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Liberación capsular

Rehabilitation after arthroscopic capsular release for frozen shoulder — early in-hospital program and the outpatient phases that keep the range won at surgery.

Updated Jun 2026
Ilustración de una persona utilizando una polea de puerta para levantar un brazo.
Restauración del rango de movimiento tras una liberación capsular en un hombro rígido. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Este protocolo describe la rehabilitación posterior a una liberación capsular artroscópica realizada por el Dr. Kieran Hirpara en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, tanto durante la estancia hospitalaria como en las semanas y meses siguientes. Lleve esta página o su versión en PDF a su primera sesión de fisioterapia para garantizar una rehabilitación coordinada. Su fisioterapeuta guiará su recuperación individualmente a través de las siguientes fases, según el grado de movilidad de su hombro.

Si tiene alguna duda respecto a la herida quirúrgica, comuníquese con el consultorio. A menudo resulta útil tomar una fotografía de la herida y enviarla por correo electrónico para su evaluación.

Qué esperar

La liberación capsular es una intervención quirúrgica para el hombro rígido (hombro congelado); esta operación cambia por completo el enfoque de la rehabilitación. En la mayoría de las cirugías de hombro se repara alguna estructura, como un tendón o un ligamento desgarrado; en las primeras fases postoperatorias, el objetivo es proteger esa reparación, por lo que se utiliza un cabestrillo y se limitan los movimientos. Esta operación es lo opuesto: no se ha suturado nada que requiera protección. El cirujano ha liberado la cápsula articular tensa y cicatricial, y ha movido el hombro a través de todo su rango de movimiento mientras usted estaba bajo anestesia; por eso, el resultado de la cirugía es precisamente esa movilidad. Desde el momento en que despierta, el objetivo de la rehabilitación es mantener esa movilidad antes de que el hombro vuelva a volverse rígido.

Esto significa que no existe ningún período de protección ni restricciones de movimiento. Debe empezar a mover el hombro de inmediato: tanto por sí mismo como utilizando el otro brazo para empujarlo; además, debe seguir ampliando el rango de movimiento en todas las direcciones varias veces al día.

Los ejercicios incluyen tres tipos de movimientos; su equipo médico le indicará cuáles son aplicables en su caso:

  • Movimiento pasivo: el hombro permanece totalmente relajado mientras el otro brazo, un palo o un sistema de poleas realiza todo el trabajo.
  • Movimiento activo asistido: usted mueve el brazo por sí mismo, pero con algo de ayuda del otro brazo o de algún objeto.
  • Movimiento activo: usted mueve el brazo por su propia fuerza, sin ninguna ayuda.

¿Por qué no se usa un cabestrillo?

Después de una liberación capsular, no se necesita un cabestrillo para proteger la reparación; de hecho, mantener el hombro inmóvil va en contra del proceso de recuperación. Si se deja descansar, el hombro liberado simplemente vuelve a endurecerse. Este endurecimiento es la principal razón por la que esta intervención puede resultar insatisfactoria; sin embargo, se puede prevenir en gran medida mediante movimientos tempranos y frecuentes.

Por lo tanto, a diferencia de lo que ocurre tras una reparación, no debe dormir con cabestrillo, no debe mantener el brazo inmóvil, y no hay ningún movimiento prohibido. Se le anima a usar el brazo libremente y a ampliar su rango de movimiento en todas las direcciones, incluyendo la rotación externa del brazo, desde el primer día. El cabestrillo se proporciona únicamente para mayor comodidad a corto plazo y para evitar que el brazo sufra golpes al estar fuera de casa; no obstante, debe quitárselo siempre que sea posible y no permitir que le induzca a mantener el hombro inmóvil.

