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Fractura periprotésica (cadera)

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Qué está sintiendo

Una fractura alrededor de una prótesis de cadera suele producirse tras una caída o un giro brusco. El dolor se siente en el muslo o en la ingle, y al principio es muy intenso. Apoyar peso en la pierna lo empeora, por lo que ponerse de pie y caminar resulta difícil. El descanso con la pierna inmóvil alivia el dolor. Algunas personas sienten dolor en la ingle tras un golpe o una caída; esto puede indicar una fractura en la parte acetabular de la cadera, no en el fémur.

El dolor tiende a intensificarse al moverse. Levantarse de una silla, subir escaleras o entrar a la ducha pueden resultar dolorosos. Es frecuente el dolor nocturno, y la pierna puede sentirse débil o inestable al intentar apoyar peso en ella. Las tareas cotidianas que requieren fuerza en la pierna, como llevar la compra, tender la ropa o ir al buzón, se vuelven difíciles. Muchas personas necesitan un bastón o andador, elementos que antes no precisaban.

Una fractura alrededor de una prótesis de cadera es una lesión grave. Conlleva un mayor riesgo de complicaciones que una fractura similar en una cadera que nunca ha sido operada. El riesgo de mortalidad es del 34,7 %. La mayoría de estas fracturas ocurren en personas mayores con otras enfermedades; las mujeres mayores de 75 años presentan el mayor riesgo. La fragilidad ósea, o osteoporosis, suele ser un factor determinante; la mayor parte de estas fracturas son fracturas por fragilidad, es decir, se producen cuando el hueso cede ante una carga que un hueso sano soportaría sin problemas.

En unos pocos casos, la fractura puede ocurrir durante la propia cirugía de prótesis, o años después. Si el implante sigue fijado firmemente al hueso, con frecuencia se puede estabilizar la fractura mediante una placa mientras el hueso sana. Si el implante se ha aflojado, quizás sea necesario reemplazarlo. Su cirujano elegirá el tratamiento según la ubicación de la fractura, la estabilidad del implante y la calidad de su hueso.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

La prótesis de cadera se ubica dentro del fémur, el hueso del muslo, como una barra firme insertada en un tubo hueco. El hueso que la rodea es hueso real, con sus propios límites estructurales. Si está debilitado por osteoporosis o desgastado por pequeños quistes denominados defectos osteolíticos, una caída o un giro brusco pueden provocar una fisura en ese “tubo” óseo. Esa fisura se conoce como fractura periprotésica.

La zona del fémur situada justo debajo de la cadera soporta algunas de las fuerzas más intensas de todo el esqueleto. Los músculos fuertes tiran de ella cada vez que uno se pone de pie o camina. Cuando se produce una fractura, esas tensiones musculares separan los fragmentos óseos; por eso el dolor y la debilidad en el muslo resultan tan difíciles de ignorar.

Los cirujanos clasifican estas fracturas en dos grupos principales. Si la prótesis sigue sujeta firmemente al hueso, a veces se denomina “cadera estable”; en esos casos la fractura suele poder fijarse con una placa mientras cicatriza. Si, en cambio, la prótesis se ha aflojado, se trata de una “cadera inestable”, y normalmente es necesario reemplazar la prótesis. La ubicación de la fractura y la calidad del hueso determinarán cuál es el tratamiento adecuado para cada paciente.

Existen varios factores que aumentan el riesgo de que esto ocurra. La caída es la causa más frecuente. Las prótesis de ajuste a presión, que se insertan sin cemento, presentan un riesgo ligeramente mayor que las prótesis cementadas. También lo aumentan los huesos frágiles y haberse sometido previamente a una cirugía de revisión, en la que se sustituye una prótesis antigua por una nueva. Las fracturas en la zona de la cavidad acetabular son menos comunes y suelen producirse durante la cirugía o tras un golpe fuerte.

La mayoría de estas fracturas son fracturas por fragilidad; es decir, el hueso se rompe bajo una carga que un hueso sano soportaría sin problemas. Por eso su cirujano evaluará detenidamente su salud ósea como parte de su tratamiento.

Qué podemos hacer al respecto

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de cadera y rodilla en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, adapta el tratamiento a su lesión específica. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para tener derecho al reembolso de Medicare. Una evaluación clínica que incluya su historial médico, un examen físico y, si es necesario, estudios por imagen, permite establecer el diagnóstico. En la mayoría de los casos, las radiografías simples muestran la fractura. Si las radiografías no son claras, un escáner TC proporciona una imagen más detallada y nos ayuda a planificar la cirugía.

