicite una valoración especializada si el lado externo del tobillo permanece dolorido o hinchado, si sigue sufriendo esguinces repetidos en el mismo tobillo, o si la articulación le parece inestable al subir escaleras, caminar por pendientes o en aceras, incluso cuando no está girando activamente. Estos son indicios de que los ligamentos podrían seguir flojos y merecen ser evaluados antes de que nuevos movimientos anormales dañen la articulación. No se trata de una emergencia, pero cuanto antes se revise el tobillo, más opciones tendrá para su tratamiento.


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