Puntos clave

  • Siga moviéndose. Utilice el brazo para realizar tareas cotidianas como lavarse, vestirse y comer, desde el principio. El movimiento ayuda a mantener el rango de movilidad obtenido tras la cirugía.
  • Amplíe el rango de movimiento en todas las direcciones. Estírese hasta sentir una molestia firme, pero no dolor intenso; lleve el hombro hasta sus límites en todos los planos, incluyendo la rotación externa del brazo. Tras esta operación no existen restricciones de “no superar este límite”.
  • Estírese poco, pero con frecuencia. Un programa breve de estiramientos en casa, realizado varias veces al día, es más eficaz que una sola sesión larga. La rigidez vuelve a aparecer entre sesiones, por lo que la frecuencia es fundamental.
  • Controle el dolor para poder moverse. Tome analgésicos antes de hacer ejercicios y antes de sus sesiones de fisioterapia. Un buen control del dolor facilita los estiramientos. Muchas personas encuentran útil aplicar calor antes de estirar y hielo después.
  • Asista a fisioterapia con regularidad. Procure acudir al menos dos veces por semana durante las primeras seis semanas. Lleve esta página a su primera cita.
  • No conduzca durante seis semanas. Esta norma aplica tras cualquier operación de hombro; aunque dejará el cabestrillo casi de inmediato, su cirujano le autorizará a conducir, normalmente en la revisión de la sexta semana.

Con frecuencia se inyecta un esteroide en la articulación durante la operación para calmar la inflamación y reducir la tendencia a la rigidez posterior.

En el hospital — sus primeros ejercicios

Un fisioterapeuta lo atenderá en el hospital y le indicará los siguientes ejercicios antes de que regrese a casa. Estos ejercicios mantienen en movimiento la mano, el codo y el hombro, y comienzan a recuperar de inmediato el rango de movimiento del hombro. Tome su analgésico previamente para poder moverse con libertad. Realice los ejercicios tal como se lo indique su equipo médico, y continúe haciéndolos en casa.

Su rehabilitación ambulatoria

Tras una liberación capsular, la rehabilitación sigue un patrón opuesto al de las intervenciones destinadas a reparar tendones: no hay nada que proteger, por lo que todo el esfuerzo se centra en mantener la movilidad. Es muy probable que el hombro vuelva a endurecerse durante las primeras semanas; por eso la fisioterapia comienza de inmediato, se mantiene con frecuencia y continúa durante varios meses hasta que su rango de movimiento se estabilice. Las fases que se describen a continuación siguen el esquema de los protocolos de rehabilitación publicados para esta operación (las fuentes se indican al final). Los intervalos de semanas son orientativos, no fijos: su fisioterapeuta ajustará el progreso según la evolución del movimiento de su hombro, no en función del calendario.

Resumen del proceso:

  • Fase I — Rehabilitación inicial: aproximadamente las primeras dos semanas
  • Fase II — Mantenimiento y restauración del rango de movimiento: de la semana 2 a la 6
  • Fase III — Fortalecimiento: de la semana 6 a la 12
  • Fase IV — Retorno a la actividad plena: a partir de la semana 12

Alrededor de la tercera semana, el movimiento por debajo de la altura del hombro suele resultar más cómodo y la mayor parte del rango de movimiento se recupera; no obstante, levantar el brazo por encima de la cabeza suele seguir siendo incómodo. Al cabo de unos tres meses, la mayoría de los pacientes observan una notable mejora de sus síntomas; esta mejora suele persistir durante seis a nueve meses, a veces incluso hasta un año.

Fase I — Rehabilitación temprana (Semana 0–2)

El objetivo de estas primeras dos semanas es sencillo: no perder el rango de movimiento que se logró en la cirugía. Debe continuar realizando en casa los ejercicios que aprendió en el hospital, varias veces al día, y añadir estiramientos que lleven el hombro hasta sus límites en todas las direcciones. Un buen control del dolor es esencial para lograrlo; por eso siga tomando analgésicos antes de los ejercicios y las sesiones de fisioterapia. Además, utilice calor antes de estirar y hielo después si le resulta útil. Use el brazo para actividades cotidianas ligeras, como lavarse, vestirse y comer. Lleve cada estiramiento hasta el punto de sentir una molestia firme, pero nunca dolor intenso; recuerde que no hay ningún movimiento que deba evitar.

