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Desgarro de la raíz meniscal

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Qué está sintiendo

El desgarro de la raíz meniscal ocurre en el punto donde el menisco, ese cojín elástico dentro de la rodilla, se fija al hueso. Cuando esa fijación se rompe, el menisco ya no puede distribuir la carga en la articulación como debería. El dolor suele localizarse a lo largo de la línea articular, esa zona sensible en el borde interno o externo de la rodilla, o bien en la parte posterior de la misma.

Los síntomas pueden pasar desapercibidos fácilmente. Muchas personas con este desgarro nunca presentan los signos típicos de un problema meniscal; por eso, con frecuencia no se diagnostica durante mucho tiempo. Es posible que note hinchazón intermitente, o que esta aparezca varias horas después de haberse lesionado la rodilla. Entre la mitad y dos tercios de las personas con desgarro meniscal reportan hinchazón. Algunas sienten “tirones”, es decir, la rodilla se traba brevemente al doblarse, o “bloqueos”, cuando no se puede enderezar. Entre el 12 % y el 69 % de los pacientes con desgarro meniscal experimentan estos síntomas mecánicos. En ocasiones se escucha o se siente un “chasquido” en el momento de la lesión.

El dolor suele intensificarse al girar la rodilla bajo carga o al doblarla en exceso, como al agacharse hacia un armario bajo o al arrodillarse en el jardín. Si la rodilla está hinchada, el doblado profundo puede resultar incómodo. El enderezamiento completo de la rodilla puede verse impedido si un fragmento suelto del menisco se introduce en la articulación. Las actividades cotidianas que implican doblar la rodilla, como levantarse de una silla baja, bajar escaleras o agacharse, suelen volverse difíciles. Caminar sobre terreno plano suele ser menos problemático, y el movimiento de la rodilla suele ser normal entre episodios de dolor.

Si la lesión se produjo por un giro o un doblado excesivo, el dolor pudo haber comenzado en ese instante. Si, en cambio, apareció gradualmente sin una causa evidente, el desgarro podría deberse al desgaste; en ese caso, la hinchazón y los “tirones” pueden aparecer y desaparecer durante semanas. En cualquier caso, si estos síntomas coinciden con los suyos, merece la pena que un especialista examine su rodilla a fondo.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

El menisco es un cojín en forma de cuña situado entre los dos huesos principales de la rodilla. Cada rodilla tiene dos meniscos: uno en el lado interno y otro en el externo. Actúan como una especie de junta entre los huesos, distribuyendo el peso del cuerpo de manera uniforme por toda la articulación y manteniéndola estable durante el movimiento.

Cada menisco está anclado al hueso en su parte anterior y posterior mediante fuertes puntos de fijación llamados “raíces”. Imagine esas raíces como los extremos de una cuerda atada a un poste. Cuando una raíz se desgarra, la cuerda se suelta del poste; el menisco puede entonces desplazarse de su posición y toda la estructura deja de funcionar correctamente.

Esto es más importante de lo que parece. El menisco soporta aproximadamente la mitad de la carga que recibe la rodilla cuando la pierna está recta, y hasta el 90 % cuando la rodilla está flexionada. Cuando se desgarra una raíz, esa distribución de carga se pierde y la fuerza recae directamente sobre el cartílago liso que recubre la articulación. La presión sobre dicho cartílago aumenta drásticamente, de forma similar a lo que sucedería si se extirpara el menisco por completo. Con el tiempo, esa presión adicional desgasta el cartílago y puede provocar artritis precoz.

La mayoría de los desgarros de raíz ocurren en la parte posterior del menisco, donde este se fija al hueso. Los desgarros en el lado interno son más frecuentes que los del lado externo. Con frecuencia aparecen de forma gradual en personas mayores de 40 años, como parte del desgaste natural; sin embargo, un giro brusco o una flexión profunda también pueden causar un desgarro repentino. Los desgarros en el lado externo suelen acompañarse de un desgarro del LCA, el ligamento situado en el centro de la rodilla.

Estos desgarros son fáciles de pasar por alto. Incluso cuando son completos, pueden ser difíciles de detectar en las pruebas de imagen, por lo que muchos permanecen sin diagnosticar durante mucho tiempo. Si un desgarro de raíz no se trata, el menisco puede desplazarse fuera de la articulación y el daño cartilaginoso se agrava, lo que provoca una rodilla rígida y dolorosa.

¿Qué podemos hacer al respecto?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano ortopédico en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, comienza con las opciones menos invasivas que se adapten a su condición. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su primera visita, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su rodilla y solicitamos estudios de imagen si son necesarios para confirmar el desgarro.