Algunas fracturas pueden tratarse sin intervención quirúrgica. Las pequeñas fisuras cerca de la parte superior del fémur o en el lado de la cavidad acetabular que apenas se han desplazado y no han afectado la estabilidad de la prótesis se pueden tratar con un período de carga parcial y el uso de un aparato ortopédico. El tratamiento no quirúrgico también puede ser adecuado si su estado de salud o su fragilidad hacen que la cirugía sea riesgosa, o si antes de la fractura no caminaba. Si optamos por este enfoque, vigilamos la fractura de cerca mediante radiografías repetidas.

Dado que la mayoría de estas fracturas son fracturas por fragilidad ósea, también evaluamos su salud ósea. El tratamiento de la osteoporosis está asociado a una menor incidencia de este tipo de fracturas tras el reemplazo de cadera. Si toma un bisfosfonato, medicamento que fortalece los huesos, puede reiniciar su administración una semana después de la cirugía.

La cirugía es el tratamiento habitual para la mayoría de estas fracturas y, con frecuencia, se recomienda de inmediato. Demorar la operación empeora el pronóstico, por lo que actuamos rápidamente. El objetivo de la cirugía es permitirle cargar todo el peso sobre la pierna de forma inmediata. Si la prótesis sigue fijada firmemente al hueso, fijamos la fractura con una placa, a veces acompañada de cables alrededor del hueso, mientras este cicatriza. Si la prótesis se ha aflojado, la sustituimos por un nuevo vástago que se adhiere mejor al fémur. En ocasiones, se requieren ambas intervenciones. La elección depende de la ubicación de la fractura y de la calidad de su hueso; tomamos esa decisión junto con usted.

Qué esperar

Una fractura alrededor de una prótesis de cadera es una lesión grave; el pronóstico depende de un tratamiento rápido. La cirugía realizada a tiempo le brinda la mejor posibilidad de obtener un buen resultado. La demora empeora la situación, incluyendo sus probabilidades de sobrevivir a la lesión. Por eso, su cirujano actuará con prontitud una vez confirmada la fractura.

La recuperación lleva tiempo; es justo decir que el proceso puede ser complicado. Estas fracturas conllevan un mayor riesgo de complicaciones que una fractura similar en una cadera que nunca ha sido operada. Algunas personas necesitan más de una intervención, ya sea porque el hueso tarda en soldarse o porque surgen nuevos problemas. La fractura puede repetirse en el mismo lugar, y la prótesis puede volver a aflojarse posteriormente. Las personas mayores con huesos frágiles y otras condiciones de salud suelen tener una recuperación más difícil que los pacientes jóvenes y en buen estado físico.

Si el tratamiento tiene éxito, el hueso se soldará y la prótesis seguirá funcionando. La mayoría de los pacientes vuelven a caminar y mantienen su movilidad. Cuando la prótesis se ha aflojado y debe reemplazarse, la mayoría de los pacientes recuperan una buena función de la cadera después de la cirugía. Si se fractura la parte acetabular de la prótesis, el pronóstico para esa zona es peor, aunque el hueso aún puede sanar y la prótesis seguir funcionando.

Dejar la fractura sin tratar rara vez es una opción segura. Sin cirugía, los fragmentos óseos pueden no unirse y la pierna puede permanecer dolorosa y débil. La prótesis puede aflojarse aún más al intentar caminar sobre ella. Dado que la mayoría de estas fracturas son fracturas por fragilidad ósea, su salud ósea será parte fundamental del plan de tratamiento, tal como se mencionó anteriormente en esta página.

Un último dato importante: a los 20 años de haberse realizado una cirugía de revisión de prótesis de cadera, casi el 12 % de los pacientes sobrevivientes habrán sufrido una fractura alrededor de la prótesis femoral. Los controles periódicos con radiografías son clave para detectar problemas a tiempo, antes de que se conviertan en fracturas. No falte a sus revisiones programadas y comunique a su cirujano cualquier nuevo dolor en el muslo o cambio en la sensación de su cadera.

¿Cuándo consultar a un especialista?

Una fractura alrededor de una prótesis de cadera es una emergencia. Acuda de inmediato a urgencias si se cae o gira bruscamente y siente un dolor agudo en el muslo o la ingle, o si no puede apoyar peso en la pierna. Demorarse empeora la situación, incluyendo sus posibilidades de sobrevivir a la lesión; por eso se requiere evaluación el mismo día, en lugar de una simple cita con el médico de cabecera.

Solicite una valoración especializada si presenta dolor nuevo en el muslo o la ingle tras algún golpe, incluso si aún puede caminar. Informe a su cirujano sobre cualquier cambio en la sensación en la zona de la cadera. Si el dolor en la ingle aparece tras un traumatismo, se debe descartar la posibilidad de una fractura en la cavidad acetabular, ya que las radiografías simples pueden no detectarla y podría ser necesaria otra imagenología.

Si ha recibido una prótesis de cadera y toma bifosfonatos, comente cualquier dolor nuevo en el muslo con su médico de cabecera, pues estos medicamentos se relacionan con cierto tipo de fracturas alrededor del implante.


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