Estará listo para la siguiente fase cuando… realice su programa domiciliario con confianza y de forma independiente varias veces al día, cuando el dolor esté lo suficientemente controlado para estirar hasta el rango deseado, y cuando mantenga el grado de movilidad que tenía el hombro tras la cirugía.

Fase II — Mantener y recuperar la amplitud de movimiento (Semana 2–6)

En esta fase se continúa con la fisioterapia frecuente y el programa de estiramientos en casa, que se realizan varias veces al día, para que la movilidad ganada en la cirugía no se pierda y siga aumentando. Los ejercicios progresan desde movimientos asistidos hasta movimientos activos del brazo en todas las direcciones; además, el fisioterapeuta podría incorporar movilizaciones articulares manuales para ayudar. Siga esforzándose por alcanzar el límite máximo de movilidad en todos los planos, incluida la rotación externa. Utilice el brazo con normalidad para actividades cotidianas ligeras.

Estará listo para la siguiente fase cuando… la amplitud de movimiento ganada en la cirugía se mantenga o siga mejorando, los movimientos por debajo de la altura del hombro resulten cómodos, y el dolor haya disminuido lo suficiente como para iniciar ejercicios de resistencia suaves.

Fase III — Fortalecimiento (Semana 6–12)

Ahora que el rango de movimiento se ha estabilizado, la atención se centra en recuperar la fuerza del hombro. Durante esta fase, los estiramientos diarios continúan, ya que el fortalecimiento nunca debe comprometer el rango de movimiento que tanto esfuerzo le ha costado lograr. El entrenamiento de resistencia comienza de forma suave, utilizando bandas elásticas y pesos ligeros para los músculos del manguito rotador y de la escápula, con cargas bajas y un mayor número de repeticiones. Las actividades cotidianas normales deberían haber vuelto a la normalidad, y, bajo la orientación de su fisioterapeuta, suele reanudarse también la práctica de actividades recreativas más ligeras.

Estará listo para pasar a la siguiente fase cuando… tenga un movimiento completo, o casi completo, sin dolor en todas las direcciones, y pueda realizar los ejercicios de fortalecimiento sin que aparezca dolor ni se pierda el rango de movimiento.

Fase IV — Retorno a la actividad plena (a partir de la semana 12)

La fase final consiste en un retorno gradual a trabajos más exigentes, tareas por encima de la cabeza y actividades deportivas. La rehabilitación formal suele durar entre tres y cuatro meses en total; sin embargo, el hombro sigue mejorando mucho después de ese período: la mayoría de las personas siguen ganando comodidad y confianza durante seis a nueve meses, a veces incluso hasta un año. Vale la pena mantener una breve rutina de estiramientos hasta que el rango de movimiento se estabilice por sí solo, sin necesidad de ejercicios formales. La progresión debe guiarse por cómo se sienta el paciente; por lo tanto, si aparecen rigidez o dolor, lo adecuado es reducir la intensidad y recuperar el rango de movimiento, en lugar de dejar de mover el hombro.

Retorno a las actividades

La mayoría de las personas vuelven a sus actividades diarias normales y a muchos tipos de trabajo en un plazo de cuatro a seis semanas, ya que la recuperación en este caso depende de mantener el rango de movimiento en lugar de esperar a que los tejidos sanen. Los trabajos más pesados y físicos, así como las actividades deportivas que requieren levantar objetos por encima de la cabeza, se reanudan gradualmente durante las semanas y meses siguientes, a medida que la fuerza se recupera. Si en algún momento el hombro vuelve a ponerse rígido, considere eso como una señal para intensificar sus ejercicios de estiramiento y consultar a su fisioterapeuta, no para descansar.

