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Trastornos de los tendones peroneos

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Qué está sintiendo

Los tendones peroneos son dos cordones que discurren detrás del hueso externo del tobillo, justo por encima y por debajo de esa protuberancia ósea que puede sentir en el lateral de su tobillo. Cuando uno de ellos se irrita o se desgarra, el dolor se localiza precisamente allí, a lo largo del borde externo del tobillo y del retropié. Con frecuencia aparece después de que el tobillo se invierta hacia adentro, aunque también puede desarrollarse lentamente con el tiempo.

Esa zona puede presentar hinchazón y ser sensible al tacto. Empujar con el pie, apoyarse en el borde externo del pie o girar el pie hacia afuera contra resistencia pueden empeorar los síntomas. Caminar sobre terreno irregular, subir escaleras y practicar deportes que requieren movimientos laterales rápidos suelen desencadenar el dolor. Algunas personas notan el dolor más intensamente después de hacer ejercicio o a la mañana siguiente al despertar. El descanso y la reducción de la actividad suelen aliviarlo, hasta que vuelve a aparecer.

Si un tendón se desplaza de su posición normal, es posible sentir o ver un movimiento brusco o un chasquido detrás del hueso del tobillo, a veces acompañado de un dolor agudo. Esto ocurre al girar el tobillo o al mover el pie desde una posición de puntas hacia abajo e inclinadas hacia adentro a una posición de levantamiento hacia arriba y hacia afuera. En algunas personas el tendón se desplaza repetidamente, lo que hace que caminar en pendientes o subir escaleras resulte inseguro.

En caso de desgarro completo del tendón, girar el pie hacia afuera se vuelve débil y difícil. Las actividades cotidianas que implican carga en el lateral del tobillo, como empujar para caminar, subir escaleras o mantenerse de pie sobre una sola pierna para vestirse, pueden resultar complicadas. La hinchazón y la sensibilidad son muy similares a las que se observan en una simple irritación; por eso, al principio los desgarros suelen confundirse con problemas menos graves.

Estos problemas son poco frecuentes y fácilmente se confunden con una simple distensión de tobillo que no mejora. Si el dolor en el lado externo del tobillo persiste a pesar del descanso, merece ser evaluado adecuadamente.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

Los dos tendones situados detrás del maléolo lateral discurren por un surco poco profundo de dicho hueso. Una banda de tejido llamada retináculo los mantiene en ese surco, de forma similar a como un cinturón de seguridad sujeta los cables en su lugar. Al actuar, los tendones se doblan bruscamente alrededor de la punta del hueso, por lo que quedan bajo tensión cada vez que empujas o giras el pie.

Varios factores pueden alterar este mecanismo. Si el surco es naturalmente poco profundo, o si hay tejido adicional que reduce el espacio disponible, los tendones quedan sueltos y pueden desplazarse. Cuando el retináculo se desgarra, generalmente durante una torsión en la que el tobillo gira hacia adentro, los tendones se desplazan repetidamente sobre el borde del hueso. Las personas suelen describir una sensación de “pop” o chasquido, seguida de dolor e hinchazón. Cada desplazamiento puede desgastar el tendón; este desgaste suele manifestarse a lo largo del tendón, como si una cuerda se deshilachara hebra por hebra.

El tendón más afectado es el que se inserta en el borde lateral del pie, en parte porque queda comprimido entre el otro tendón y el hueso situado detrás del tobillo. Además, justo detrás del maléolo existe una zona donde estos tendones tienen un aporte sanguíneo escaso por naturaleza; por eso, cualquier lesión en ese punto cicatriza lentamente. Algunas personas nacen con un tendón adicional o con una masa muscular más reducida en el surco, lo cual reduce el espacio disponible y aumenta la tensión sobre los tendones.

Estos problemas suelen ir acompañados de inestabilidad del tobillo. Si los ligamentos laterales se han estirado a causa de un esguince, los tendones deben trabajar más para estabilizar la articulación, quedando en una posición en la que una torsión repentina puede lesionarlos. Por eso el dolor, el chasquido y la debilidad mencionados anteriormente se deben a un mismo proceso: tendones que se desplazan, rozan o se desgastan en un surco que ya no los protege.

Qué podemos hacer al respecto

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de extremidades superiores en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, comienza con las opciones menos invasivas que se adapten a su condición. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En la clínica, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su tobillo y solicitamos estudios de imagen cuando es necesario para determinar cuál es el problema. Estudios como la ecografía pueden mostrar si algún tendón se desplaza de su posición al mover el tobillo, mientras que la resonancia magnética permite detectar desgarros longitudinales en el propio tendón.