El primer paso suele ser el tratamiento sin cirugía. Medidas sencillas como aplicar hielo pueden reducir la hinchazón, y los medicamentos antiinflamatorios pueden aliviar el dolor. La fisioterapia ayuda a recuperar el rango de movimiento de la rodilla y a fortalecer los músculos de la pierna. Por lo general, probamos estas medidas durante un tiempo razonable antes de considerar una operación, ya que la cirugía solo se contempla cuando dichas medidas no le brindan suficiente alivio.

Si el tratamiento no quirúrgico no ha surtido efecto, la cirugía podría ser una opción. El objetivo de la reparación del “root” del menisco es volver a anclar el menisco desgarrado al hueso, de modo que esa “almohadilla” pueda distribuir nuevamente la carga en la rodilla. Esta reparación funciona mejor cuando el cartílago que recubre la articulación sigue en buen estado y la rodilla no presenta un desgaste o desalineación graves. Reparar el “root” protege el cartílago y disminuye la probabilidad de necesitar una prótesis de rodilla en el futuro, en comparación con la resección del menisco. Cuando la reparación no es posible, a veces se considera un trasplante de menisco utilizando tejido de donante en personas que siguen experimentando dolor diario tras una cirugía previa de menisco.

La decisión quirúrgica es una decisión compartida entre usted y nosotros. Analizaremos cómo se ve el desgarro en sus estudios de imagen, qué funciones aún puede realizar su rodilla y a qué actividades desea volver; juntos determinaremos el plan de tratamiento que mejor se adapte a usted.

Qué esperar

Por lo general, el desgarro de la raíz meniscal no se soluciona por sí solo. Dado que el anclaje está dañado, el menisco sigue soportando cargas desiguales, y esa presión adicional desgasta el cartílago con el tiempo. Si no se trata, este desgarro puede provocar artritis precoz: el menisco se desplaza fuera de la articulación, el espacio entre los huesos se reduce y surgen problemas crónicos en la rodilla. El daño se acumula lentamente, por lo que resulta tentador posponer el tratamiento; sin embargo, el desgaste no se detiene mientras se espera.

Con tratamiento, el pronóstico cambia. Reparar el desgarro protege el cartílago y disminuye el riesgo de que la artritis empeore o de que sea necesario realizar un reemplazo de rodilla, en comparación con dejarlo sin tratar o resecar el menisco. La reparación es más eficaz cuando el cartílago que recubre la articulación sigue sano; en esos casos, puede frenar o detener la progresión de la artritis y mejorar tanto la sensación como el funcionamiento de la rodilla.

La recuperación es gradual, y hay que reconocer que los resultados varían. Algunas personas notan una mejora constante de su rodilla durante meses; otras observan menos cambios de los esperados, y un porcentaje sigue reportando solo una mejora moderada años después de la reparación. La cicatrización también depende del propio desgarro, pues un menisco ya dañado influye en la capacidad de curación y en la durabilidad de la reparación. Su cirujano le explicará lo que muestran sus estudios de imagen respecto a su rodilla, ya que eso determina lo que la reparación puede lograr en su caso.

Hay algunos aspectos que vale la pena conocer al tomar una decisión. La edad por sí sola no aumenta el riesgo de fracaso de la reparación en un plazo de 5 años; por tanto, tener más de 40 años no es motivo para descartarla. Los estudios de imagen realizados años después de reparaciones exitosas muestran escasa presencia de artritis en muchas rodillas. Además, si la reparación llegara a fallar, es poco frecuente necesitar nuevas intervenciones en el menisco, lo cual evidencia la buena resistencia de estas reparaciones a lo largo del tiempo.

¿Cuándo consultar a un especialista?

Los desgarros del menisco son fáciles de pasar por alto y, con frecuencia, no se diagnostican durante mucho tiempo. Por eso es útil conocer qué signos indican la presencia de este desgarro en lugar de un simple dolor. Acuda a su médico de cabecera si experimenta dolor a lo largo de la línea articular o en la parte posterior de la rodilla que reaparece constantemente, especialmente al girar o al doblar la rodilla en exceso. Solicite una evaluación especializada si la rodilla se hincha repetidamente, se traba o “se bloquea”, o si no puede estirarse por completo. La hinchazón que aparece varias horas después de un giro brusco también es un indicio de que el menisco podría estar desgarrado. Si al momento de la lesión escuchó un “pop” y la rodilla cedió, o si siente inestabilidad junto con el dolor, no espere semanas para buscar atención médica. Cuanto antes se detecte el desgarro del menisco, más opciones tendrá para proteger el cartílago.


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