Sus ejercicios

Estos son los ejercicios que aparecen en su folleto. Comience a realizarlos siguiendo las indicaciones del Dr. Hirpara y de su fisioterapeuta. Después de una liberación capsular no hay ninguna estructura que reparar, por lo que mantener el hombro inmóvil le perjudica: el hombro liberado simplemente vuelve a tensarse entre sesiones. Por eso la lista de ejercicios es extensa y por qué practicar poco pero con frecuencia es mejor que una sola sesión prolongada: los movimientos iniciales de muñeca, mano y codo, así como los movimientos pendulares, mantienen todo el brazo flexible; los estiramientos asistidos (flexión en decúbito, abducción en posición de “cuna”, rotación externa con palo) preservan el rango de movilidad obtenido tras la cirugía; posteriormente se añaden los ejercicios con banda elástica y de control escapular para mejorar la estabilidad. La frecuencia es más importante que la intensidad. Interrumpa cualquier ejercicio que provoque dolor agudo en lugar de una sensación de estiramiento.

Después de seguir su protocolo

Las fases ambulatorias descritas anteriormente se basan en protocolos de rehabilitación publicados para la liberación capsular artroscópica; los hitos de recuperación provienen de las mismas fuentes. Los intervalos de semanas indicados son típicos, no fijos; su rehabilitación continua será guiada individualmente por su fisioterapeuta, en colaboración con el consultorio, según la evolución de la movilidad de su hombro. Esta página complementa las indicaciones generales de recuperación del consultorio: consulte control del dolor postoperatorio y cuidado de la herida. Para información sobre la intervención quirúrgica y la afección que trata, consulte liberación capsular y hombro congelado.


Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder) — Non-operative Staged Management & Post-operative Rehabilitation (Capsular Release)

Topic scope: Both (A) non-operative staged management of primary/secondary adhesive capsulitis (freezing -> frozen -> thawing), including physiotherapy, intra-articular steroid and hydrodilatation; and (B) post-operative rehabilitation after arthroscopic capsular release (ACR).

Defining principle of surgical rehab here (the inversion): Unlike virtually every other shoulder operation -- where a repair (cuff, labrum, pec major, instability) must be protected with a sling and ROM is restricted to avoid disrupting healing tissue -- frozen-shoulder release rehab is the OPPOSITE: the goal is to prevent re-formation of the capsular contracture. So the protocol is immediate, aggressive ROM, usually NO sling, passive + active ROM starting the same day or day 1, with stretching to the end of the freshly gained range. Delay or immobilisation is the enemy (re-stiffening), not the protector. This is the single most important point distinguishing this protocol from the others in this audit.


A. NON-OPERATIVE STAGED MANAGEMENT

Natural history / staging (consensus, weak evidence -- descriptive, no RCT)

Frozen shoulder is self-limiting in most but typically lasts 12-18 months across 3 clinical stages (Reeves' classic model; staging boundaries overlap and are not sharply separable in practice -- flagged as weak/consensus evidence; the original Reeves model was a single prospective cohort of 49 patients, not an RCT) [Brigham SOC; Chan 2017; Reeves 1975 via Willmore 2020]:

Stage Name Typical duration Clinical picture Management emphasis
1 Freezing (painful/inflammatory) 2-9 months Diffuse constant pain, worse at night; progressive ROM loss in a capsular pattern (ER > ABD > flexion > IR); loss of passive ER with arm at side is the hallmark Pain control; intra-articular steroid; gentle ROM within pain limits -- do NOT force end-range while highly inflamed
2 Frozen (adhesive/stiff) 4-12 months Pain subsides to dull ache; stiffness dominant; marked functional loss Restore motion: stretching, joint mobilisation grades III-IV, hydrodilatation; consider surgery if recalcitrant
3 Thawing 6-9 months (Brigham) Gradual spontaneous return of motion Progressive ROM + strengthening; PT 2-3x/week

(Stage durations from Brigham Standard of Care 2010 and Chan 2017: freezing 2-9 mo, frozen 4-12 mo, thawing 6-9 mo.)