En casos de irritación acumulada con el tiempo, normalmente empezamos sin recurrir a la cirugía. Esto implica modificar las actividades que provocan el dolor, usar una tobillera con cordones y trabajar con un fisioterapeuta para calmar el tendón y recuperar la fuerza. Cuando la irritación se concentra en una zona pequeña e inflamada, puede ser recomendable mantener el tendón en reposo mediante un yeso durante un tiempo, acompañado del uso de antiinflamatorios por vía oral. Es aconsejable darle tiempo a estas medidas antes de concluir que no han surtido efecto.

Si estos pasos no logran mejorar la situación, la cirugía podría ser el siguiente paso. La intervención dependerá del estado del tendón: un tendón deshilachado o parcialmente desgarrado puede ser limpiado y reparado; tratar a tiempo un desgarro longitudinal reduce el riesgo de que se convierta en una rotura total. Un tendón que se ha roto por completo, o que está tan deteriorado que no admite reparación, puede ser extirpado y el tendón restante reorientado para asumir su función. Si ambos tendones están muy deteriorados, una opción es utilizar tejido tendinoso de donante para reconstruirlos. Cuando los tendones tienden a salirse del surco situado detrás del hueso del tobillo, la cirugía puede reparar o reconstruir la estructura que los mantiene en su lugar, así como profundizar dicho surco para que los tendones queden bien fijos. Cada tipo de operación cuenta con su propia página informativa; antes de tomar cualquier decisión, analizaremos con usted qué opción se adapta mejor a su tobillo.

Qué esperar

Estos problemas suelen persistir en lugar de desaparecer por sí solos. El descanso y reducir la actividad pueden aliviar cada episodio de dolor, pero este suele reaparecer al volver a practicar deporte o al caminar sobre terrenos irregulares. Si un tendón se sale repetidamente de su posición, el fenómeno de “clic” o desplazamiento continúa hasta que se trata. Si se deja sin intervención, la irritación y el desgaste del tendón pueden empeorar gradualmente; por eso es fundamental obtener un diagnóstico correcto lo antes posible.

Con tratamiento, la mayoría de las personas experimentan una mejora constante. En casos de irritación que responden a órtesis y fisioterapia, se espera primero recuperar la capacidad de caminar y realizar tareas cotidianas; posteriormente, al fortalecerse el tendón, se podrá volver al deporte. Para tendones que “clican” o se desplazan, la cirugía destinada a reparar o reconstruir la estructura que los mantiene en su sitio presenta una baja tasa de recurrencia; incluso quienes se sometieron a ella hace años conservan un tobillo estable y sin dolor. La cirugía artroscópica, que emplea una pequeña cámara dentro de la vaina tendinosa, es menos invasiva y puede acelerar el regreso al deporte; sin embargo, requiere más tiempo quirúrgico y mayor pericia del cirujano.

Es importante ser realistas respecto a los límites del tratamiento. Aproximadamente uno de cada cuatro pacientes tratados por inestabilidad crónica del tobillo vuelve a sufrir esguinces. Cerca de la mitad no recupera su nivel deportivo previo; esto ocurre con mayor frecuencia en atletas y en personas con lesión simultánea del ligamento lateral del tobillo. Conocer estos datos antes del tratamiento ayuda a fijar objetivos realistas en el trabajo y el deporte; además, el cirujano podrá ofrecerle una estimación más precisa de su cronograma de recuperación una vez analizadas las imágenes diagnósticas.

Si una rotura tendinosa se deja sin tratar, el daño suele avanzar; además, la mayoría de quienes presentan rotura tendinosa también tienen lesiones dentro de la articulación del tobillo que requieren atención por separado. La conclusión es clara: el dolor en la zona externa del tobillo que no cede merece una evaluación exhaustiva, pues cuanto antes se identifique la causa, más opciones de tratamiento tendrá usted.

¿Cuándo consultar a un especialista?

Acuda a su médico de cabecera si el dolor en el borde externo del tobillo persiste a pesar del reposo, o si continúa después de un esguince que no mejora. Solicite una evaluación especializada si el dolor en esa zona no disminuye, ya que un desgarro tendinoso en ese lugar es fácil de pasar por alto y a menudo se confunde con un simple esguince. Busque atención médica cuanto antes si al intentar girar el pie hacia afuera contra resistencia el tendón se desplaza o “salta” de su posición, o si esa acción se ha vuelto débil. Estos síntomas indican que el tendón está desplazado, desgastado o completamente roto; cuanto antes se identifique la causa, más opciones de tratamiento tendrá usted.


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