Stepped non-operative interventions

  1. Education / "supervised neglect" + analgesia -- many resolve with reassurance, activity modification and analgesia alone (Codman; Hsu 2011 review). Weak (cohort/expert).
  2. Physiotherapy -- pendulum, PROM/AAROM/AROM, capsular stretching, joint mobilisation (grades I-II early for pain, III-IV later for tissue extensibility), scapular/posture work. Brigham: PT 1-2x/week in early stages (mainly HEP instruction), 2-3x/week in thawing. PT is best supported as an adjunct to mobilisation/injection/distension, not as a stand-alone cure (Itoi 2016 Current Concepts; Kelley/McClure/Leggin JOSPT 2009 guidance). Moderate; intensity/timing debated. Intensity caveat: end-range/high-intensity stretching is appropriate in the frozen/thawing phase but can be counter-productive in the acutely inflamed freezing phase -- match intensity to irritability (Kelley 2009).
  3. Intra-articular corticosteroid (glenohumeral) -- superior to placebo and to physiotherapy for short-term (up to 4-12 weeks) pain and function; benefit wanes after ~3 months. Strong for short term (multiple RCTs; Koh 2016 systematic review of 10 RCTs; Cochrane Buchbinder shoulder injection review). BESS pathway: GH steroid recommended for short-term symptom control; long-term (>3 mo) benefit not demonstrated (Rupani/Gwilym BESS 2025). Earlier injection (freezing phase) is the rationale -- steroid targets the inflammatory component.
  4. Hydrodilatation (distension arthrography) -- distends/ruptures the contracted capsule with saline +/- steroid +/- LA. A controlled, image-guided alternative to surgery. RCT/meta-analytic evidence is mixed: generally produces a transient functional/ROM gain, with no clear superiority over IA steroid alone in several network meta-analyses (Wu 2017 SR/MA of RCTs; Lin 2018 network MA). Some evidence hydrodilatation + steroid > steroid alone in refractory cases (Lee 2017 RCT). Low rate of needing later surgery after distension arthrogram (Nicholson 2020). Moderate; conflicting.

B. POST-OPERATIVE REHABILITATION (the "immediate aggressive ROM" protocols)

Surgery is reserved for cases recalcitrant to >=3-6 months of adequate non-operative care (Struyf 2024; Mullen 2025).

Arthroscopic capsular release (ACR)

  • Controlled, direct-vision release of the contracted capsule (rotator interval, CHL, anterior +/- inferior +/- 360 degree capsulotomy; care re axillary nerve inferiorly). Allows graded release with a low risk of iatrogenic fracture or cuff tear (Kanbe 2018, n=255; Jerosch 2001 360 degree release). Achieves reliable gains in final forward elevation and may shorten recovery (most improved by ~4 months -- McAllister/CORR Insights 2025; Saade 2023 MA favoured ACR for AFE). A gentle, controlled manipulation is often performed as part of the arthroscopic release to confirm the gained range.

Consensus POST-OP phased timeline (applies after arthroscopic capsular release)

The hallmark is immediate motion, no protective sling, same-day/day-1 ROM to hold the range just won in theatre.

Phase Window Sling ROM Active ROM Strengthening Notes
0 -- Immediate Day 0-1 (same day) NO sling (or sling only briefly for comfort/analgesia, discarded fast) Full passive ROM immediately; PT-assisted forward flexion + ER begun day 1; +/- continuous passive motion (CPM); pendulums; patient does HEP several times/day AAROM/AROM started day 1 alongside PROM (no protected period) -- Intra-articular steroid often injected at time of release to damp post-op inflammatory re-stiffening
1 -- Early Week 0-2 None Aggressive PROM/AAROM to maintain gained range; stretch into end-range daily; hold ER/ABD/flexion Active motion continued Light scapular/rotator-cuff activation as pain allows Pain control critical to allow the patient to move -- adequate analgesia / interscalene block / oral steroid taper
2 -- Strengthening Week 2-6 None Continue to full ROM Full AROM goal Rotator cuff + scapular strengthening begins ~week 2 (Kanbe protocol) Most back to normal daily activity / work by 4-6 weeks
3 -- Return to function ~6 weeks-3 months None Maintain full ROM Full Progressive strengthening to full Recurrence of stiffness is the main failure mode -> continued HEP emphasised

Representative published protocol (Kanbe 2018, J Orthop Surg Res, n=255, ACR): "passive, assisted-active and stooping (pendulum) exercises for forward flexion and external rotation commenced 1 day after surgery... after 2 weeks of passive exercise, patients began active exercise to strengthen the rotator cuff and scapular stabilisers... after 4-6 weeks patients returned to normal work without limitation." Many ACR series add an intra-articular steroid + controlled manipulation at the index procedure (Filip Struyf 2024; PMC5137660).

Post-surgical physiotherapy is universally agreed to be essential but is under-standardised -- there is no high-level RCT defining the optimal post-release regimen; protocols are consensus/expert and vary widely (Willmore 2020 Shoulder & Elbow, "Post-surgical physiotherapy in frozen shoulder: a review"). Weak/consensus.


KEY CONTROVERSIES

  1. Evidence base for arthroscopic release. ACR gives a controlled, direct-vision release with a low iatrogenic fracture/cuff-tear risk and reliable gains in final elevation. Systematic reviews show consistently acceptable results, though there is no definitive RCT defining the optimal technique (Saade 2023 MA; McAllister 2025). Weak/moderate evidence (large cohorts).
  2. Steroid timing. Strong short-term benefit (<12 wk) but no durable >3-month benefit; debate over injecting early (freezing/inflammatory phase) vs reserving for refractory cases (Koh 2016; Rupani/Gwilym BESS 2025; Lin 2018).
  3. Aggressive vs gentle physiotherapy. High-intensity end-range stretching helps in the frozen/thawing phases but may worsen pain and prolong the condition if applied to the acutely inflamed freezing phase -- "intensity should match irritability" (Kelley/McClure 2009; Itoi 2016). Post-operatively, by contrast, aggressive immediate ROM is mandatory to prevent re-stiffening.
  4. Hydrodilatation worth it? Transient benefit only and not clearly better than IA steroid alone in pooled RCT data (Wu 2017; Lin 2018), though some refractory-case RCT support (Lee 2017) and a low rate of needing later surgery (Nicholson 2020).
  5. Does anything change the natural history? No intervention is proven to shorten the overall 12-18 month course in the highest-quality reviews; most accelerate symptom relief rather than alter end-point (Rookmoneea 2010 JBJS Br; Hsu 2011). Strong (negative).

EVIDENCE STRENGTH FLAGS (summary)

  • STRONG (RCT / SR-MA): IA corticosteroid short-term benefit (Koh 2016 SR of 10 RCTs; Cochrane); hydrodilatation = transient, not superior to steroid (Wu 2017 SR-MA of RCTs; Lin 2018 network MA).
  • MODERATE: end-range/scapular mobilisation (Yang 2012 RCT); ACR clinical outcomes (large cohorts -- Kanbe 2018 n=255; Jerosch 2001).
  • WEAK / CONSENSUS ONLY: 3-stage natural-history model & stage durations (Reeves cohort, descriptive); the post-operative rehab protocol itself (no defining RCT; expert/consensus -- Willmore 2020); optimal ACR technique (published series are heterogeneous).

CITATIONS

RAG corpus (180,000+ Orthopaedic articles)

  • Guyver P, Bruce D, Rees J. Frozen shoulder -- a stiff problem that requires a flexible approach. Maturitas. 2014.
  • Kim J, Gahlot N, Park HB. Frozen shoulder: a narrative review of current treatment concepts and the underlying scientific evidence. Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow. 2025;28(4).
  • Hsu JE, Anakwenze OA, Warrender WJ, et al. Current review of adhesive capsulitis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2011;20(3):502-514.
  • Koh KH. Corticosteroid injection for adhesive capsulitis in primary care: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials. Singapore Med J. 2016.
  • Rupani N, Gwilym SE. British Elbow and Shoulder Society patient care pathway: Frozen shoulder. Shoulder & Elbow. 2025;17(4).
  • Sheridan MA, Hannafin JA. Upper Extremity: Emphasis on Frozen Shoulder. Orthop Clin North Am. 2006.
  • Chan H, Pua P, How C. Physical therapy in the management of frozen shoulder. Singapore Med J. 2017.
  • Willmore EG, Millar NL, van der Windt D. Post-surgical physiotherapy in frozen shoulder: a review. Shoulder & Elbow. 2020;14(4).
  • Lamplot JD, Lillegraven O, Brophy RH. Outcomes from conservative treatment of shoulder idiopathic adhesive capsulitis... Orthop J Sports Med. 2018.
  • Itoi E, Arce G, Bain GI, et al. Shoulder Stiffness: Current Concepts and Concerns. Arthroscopy. 2016;32(7).
  • Kanbe K. Clinical outcome of arthroscopic capsular release for frozen shoulder: essential technical points in 255 patients. J Orthop Surg Res. 2018;13(1). (post-op protocol: day-1 ROM, 4-6 wk RTW)
  • Jerosch J. 360 degree arthroscopic capsular release in patients with adhesive capsulitis... Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2001;9(3).
  • McAllister NB. CORR Insights: Releasing forces in adhesive capsulitis... Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2025.
  • Saade F, van Rooij F, Saffarini M, et al. Management of shoulder stiffness following rotator cuff repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JSES Rev Rep Tech. 2023.
  • Wu W, Chang K, Han D, et al. Effectiveness of glenohumeral joint dilatation for treatment of frozen shoulder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. Sci Rep. 2017. (SR-MA of RCTs)
  • Lin M, Hsiao M, Tu Y, et al. Comparative efficacy of intra-articular steroid injection and distension... a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018. (network MA)
  • Lee D, Yoon S, Lee MY, et al. Capsule-preserving hydrodilatation with corticosteroid vs corticosteroid alone in refractory adhesive capsulitis: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017. (RCT)
  • Nicholson JA, Slader B, Martindale A, et al. Distension arthrogram in the treatment of adhesive capsulitis has a low rate of repeat intervention. Bone Joint J. 2020;102-B(5).
  • Uppal HS. Frozen shoulder: a systematic review of therapeutic options. World J Orthop. 2015.
  • Mullen JP, Hauer TM, Lau EN, et al. Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. Arthroscopy. 2025;41(7).
  • Yang J, Jan M, Chang C, et al. Effectiveness of the end-range mobilization and scapular mobilization approach... a randomized control trial. Manual Therapy. 2012. (RCT)
  • Rookmoneea M, et al. The effectiveness of interventions in the management of patients with primary frozen shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010;92-B(9).
  • Struyf F. Frozen Shoulder. 2024 (surgical indication & post-op steroid + controlled manipulation).

Published rehab protocols (URLs)

  • Brigham & Women's Hospital -- Standard of Care: Shoulder Adhesive Capsulitis (Dept of Rehabilitation Services, 2010): https://www.brighamandwomens.org/assets/BWH/patients-and-families/rehabilitation-services/pdfs/shoulder-adhesive-capsulitis.pdf (source for the 12-18 mo / 3-stage durations, capsular pattern, PT frequency 1-2x/wk early & 2-3x/wk thawing, mobilisation grades, steroid 4-6 wk short-term benefit).
  • BESS (British Elbow & Shoulder Society) Frozen Shoulder patient care pathway -- Rupani & Gwilym, Shoulder & Elbow 2025 (GH steroid short-term only, no >3 mo benefit).
  • Kanbe 2018 ACR open-access (post-op day-1 ROM protocol): https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5857121/
  • ChoosePT / APTA patient guide to frozen shoulder (lay phased overview): https://www.choosept.com/guide/physical-therapy-guide-frozen-shoulder-adhesive-capsulitis

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Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees


Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.